Lecture 20: Work, Energy and Power

Wnet = K 2 K1 =
P =

Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

1 1 2 2 mv 2 mv1 2 2

y
r B rn

Just changed from one form to another.

dW dt

Energy is Conserved !
True for any isolated system.

v=0

v=0

v=0 Doing work on a system will change its energy

H vf Free Fall vi Frictionless incline vp Pendulum

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Definition of Work:
The work, W, done by a constant force F acting through a displacement r is: r The component of the force in the direction of the displacement times the displacement
F r r
t en

Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem:

{Net Work done on object} Net = {change in kinetic energy of object} change

W net = K 2 K 1 =

1 mv 2

2 2

1 2 mv 1 2

W = Fi r = F r cos r r
Dot Product

m ce pla dis

Forces perpendicular to direction of motion do no work

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ICQ: Work & Energy

Two blocks have masses m1 and m2, where m1 > m2. They are sliding on a frictionless floor and have the same kinetic energy when they encounter a long rough stretch (i.e. > 0) which slows them down to a stop. Which one will go farther before stopping? (a) m1 (b) m2 m1 (c) they will go the same distance

ICQ: Work & Energy

Two blocks have masses m1 and m2, where m1 > m2. They are sliding on a frictionless floor and have the same kinetic energy when they encounter a long rough stretch (i.e. > 0) which slows them down to a stop. Which one will go farther before stopping? (a) m1 (b) m2 m1 (c) they will go the same distance

m2
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m2
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ICQ: Work and Energy Solution

The work-energy theorem says that for any object WNET = K In this example the only force that does work is f Both N and mg are perpendicular to the blocks motion.

ICQ: Work and Energy: Solution

The net work done to stop a box is - fD = -ND = -mgD. This work removes the kinetic energy that the box had: This is the same for both boxes (same starting kinetic energy). m2gD2 = m1gD1 Since m1 > m2 we can see that m2D2 = m1D1 D2 > D1 Answer b

N f

m mg D1
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m1 D2

m2

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What about multiple forces?

Suppose FTOT = F1 + F2 and the displacement is r. r The work done by each force is: W1 = F1i r r W2 = F2 i r r F1

Comments on Work:
Time interval not important Walk or Run up the stairs ... W = F r r W=Fr cos So no work is done if: F=0 or r = 0 r or o = 90 Forces acting at right angles to the direction of motion DO NO WORK

FTOT

r r

WTOT = W1 + W2 = F1i r + F2i r r r r = (F1 + F2 )i r F

F2

r WTOT = FTOTi r
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Its the total force that matters!!

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Comments on work...
W = Fi r r No work done if = 90o. No work done by T. T v mg v

ICQ: Work & Energy

An inclined plane is accelerating with constant acceleration a. A box resting on the plane is held in place by static friction. How many forces are doing work on the block?

Similarly no work done on a satellite

a No work done by N. N (a) 1

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(b) 2

(c) 3
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ICQ: Work & Energy

An inclined plane is accelerating with constant acceleration a. A box resting on the plane is held in place by static friction. How many forces are doing work on the block?

ICQ: Work and Energy: Solution

First, draw all the forces in the system:

FS a mg N a

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3
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ICQ: Work and Energy: Solution

Recall that W = Fi r so only forces that have a r component along the direction of the displacement are doing work.

Work done by gravity on a falling object

You drop an object from a height H. What is the final velocity? Wg = Fi r = mg r cos(0) = mgH r r Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem: H r r mg g v0 = 0

FS a mg N

Wg = mgH = 1/2mv2

v = 2 gH
v Remember v2-v02=2gH ?
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The answer is (b) 2.

Work done by gravity...

Object travels from A to B in lots of small steps W NET = W1 + W2 + . . .+ Wn = Fi r 1+ Fi r2 + . . . + Fi rn r r r = Fi (r1 + r 2+ . . .+ rn) r r r = Fi r = Frcos = F y Wg = -mg y Depends only on y, not on path taken!
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ICQ: Falling Objects

Three objects of mass m begin at height H with velocity v = 0. One falls straight down, one slides down a frictionless inclined plane, and one swings on the end of a pendulum. What is the relationship between their velocities when they have fallen to height 0? F=mg g j H v=0 v=0 v=0

A
m r1 r r2 r

r3 r

r B rn

vf Free Fall (a) Vf > Vi > Vp

vi Frictionless incline (b) Vf > Vp > Vi

vp Pendulum (c) Vf = Vp = Vi
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ICQ: Falling Objects

Three objects of mass m begin at height H with velocity v = 0. One falls straight down, one slides down a frictionless inclined plane, and one swings on the end of a pendulum. What is the relationship between their velocities when they have fallen to height 0? v=0 v=0 v=0

ICQ: Falling Objects Solution

v=0 v=0 v=0

H vf Free Fall vi Frictionless incline vp Pendulum

Change in Kinetic Energy = mv22 - mv12 = Work done H vf Free Fall

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vi Frictionless incline (b) Vf > Vp > Vi

vp Pendulum (c) Vf = Vp = Vi
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Only gravity does work. Work = mg x distance moved in direction of mg = mgH Wg = mgH = 1/2 mv22 - 1/2 mv12 = 1/2 mv22

(a) Vf > Vi > Vp

vf = v i = v p = 2gH

does not depend on path !!

Physics 1301: Lecture 20, Pg 20

Lifting a book with your hand at constant velocity: What is the total work done on the book??

Example: Lifting a book...

Wg = -mg r r r WHAND = FHAND r

First calculate the work done by gravity: g r r Wg = mgi r = -mg r Now find the work done by the hand: r r WHAND = FHANDi r = FHAND r mg g r r FHAND v = const a=0

WNET

= WHAND + Wg = FHAND r - mg r r r r = (FHAND - mg) r = 0!!

r r

FHAND v = const a=0 mg g

(a=0 therefore net force =0)

Objects moving at constant velocity do no work BUT work had to be done to start it moving and to stop it again!!
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Example: Lifting a book...another way

Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem says: W = K {Net Work done on object} = {change in kinetic energy of object} Net change Kinetic energy = mv2 In this case, v is constant so K = 0 and so W must be 0, as we found. But this way is much easier r r FHAND v = const a=0 mg g

Power
Power is the rate of doing work:
P = dW dt

For constant force: P = dW/dt = F dr/dt = F v r Units of power: Energy/Time = J/sec = Watts 1 hp 750 W

James Watt 1736-1819

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Power
A 2000 kg trolley is pulled up a 30 hill at 20 mi/hr by a winch at the top of the hill. How much power is the winch providing? Power P = F v = T v Since the trolley is not accelerating, the net force on it must be zero. Resolving in the x direction: T - mg sin = 0 T = mg sin

Power
v P = T v = Tv since T is parallel to v P = mgv sin y x v T winch mg

y x T winch mg T

Note that no work is being done on the trolley as it is not accelerating. However the winch is doing work on the tension in the rope v = 20 mi/hr = 8.94 m/s g = 9.81 m/s2 m = 2000 kg sin = sin(30o) = 0.5 P = (2000 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(8.94 m/s)(0.5) = 87,700 W

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Power Used For Acceleration

Consider the acceleration of a car

Homework

P = F v = ma v P a= mv
For a constant power P, the acceleration varies inversely as the speed. For a given power, the acceleration at high speeds is smaller than at lower speeds.

Do textbook problem Chapter 6: #71

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