Manchuria (Manchukuo): first major threat to international stability; Japan invades Manchuria on quest for hegemony--> created Stimson

Doctrine Stimson Doctrine: collection of letters from US to China and Japan > US will not recognize any change in territory by armed forces Good-neighbor policy: improve relations and invest in Latin America; unite against Europe Pan-American conferences (1933, 1936): 1933: Secretary Hull voted for non-intervention; 1936: Monroe Doctrine made multilateral(countries work together) London Economic Conferences (1933): when world trade declines, FDR bars US cooperation in international currency stabilization Soviet Union, recognized: 1933: US recognize Soviet Union; hope Soviet-American relation will deter Japanese expansion. Tydings-McDuffie Act: 1946: Philippines independent from US, signed by FDR Cordell Hull: Secretary of State (approx. 1933) Fascism: Absolute, militaristic power. i.e) Adolf Hitler and Mussolini. *Italian Fascist party; Benito Mussolini: goal: create Italian empire in North Africa--> conquers Libya and Ethiopia German Nazi Party; Adolf Hitler: 1933 dictator of Germany--target all non-white Christians with anti-German ideas > militaristic/expansionist foreign policy > want to expand to Russia, intent on uniting European peoples under theThird Reich Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan-- want to expand its sphere of influence and opposed Allied Powers Nye Committee: head by Senator Gerald Nye --> complied evidence of US bank/corporation involvement in financing WWII and supplying arms/loans to Allies neutrality acts: avoid involvement in European war 01) no selling arms to belligerents, 02) no Americans on belligerent ships, 03) no loaning money to belligerents Spanish Civil War (1936-1939): microcosm of World War II--Mussolini and Hitler aid Francisco Franco, US aid loyalists who lost. Francisco Franco: fascist leader of Spain; dictatorship led to civil war. America First Committee: organization of civilians who supported isolationism appeasement: If we give you what you want, you wont take anything else, right? Okay. Ethiopia: invaded by Mussolini (Fascist Italy) Rhineland: inspired by Mussolini, Hitler invaded the Rhineland. Great Britain and France didnt do shit to stop him. Czechoslovakia: Hitler first took the Sudetenland... then the rest of the country, not long after. Sudetenland: example of appeasement at Munich Conference. Stupid Chamberlain. Munich: Daladier and Chamberlain met with Hitler for conference; policy of appeasement quarantine speech: Hey guys, lets lock up all the Japs... just because theyre Japs. Yup. Poland, blitzkrieg: lightning war military strategy by Germany. Yeah, they stormed through Poland. cash and carry: 4th Neutrality Act, allowed belligerents to buy war materials-- must pay cash and carry goods in their own ships--> aided British Selective Training and Service Act (1940): 1st peacetime draft of the US destroyers for bases deal: FDR transfers 50 destroyers in exchange for 99-year leases on 8 British bases Wendell Wilkie: Republican candidate running in election of 1940 against FDR--> lacked effective campaign issue; anti-New Deal, anti-FDR four freedoms speech: US must support nations committed to 4 freedoms: freedom of speech, religion, and from want and fear. Lend-Lease Act (1941): replaced cash-carry; Pres. can sell/exchange/lend/lease war material to any country vital to US security-- aided Britain and

Soviet Union Atlantic Charter: document shared by FDR and Churchill, affirmed post-war peace objectives: self-determination/sovereignty, no territorial expansion, freer international trade Pearl Harbor: Japan bombed Hawaiian military base Office of Price Administration: OPA: nationwide rationing and fixed price ceilings on goods Smith vs. Allwright: supported fight against racism; Supreme Court outlawed whites-only primaries of Democratic Party Korematsu vs. US: Supreme Court approves of removal of Japanese-Americans from West Coast Harry S. Truman: Vice Pres; becomes President after FDR dies--inexperienced in foreign policy and impatient with Soviet Union. ***Battle of the Atlantic: naval military campaign that ends with Allied victory over Nazi Germany Dwight Eisenhower: general that led the D-Day invasion. D-day: June 6, 1944, Allied troops storm beach of Normandy--by end of summer, GB secure Belgium and US recovered France and Luxembourg Battle of the Bulge: 1944: Allies penetrate German border > Hitler fight against allied troops> allies stop last German counter-attack and drive Nazis back to Rhineland Holocaust: mass killing of millions of Jews during WWII by the Nazis. Started with Kristallnacht(Nov. 9-10th 1938) Battle of Midway: June 1942: Japan targets Midway (two tiny islands near Honolulu w/ US Base) to lure US into battle. US decipher Japanese code and have surprise advantage. Turning point in Pacific war--Japanese now on defensive. Chester Nimitz: work w/ MacArthur, commanded US Pacific Fleet in battles of Coral Sea & Midway Douglas MacArthur: landed at Leyte, retook Philippines: Oct. 1944 Manhattan Project: govt-sponsored scientific research program. worlds first sustained nuclear chain reaction at U of Chicago. community for atomic weapon research and development set up in Los Alamos, NM. J. Robert Oppenheimer: Scientific Director of Manhattan project; later hired by Truman to create the Hydrogen Bomb. atomic bomb: demonstration of US power; destroyed Japan. Hiroshima; Nagasaki: the two Japanese cities hit by American atomic bombs Big Three: FDR, Stalin (Russian steel), and Churchill. Yalta Conference: between Allies, each with own agenda: FDR want Soviet Military support against Japan and Soviet participation in the United Nations, Churchill want secured free elections for Soviet liberated countries in Eastern Europe, Stalin want to build a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe to protect itself against future threats> and all 3 need to make plan for governing postwar Germany--> does not hold firm and leads to Potsdam Conference United Nations: At Yalta conference, Roosevelt lobbied for United Nations Organization to expand US influence & control peace (approved at Dumbarton Oaks in D.C.) Also know: Maginot Line: supposedly invincible line of defensive fortification built to protect Frances eastern border. Maginot = Imaginary, is what I think. aha. Executive Order 9066: yall look alike, so we gon put you suspicious Japs in camps. (Now dont worry, we Americans aint like them Germans, so well call it internment camps instead. We even threw in some lovely fences for ya.) Munich Agreement/Conference: By Neville Chamberlain (Brit. Prime Minister), gives Hitler Sudetenland in attempt to appease him, peace in our time ; breached by Hitler when he captures all of Czech