g SatelliteLinkDesign

R.N.Mutagi ProfessorandHead

ElectronicsandCommunicationEngineeringDepartment

IndusInstituteofTechnologyandEngineering I d I tit t fT h l dE i i

A point source in space i t i transmitting power Pt watts in all the directions, along 4 , g radians of a sphere is called an isotropic radiator (physically not realizable) realizable). The flux density in unit area (1 m2) at a distance R meters from this source i t f thi is P F = t 2 W/m 2 4R

Ability to concentrate the power in a given direction A practical antenna radiates P0 watts of total power the power radiated in unit solid angle in the direction is P(). If this power is transmitted by an ideal isotropic radiator the power transmitted along unit solid angle would be P0/4 W/m2. The gain of the practical antenna is therefore Gain = Power transmitted by practical antenna in direction Power transmitted by isotropic radiator in same direction

P( ) G ( ) = P0 / 4

The power radiated by an antenna along the bore sight Th di t d b t l th b i ht is the maximum

Antenna gain depends of the ability of the antenna to concentrate the energy in particular direction

G=

4A

where A is the aperture area and is wavelength p g

An effective aperture area Ae = AA, is defined to account for the losses in antenna where A is the aperture efficiency

G =A

4A

4Ae

For a circular parabolic dish A=D2/4, where D is diameter

G =A

4A

= A

4 (D / 4)
2

D =A

A satellite receiving station has a dish antenna with an t llit i i t ti h di h t ith aperture area of 7.5 m2. It receives a signal at 4.2GHz. If the aperture efficiency is assumed to be 70% find the p y gain of the antenna. If the service is switched to Ku band and the new frequency of reception is 11.5 GHz find the antenna gain gain.

 4A G =A 2 Antenna gain is given by We have A=7.5 m2, =0.7 and

=c/f=3x108/4.2x109=0.071m
4 7.5 G = 0.7 = 12941 = 10 log(12941)dB = 41.12dB 2 0.0714

For 11.5 GHz the wavelength is =3x108/11.5x109=0.026m

4 7.5 G = 0.7 = 97594 = 10 log(97594)dB = 49.89dBi 2 0.026

CreateanequationtocalculatetheantennagainindBi when C i l l h i i dBi h frequencyinGHzanddiameterinmeteraregiven

D G =A
2

D G =A c/ f GdB = 10 log A + 20 log + 20 log D + 20 log( f 109 ) 20 log(3 108 ) = 10 log A + 9.94 + 20 log D + 20 log f + 180 9.54 160 g g g = 10 log A + 20 log D + 20 log f 20.4

For a transmitter transmitting power Pt Watts with an F t itt t itti W tt ith antenna gain Gt the EIRP is defined as

EIRP = Pt Gt
Flux density at distance R is

Pt Gt 2 F= W/m 2 4R

Power received by a receive antenna depends on how much electromagnetic energy it intercepts, which in turn depends on the effective area of the antenna

Physical area Ar Effective area Ae=Ar A Power received Pr=AePGr A

11

Powerdensity=P(W/m2)
2009 WirelessCommunicationR.N.Mutagi

ReceiveantennagainGr isafunctionof effectivearea signalwavelength g g Foragivenantennathegainishigherfor higherfrequency

EIRP

Gr =

4Ae

= c/ f
Pr

Tx

F
R

Pin

Gt

Prad

Rx

Gr
2

EIRP Pr = Ae = 2 2 = Prad Gt Gr 4R 4R 4R 4

(Prad Gt ) Gr 2

12

Free-space path loss is the spreading loss, due to the Free space loss expansion of the spherical wave front as the wave propagates. propagates It is expressed as

4R 4fR Lp = = c
2

where L p = free space path loss R = distance (m) f = frequency (Hz)

= wavelength (m)
c = velocity of light in free - space (3 108 m/s)

Forageostationarysatellitecalculatethefreespacelossin F i lli l l h f l i dBforthesignalreceivedongroundatfrequencies4GHz and11GHz CreateanequationformeasuringfreespacelossindBwhen frequency(Hz)andrange(m)aregiven

4R 4fR Lp = = c
2

 Pr = Prad Gt Gr 4R

Pr = EIRP + Gr L p Where Pr = received power (dBW) EIRP = Pt Gt (dBW) 4R L p = Pathloss = 10 log dB

2

Considering atmospheric attenuation, La, Transmit Antenna losses Lta, receiving antenna losses Lra we can write

P = EIRP+ Gr Lp La Lta Lra dBW r

All objects at physical temperature Tn >0oK generate bj t t h i l t t 0 t electrical noise at receiver frequencies. The noise power is given by g y Pn = N0B = kTnB Where Pn is available noise power in Watts N0 is noise power spectral density in W/Hz k is Boltzmanns constant =1.38 x 10-23 J/K =-228.6 dBW/K/Hz Tn is system noise temperature in 0K (0C+273) B is the system noise bandwidth in Hz
Fall2008 16

Ideal RF amplifier lifi

Ideal mixer Gain GM TM TIF

Tin
TRF

Gain GRF

Ideal IF amplifier Gain GIF

Pn

Ts

Gain GRF.GM.GIF

Pn

Equivalent q system

Pn = GIF kTIF B + GIF GM kTM B + GRF GIF GM kB(TRF + Tin )

R.N.Mutagi ELN5597 17

Pn = GIF kTIF B + GIF GM kTM B + GRF GIF GM kB(TRF + Tiin ) TIF TM = GIF GM GIF kB + + (TRF + Tin ) GM GRF GRF = GIF GM GIF kBTS
TS isthesingleequivalentnoisetemperatureproducingsame noisepower

TIF TM TS = + + (TRF + Tin ) GM GRF GRF

ACbandreceiverhassubsystemswithfollowing AC b d i h b i hf ll i specifications

Tin = 50 K TRF = 50 K TM = 500 K TIF = 1000 K

GRF = 23dB GM = 3dB GIF = 30dB

Calculatethesystemnoisetemperature C l l h i

 TIF Tin = 50 K TM + + (TRF + Tin ) T = 50 K TS = GM GRF GRF RF

GRF = 23dB = 200 GM = 3dB = 0.5 GIF = 30dB = 1000

TM = 500 K

TIF = 1000 K

500 1000 TS = + + (50 + 50) 0.5 200 200 = 10 + 2.5 + 100 = 112.5K

Noisefigurespecifiesthenoisegeneratedwithinadevice, andisdefinedas

(S N )in NF = (S N )out

Si/Ni

So/No

AnamplifierwilladditsownnoiseandtheoutputS/Nwillbe lowerthaninputS/N

( AN i + N A ) = 1 + N A Si / N i Si N i NF = = = S o / N o ASi ( AN i + N A ) AN i AN i
FromaboveNF > 1 or NF > 0 dB 1,

The relation between noise figure and noise temperature Th l ti b t i fi d i t t is give by

Td = T0 ( NF 1)
Where T0 is the reference noise temperature = 290K and NF is a ratio (not in dB) Example, for an amplifier with noise figure of 3 dB the noise temperature is t t i

Td = 290(2 1) = 290 K

The carrier to noise ratio at the receiver input is Th i t i ti t th i i ti

2 2 Pt Gt Gr C Signal power Pt Gt Gr 4R = = = N Noise power kTS B kB 4R TS

The terms in first bracket depend on the satellite parameters and th t d those i th second d in the d depend on th d the receiving earth station The performance depends on the ratio Gr/TS which is called the Figure of Merit of the earth station

An earth station has an antenna of 15 m diameter and A th t ti h t f di t d has an efficiency of 65%. The system noise temperature of 80K. The receive frequency is 4GHz. Find the G/T q y ratio of the earth station.

15 D = 256609 Gr = A = 0.65 8 9 3 10 / 4 10 TS = 80
2 2

Gr / TS = 3208 = 35dB

Uplink equation would be same as the downlink equation

Pr = EIRP + Gr L p La Lta Lra dBW EIRP = eirp of earth sation Gr = satellite receive antenna gain L p = path loss at uplink frequency Lta = earth station antenna loss Lra = satellite antenna loss La = atmospheric losses

(C /204 = 1 3 + (4r2Ts ) L p + 228 .6 { N )UL EIRP G / LM 2 1 4 { 3 1 4 3

Sat ES Sat UL UL

(C4204 = 1 3 + (Gr2TS ) { + 228.6 LM / N )UL EIRP / Lp 1 3 { 2 2 1 4 4 3 3 1

at Satellite ES S Sat UL k UL

AlltermsareexpressedindB Thelasttermincludesalltheantennalosses, atmosphericattenuationlossandalsoanyother marginrequired(likerainfadingmargin)

The satellite link consists of uplink and downlink Th t llit li k i t f li k d d li k In a frequency translation type transponder the downlink is affected by the uplink y p The total C/N received is given by

C C C = + N N UL N DL
If (C/N)UL>> (C/N)DL then the link is downlink limited, else it is uplink limited p

g In addition to thermal noise interference signals within the band also impair the carrier N = Nu + I k The total uplink noise power is k th source Ik is the interference from k
C C C C C = + = + N I N UL NU k Ik U U
1 1 1 1 1

Similarly for downlink

1 1

C C C C C = N + I = N + I N DL D k k D D

Overall satellite link is

C C = N Total NU
1

C C C + N + I + I D U D

AsatellitetransmitsTVsignalinku band A lli i TV i li k b d Transmitfrequency12GHz Transmitpoweris160W p gainofsatelliteantennais35dBi ontheboresight. Receiveantennagainis33dBi . Atmospehric andotherlossescanbeassumedtobe1dB Thereceivesystemnoisetemperatureis145K Signalbandwidthis20MHz. CalculatetheC/Natthereceiverandthelinkmarginifthe q demodulatorrequiresaminimumC/Nof10dB.

Pr = C = EIRP + Gr L p La Lta Lra dBW

EIRP = 10 log Pt + Gt = 10 log160 + 35 = 22 + 35 = 57dBW

4R 4fR Lp = = c 4 L p (dB) = 20 log g + 20 log f + 20 log R g g 8 3 10 = 147.6 + 20 log(12 109 ) + 20 log(36,000,000) = 147.6 + 180 + 21.6 + 120 + 31.13 = 205.13
2 2

C = 57-205.13-1+33=-116.13 dBW 57 205 13 1 33 116 13 N=k(dB)+Ts(dB)+B(dB) = -228.6+10log145+10log(20x106) g g( = -228.6 + 21.61 + 70+3 = -133.99 C/N dB = -116.13 (-133.99) = 17.86 dB Margin Available M i = A il bl C/N Th h ld C/N Threshold = 17.86 10 = 7.86 dB