KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE TITLE: IS VOLUME CONSERVED?

NAME: ADDO-BANKAS OLIVIA COURSE: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE YEAR: FIRST YEAR EXPERIMENT NO. : P.1.1.1. I.D. NO:20191825 DEMONSTRATOR.: GYASI JUSICE DATE: 10TH OCTOBER,2012 .

Aims and Objectives: 1. To be determine whether volumes are additive for a series of homogenous solutions mixture made from a mixture of deionised (DI) or distilled water and a polar organic solvent (ethanol). 2. To calculate the actual volumes of several solutions using density and masses and comparing them to expected volumes.

INTRODUCTION The experiment seeks to investigate whether volume is conserved when two liquids are mixed to form a homogeneous mixture. The problem will be investigated by calculating the actual .volumes of several solutions using density and masses and comparing them to expected volumes. The solutions will be made from a mixture of water and a polar organic solvent. For one .to be able to fully understand the experiment, it is necessary to be abreast with the terms mass, density and volume. Mass: mass is the quantity of material in a body. The mass of an object those not vary, whether the object is on the surface of the earth or on the surface of the moon. Weight on the other hand, depends on gravitational attraction and those not vary with the location of the object, even on the surface of the earth. An astronaut travelling between the earth and the moon may be weightless but still have the same mass as on the earth or on the moon. The metric unit for mass is gram. Density: the size of an object- length, volume, mass- depends on the quantity of material in the object. Such properties are termed extensive properties, since they vary with the size of the sample under consideration. Density, on the other hand, is an intensive property. Density= mass Volume The densities of solids and liquids have been measured and expressed traditionally as gram per cubic centimetre or per millilitre. CHEMICALS AND EQUIPMENT Volumetric flask Stopper Beaker Pipette Density bottle PROCEDURE An empty dry 25ml volumetric flask and stopper was weighed and the mass was recorded to 3 decimal places. Ethanol was selected as the solvent and about 100ml of the solvent was poured into a clean, dry beaker. A disposable pipette was used to transfer enough of the solvent from the beaker into the 25ml volumetric flask to fill the flask to the mark. The stopper was fixed into the flask and weighed. The pure undiluted solvent was poured back into the beaker. A graduated pipette was used to prepare a 20+10 solution of the organic solvent and water (20.00ml of pure solvent plus 10.00ml of water) in a Density bottle. The mixture was mixed thoroughly. A few Solvent (i.e. methanol, ethanol, isopropanol) Conical flask Wash bottle Digital balance Water

millimetres of the solution was used to rinse the 25ml volumetric flask exactly to the mark with the prepared solution. The stopper was fixed on the filled flask and then weighed. The above procedure was repeated, measuring and weighing the following pure solvent- DI water solutions: 20+10, 20+15, 15+15, 25+ 15, 20+20, 20+11 and 20+12. All the glassware was washed when finished and the volumetric pipettes and flasks were returned to the stock room. EXPERIMENTAL DATA Tables of values recorded for the experiment Combined weight of the empty density bottle + stopper (mo) =18.796g Solution 20+10 20+15 15+15 25+15 20+20 20+11 20+12 M1(g) 40.836 41.369 41.665 41.134 41.650 41.012 40.883 m(M1mo) (g) 22.040 22.573 22.869 22.338 22.854 22.216 23.087 D(g/ml) 0.882 0.903 0.915 0.894 0.914 0.889 0.923 M tot(g) 25.724 30.724 26.793 34.655 35.724 26.724 27.724 V exp(ml) 30.00 35.00 30.00 40.00 40.00 31.00 32.00 V act(ml) 17.15 13.95 17.97 13.56 17.94 10.12 14.55 %V/V -14.23 -9.38 -10.15 -9.57 -10.35 -8.00 -14.42 X solv 0.49 0.39 0.24 0.14 0.10 0.76 0.70

CALCULATIONS/POST-LAB a) Mass of empty flask, stopper (mo) = 18.796g Mass of empty flask, stopper + mass of pure ethanol (mo) = 38.655g Mass of pure ethanol (me) = 38.655g-18.796g =19.869 g D (pure solvent)=19.655g/25.00ml =0.7862g/ml Mass of the pure solvent or each solution mixture m (20+10) = (mass of filled flask, stopper- mass of empty flask, stopper) = 40.836g- 18.796g = 22.040g m (20+15) = 41.369g- 18.796g = 22.573g m (15+15) = 41.665g- 18.796g = 22.869g m (25+15) = 41.134g- 18.796g = 22.338g m (20+20) = 41.650g- 18.796g = 22.854g m (20+11) = 41.012g- 18.796g = 22.216g m (20+12) = 40.883g- 18.796g = 23.087g

b) Density of the pure solvent (D pure solv) or each solution mixture (D mix) D (20+10) = m/25.00ml = 22.040/25.00ml = 0.882g/ml D (20+15) = m/25.00ml = 22.573/25.00ml = 0.903g/ml D (15+15) = 22.869/25.00ml = 0.915g/ml D (25+15) = 22.338/25.00ml = 0.894g/ml D (20+20) = 22.854/25.00ml = 0.914g/ml D (20+11) = 22.216/25.00ml = 0.889g/ml D (20+12) = 22.087/25.00ml = 0.923g/ml c) Total mass of each solution in the Density bottle (assume DH2O= 1.000g/ml) M to t (20+10) = (V pure solv x D pure solv + VH2ODH2O) = 20.00ml x 0.7862g/ml + 10.00ml x1.000g/ml = 25.724g M to t (20+15) =20.00ml x 0.7862g/ml +1 5.00ml x1.000g/ml = 30.724g M to t (15+15) = 15.00ml x 0.7862g/ml + 15.00ml x1.000g/ml = 26.793g M to t (25+15) = 25.00ml x 0.7862g/ml + 15.00ml x1.000g/ml = 34.655g M to t (20+20) = 20.00ml x 0.7862g/ml + 20.00ml x1.000g/ml = 35.724g M to t (20+11) = 20.00ml x 0.7862g/ml + 11.00ml x1.000g/ml = 26.724g M to t (20+12) = 20.00ml x 0.7862g/ml + 12.00ml x1.000g/ml = 27.724g

d) Expected volume of each mixture in the Density bottle V exp (20+10) = V added =20ml + 10ml = 30ml V exp (20+15) = V added =20ml + 15ml = 35ml V exp (15+15) =15ml + 15ml = 30ml V exp (25+15) =25ml + 15ml = 40ml V exp (20+20) =20ml + 20ml = 40ml

V exp (20+11) =20ml + 11ml = 31ml V exp (20+12) =20ml +12ml = 32ml Actual volume of each solution in the Density bottle V act (20+10) = (m tot)/D = 25.724g 0.882g/ml =29.166ml V act (20+15) = (m tot)/D = 30.724g 0.903g/ml =34.024ml V act (15+15) = 26.793g 0.915g/ml =29.282ml V act (25+15) = 34.655g 0.894g/ml =38.764ml V act (20+20) = 35.724g 0.914g/ml =39.085ml V act (20+11) = 26.724g 0.889g/ml =30.081ml V act (20+12) = 27.724g 0.923g/ml =30.037ml e) Percentage change in each volume (+/-) for each solution %( V/V exp (20+10)) = [(V act - V exp) /v] x 100 =29.166ml- 30ml x 100 30ml = -2.78% %( V/V exp (20+15)) = [(V act - V exp) /v] x 100 =34.024ml- 35ml x 100 35 ml = -2.79% %( V/V exp (15+15)) =29.282ml- 30ml x 100 30ml = -2.39% %( V/V exp (25+15)) =38.764ml- 40ml x 100 40ml = -3.09% %( V/V exp (20+20)) =39.085ml- 40ml x 100 40ml = -2.29%

%( V/V exp (20+11)) =30.081ml- 31ml x 100 31ml = -2.965% %( V/V exp (20+12)) =30.037ml- 32ml x 100 32ml = -6.134% Mole fraction of solvent (X solv ) (Molecular weight of ethanol = 46, methanol =32, isopropanol = 60, Acetone = 58 g/mol) X solv (10+5) = no. of moles solvent Total no. of moles (solvent and water) = [V pure solv x D pure solv ] Molec. Wt.pure solv
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[V pure solv x D pure solv Molec. Wt. pure solv X solv (20+10) = 0.897 X solv (20+15) = 1.175 X solv (15+15) = 1.090 X solv (25+15) = 1.261 X solv (20+20) = 1.453 X solv (20+11) =0.953 X solv (20+12) =1.008

+ V water x D water ] Molec. Wt.water

DISCUSSION Comparison between the actual and expected volumes of each solution in the density bottle clearly showed that volume was not conserved. Ethanol is a non-polar covalent substance. Water is also a polar covalent substance and as such interacts with the water molecules through dipole-dipole interaction or through hydrogen bonding and so was able to generate enough hydration energy to overcome their intermolecular forces. Thus, dissolution was effected. Again, water has a more open structure than ethanol and such when the two liquids are mixed; the water permits the ethanol molecules to slip between the water molecules to fill the gaps. This in effect causes the volume of the resulting mixtures to be less than the expected volume. ERROR ANALYSIS 1. All readings were to be taken to 3 decimal places but due to unstable nature of the digital balance, readings were taken to 2 decimal places.

PRECAUTIONS 1. Volumetric flask was covered immediately with the stopper after pipetting to prevent evaporation of the ethanol. 2. It was ensured that the pipette reading was taken from the bottom of the meniscus. 3. The glassware was washed with the sample of the solutions before use. 4. Safety glasses and aprons were throughout the experiment. 5. Hands were thoroughly washed before leaving the laboratory. CONCLUSION From the experiment it was inferred that volume was not conserved REFERNECES 1. Chemistry Structure Dynamics- Francis Marion Miller- Fourth Edition

NAME: ADDO-BANKAS OLIVIA COURSE: BSC ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE YEAR: FIRST YEAR EXPERIMENT NO. : P.1.1.1 I.D. NO:20191825 DEMONSTRATOR.:GYASI JUSTICE DATE: 10TH OCTOBER, 2012.

PRE-LAB Solution Pure solv 15+5 10+5 m 7.775 8.505 8.719 D(g/ml) 0.7775 0.8505 0.8719 M tot(g) 7.775 16.66 13.718 V exp(ml) 10.00 20.00 15.00 V act(ml) 10.00 19.59 15.73 %V/V 0 -2.0 4000 X solv 1.0 0.41 0.32

b) Mass of filled flask, stopper= 55.384g Mass of empty flask, stopper= 46.665g Mass of the pure solvent or each solution mixture m= (mass of filled flask, stopper- mass of empty flask, stopper) = 55.384-46.665g = 8.719g m= 8.719g Density of the pure solvent (D pure solv) or each solution mixture (D mix) D= m/10.00ml = 8.719g/10.00ml = 0.8179g/ml Total mass of each solution in the Density bottle (assume DH2O= 1.000g/ml) M tot= (V pure solv.D pure solv+ VH2ODH2O) = 10.00ml x 0.8179g/ml + 5.00ml x1.000g/ml = 13.718g Volume expected, vol(ethanol) + vol(water) =10ml + 5ml =15ml Actual volume =Mtot /D =13.718g/ 0.8719g/ml

=15.73ml %V/V =[(Vactual Vexp ) /Vx 100] =[(15.73-15.00) /15.00] x 100 =4.867%

Xsolv =no of moles(solvent) / total no of moles(solvent and water) =[10mlx0.8179g/ml/ 46] / [(10mlx0.8179g/ml/46) +(5mlx1.00g/ml /18) =0.1778/0.456 =0.390