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StatusofthegasificationplantsinItalyandthe mainexperimentalresultscarriedoutinENEA

Antonio Molino - ENEA

Task 33 Th T k 33: Thermal Gasification of Biomass l G ifi ti f Bi 1st Semi-Annual Task Meeting, 2012
Istanbul, Turkey Tue, April 17 to Thu, April 19

National Distribution of the ENEA's activity regarding the biomass

Biomasscombustion Biomass combustion

LCA AnaerobicDigestion LCA Anaerobic Digestion

Biodieselfromalgae AnaerobicDigestion

WEB Geographic Information System of biomass Energycrops Energy crops Thermochemicalprocesses Biofuelsof2nd generation

The development of renewable energy plants


NationalElectricitybalance Year2010 Year 2010
Nationaldemand electricity is 330,5TWh,composed by: , , p y The44,9% thermoelectric plantsfuelledwithNatural gas; The22,8% is theproduction from Renewable Sources; The13,4% isrepresentedby theForeignBalance. The10,8%is theproduction from thermoelectric plants fuelled with Coal .

Source:GSENationalManageroftheEnergyServices

NATIONAL ENERGY POTENTIAL: Current Status of biomass gasification power plants


ONLY SOLID BIOMASS
Production in Italy: 2.828GWh Breakdown by percentage of production-class
PLANT Belluno(BL) Parma GadescoPieve(CR) MANUFACTURER POWER(kWe) OFTHESYSTEM 1000 1000 960 CHARACTERISTICSOFTHEPLANT

BIOMASS GASIFICATION PLANT THAT ARE OPERATIONAL IN ITALY

Alessandria

640

Vigevano(PV)

500

Caluso(TO) OltrepoPavese(PV) CastelSanPietro(BO) Orzinuovi(BS) Verbania

400 300 250 250 250

GAS1000MODEL The plant is fed with 8500t/a of wood The plant produces 7.5GWhee 15GWht and it is powered with 9000 t/a of kenaf The pyrogasificator is fed with chopped or Agroenergia chipped vegetable biomass The system is experimental and the process has been developed by poliTO; the plant is p yp p fed with 4100 t/a of biomass from forest The plant produces 3.75GWhe and 7.5 GWht and it is powered with 4100 t/a of wood ModelloGAS500 chips The plant is fed with residues of agricultural production, forest biomass, leaves, waste of AutogasNord food industry Bio&Watt The plant uses an endothermic motor The pyrogasificator is fed with waste Bio&Watt prunings, corn stalks, wood chips of poplar The pyrogasificator is powered by biomass Bio&Watt from forests CoVerEnergy The plant is classified as experimental

4% OF RENEWABLE SOURCES

Gasification is a technology that has great potential in terms of efficiency of conversion of biomass into electricity. During 2010 requests for qualification that have come to the GSE concern another 20 plants under construction with a total power over 20MWe

Source:GSENationalManageroftheEnergyServices

Combustion is by far the predominant energy conversion technology

Position Paper of the Italian government for the renewable sources Finalconsumption
(Statisticaldatafor2008andestimatesto2020 Europeandirective2009/28/EU
2008
Consumption from Renewable Gross Final RES/ Energy Consumption Consumpti Sources (GFC) on RES

2020

RES / Gross final Consumptio consumption Consumptio n from RES GFC n

[MTOE] Electricity Heat Transports Transfers from other states Gross final consumption 5,03 3,24 0,72 8,99

[MTOE] 30,40 58,53 58 53 42,62 131,55

[%] 16,53% 5,53% 5 53% 1,70% 6,83%

[MTOE] 8,50 10,46 2,53 , 1,13 22,62

[MTOE] 32,23 61,19 61 19 39,63 133,04

[%] 26,39% 17,09% 17 09% 6,38% 17,00%

x 1,7 x 3,2 x 3,5


End End consumption

Transport for the 10% target

0,34

39,00

0,87%

3,44

33,97

10,13%

Position Paper of the Italian government for the renewable sources POWER productionfromrenewableenergysources:
statisticaldatato2009andnationaltargettothe2020 t ti ti l d t t 2009 d ti lt t t th 2020
45000 42.155 40000 42.000

Europeandirective2009/28/EU

35000

30000

x3
25000 [GWh] 20.000 20000

x2,5

18.780

x17
15000 11.350 10000 6.750 6 750 5.342 5000 676 0 Hydro Idroelettrica(normalizzata Geothermal Geotermica Solar Solare 2009 2020 5 TidesandWaveaction Mareeemotoondoso Wind Eolica(normalizzata) Biomass Biomassa 6.830 6 830 7.631 7 631

Position Paper of the Italian government for the renewable sources THERMAL productionfromrenewableenergysources:
statisticaldatato2009andnationaltargettothe2020 statistical data to 2009 and national target to the 2020
6000 5.670

Europeandirective2009/28/EU European directive 2009/28/EU


5000

x3 x 3

[ktep] alent,kTO tonnofoilequiva OE

4000

x2,7
2.900

3000

x24 x 24
1.875 1.586 1.083

2000

1000

213 0

300 67 Solar Solare 2009 2020 Biomass Biomassa Renewableenergyfromheatpumps En.rinn.Dapompedicalore

Geothermal Geotermica(esclusePDC)

Position Paper of the Italian government for the renewable sources EnergyconsumptionfromrenewableenergysourcesinTRANSPORTSsector:
statisticaldatato2009andnationaltargettothe2020 g
2000 1.880 1800

x3

Europeandirective2009/28/EU

1600

tonnofoilequiva f alent,kTO OE [kte ep]

1400

1200

1000

800

x10
665 600

600

x2,4 x 2,4
369

400

200 58 0 BioethanolBioETBE BioetanoloBioETBE Bioetanolo BioETBE Biodiesel Biodiesel 50 Othersbiofuel Altribiocarburanti Altri biocarburanti 2009 2020 0 HydrogenfromRES IdorgenodaFER Idorgeno da FER

155

ElectricityfromRES ElettricitdaFER Elettricit da FER

National incentives for the power production from biomass p p

Electrical energy: FIXED RATE of 0.28 /kWh for plants with size up to 1MWe for 15 years GREEN CERTIFICATES for plants with size greater than 1MWe; the last year the GC cost was about 87/MWh depending to the energy market Thermal energy: TAX DEDUCTION of 55% of the total cost plant in 10 years for small systems (such as residential) WHITE CERTIFICATES for the heating networks fuelled by biomass. 1WC is about of 6/MWh

NATIONAL ENERGY POTENTIAL: FORESTS Residual Biomass


LIMITATIONS ON POTENTIAL: Forests up 1500m; Slope roads > 40%; Accessibility Road; Protected natural areas. WOOD FOREST The methodology is based on the use of map data and inventory to produce a geographically detailed on provincial scale that we can use to estimate the size of the power plant with a WEB Geographic Information System.

2180 ktonn

~1 MTOE
CONSIDERING ONLY THE ROUTINE MAINTENANCE OF FORESTS
www.atlantebiomasse.enea.it/

NATIONAL ENERGY POTENTIAL: Agroindustrial residual Biomass g

PRUNING: 4.900ktonn 2MTOE


Distribution of different type of agro-industrial biomass
1320 4906

STRAWS: 15.700ktonn 6MTOE

POMACES & MARC: 1.320ktonn 1MTOE

AGROINDUSTRIAL BIOMASS BIOMASS: 22.000 ktonn 9 MTOE


Staws(ktonn) Pruning P i Pomaces & Marc

TOTAL BIOMASS 10MTOE

53 TWh

Italian electrical consumption 330 TWh (from Terna 2010)

15711

www.atlantebiomasse.enea.it/

ENEAs technological platform for the biomass gasification


__compressed air
__ criogenic gases __ hydrogen storage Fixed bed P= 30-80 kWe Interconnected fluidized bed gasifier 1 MWt Countercurrent fixedbed gasifier 150 kWt

Molten carbonate fuel cell 125 kWe

Started: St t d 2008 Finished: 2010


JOULE Plant Fast internally circulating i t ll i l ti Fluidized bed gasifier 500 kWt
ENEA Trisaia from many years is working in the field of energy conversion of biomass and thermochemical processes and it is equipped with different technologies for the gasification and facility for the power generation.

Current state of the technological platform for the ENEA biomass gasification

JOULE Plant Fast internally circulating Fluidized bed gasifier 500 kWt

PI.GA. Plant Fixed bed P= 30-80 kWe

UNIQUE Plant Interconnected fluidized bed gasifier 1 MWt

Molten carbonate fuel cell 125 kWe

PRAGA Plant Countercurrent fixedbed gasifier 150 kWt

The Gasification Technologies In ENEA Trisaia Research Center

Syngas

Fluidizedbedgasifierwithinternal Fluidized bed gasifier with internal recirculation EnrichedAir/Steam1MWth


Biomass

SYNGASCOMPOSITION
Specie H2 CO CH4 N2 CO2 H2O %Vol. 32 17 6.2 0.9 09 20.9 32
SYNGASCOMPOSITION
Specie H2 CO CH4 N2 CO2 %Vol. %Vol 34.1 25.1 10.4 9.6 20.8

Suitableforthepowergenerationboth Suitable for the power generation both withICEandfuelcells InternallyCirculatingFluidizedBed Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed technologies Air/Steam500kWth
SuitableforthepowerproductionbothwithMCIand fuelcells,orforbiofuelproductionfromFischerTropsch process

Steam

Oxigen

Syngas y g Fluegas

Air

Biomass Steam

Biomass

Dirty Syngas

SYNGASCOMPOSITION

Fixedbedupdraft Fixed bed updraft Air/Steam150kWth SuitableforthepowergenerationwithICE onlyiftheresagoodsyngascleaning only if theres a good syngas cleaning
Syngas

Specie H2 CO CH4 N2 CO2 H2O

%Vol. 20 21 4 40 6 9

Steam

Air

Fixedbeddowndraft Air/Steam150450kWth / SuitableforthepowergenerationwithICE

COMPOSIZIONESYNGAS
Specie H %Vol. 15 22 3 40 20

2 COMPOSIZIONESYNGAS

CO CH4 N2 CO2

Air Combustion zone

PI.GA Downdraft gasifier g


Downdraft gasifier of 150-450kWth Cleaning Section: The cleaning section is composed of four filtration stages: - Cyclone - Scrubber - Disk filter - Sawdust filter Power Generation Section:
The power generation is composed of a Diesel engine modified to Otto cycle with gas feeding coupled with an feeding, alternator. The load generated is dissipated by means of electric resistances and the total power dissipation is approximately 30 kWe with the possibility of adjusting the electric load step of 1 kW
IVECO821002200giri/min40kWe IVECO 82100 2200 i i/ i 40kW
Syngas composition Carbon dioxide Propane Ethane Hydrogen Oxigen Nitrogen Methane Carbon monoxide LHV KJ/Nmc HHV KJ/Nmc D [kg/Nmc] 14,24 , 0,78 0,17 12,11 1,70 48,68 1,97 20,35 5407,27 5794,34 1,21

PRAGA PLANT - Updraft gasifier 150kWth


Funded by the Ministry of University and Research for 5.112.000 MIUR Finished: 2009
WGS reactor CO2 separator t Torch Tests were carried out using almond shells as feedstock f d t k and operating th gasification at th d ti the ifi ti t the following conditions: ER~0.20, steam/biomass ~0.4, and atmospheric pressure.
Process Characteristics P Ch t i ti Main feeding Nominal flow rate G s y g ed u Gasifying medium Nominal power Gas Components H2 CO CO2 CH4 C 3 H8 O2 N2 LHV (kJ/Nm3
dry)

Almond shells 30-40 Kg/h Mix Steam-Air Se 200 kWth %vol. dry 21 22,8 13,4 ~1 <1 <1 41 5,7 Total Tar content (g/Nm3dry) a Gasifie Scrubbe r r 66.0 11.4 . 0.91 b) 0.3 0.32 c) Removal efficiency (%wt) 98.6 97. 97.4

Steam generator

Biodiesel Gasifier Scrubber S bb

Coalescer filters Feeding F di system t

Analitycal Technique Gravimetric Chromatographic


d)

a) According to the CEN/TS 15439 procedure; standard dev: 5-10% b) as sum of both tar and biodiesel. c) calculated as sum of all molecules quantified by chromatographic analysis d) value referred to only tar molecules detectable at the GCMS instrument.

JOULE PLANT: Steam Gasification Pilot Plant of 500kWt


Exhausted gas COMBUSTOR

Gasifier developed in collaboration with Vienna University of Technology, Technology University of L'Aquila, Louis Univ Filter system

Syngas GASIFICATION ZONE Steam input Char recirculation Entrained gas

Fast Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed technologies FICFB

Biomass Input

Auxiliary fuel

FLUIDIZATION AGENT
of the Olivine Austria 34003500kg/m3 20501900kg/m3 344m (1100C)1.3% 6.57 0.951.05kJ/kgC

Primary Air General Features


Origin

Composition Olivine sand


%SiO2 %MgO %Fe2O3 %Al2O3 %H2O+%CO2 41.9 49.5 7.1 1 0.5

Density Bulk Density Medium Diameter Thermal Expansion Mohs Hardness SpecificHeat

HOT GAS CLEANING : Experimental Results


Purified Syngas output CERAMIC FILTERS PALL CORPORATION
Tin [C] Tout [C] CaO [kg/h] Ca/(Cl+S) [molar] H2Sin [ppmv] HClin [ppmv] H2Sout [ppmv] HClout [ppmv] SR [%] ClR [%] 508 476 0.57 4.3 250 105 40 36 84 66 PerformanceoftheHotgascleaningsection

Nitrogen input for the filter th filt regeneration ti T=400C Syngas Input

OutletH2Sconcentration Sulphurremovalefficiency OutletHClconcentration Chlorineremovalefficiency Chlorine removal efficiency Cycloneremovalefficiency(d=2 m) Tars(g/Nm3) Particleout

~40ppmv 84% ~30ppmv 70% 95% 10 2,1mg/Nm

Solid Recovery T=476C

ADSORBING TOWER

Raw Syngas

CYCLONE

T=508C

UNIQUE PLANT
Funded by 7FP Finished: 2011 s ed: 0 Financing of 3.715.503

Fluidized bed gasifier with internal recirculation of 1MWth Enriched Air/Steam


Patent RM2008U000022

Main advantages of the UNIQUE plant: g Q p Higher hot gas cleaning; System more compact; Reducing both the investment costs and the operative costs

Syngas composition Specie H2 CO CH4 N2 CO2 H2 O %Vol. 32 17 6.2 0.9 20.9 32

Product Stream Syngas 385Nmc/h

Current activity lines: Production of bio-SNG from syngas


Cold gas cleaning section
H2 O H2SO4 H2S adsorption with activated carbon WGS reactor

Fluidized Bed of 1MWth


Patent RM2008U000022
Syngas

BioDiesel scrubber

Water scrubber for NH3 removal

Impurities 30bar compression

TAR & biodiesel

NH3 purge

H2O Heat recovery

MP line

CH4 > 95%volume


Selexol Methanation reactor III Methanation reactor II WGS reactor Methanation reactor I

Selexol process for the CO2 capture

process CH4 & CO2 Water separation

Selexol & CO2 Water Selexol recovery

Section of Methanation with thermal recovery

Chemical Yield about of 60 75% 60-75%

SYNGASCOMPOSITION
Specie H2 CO CH4 N2 CO2 H2O %Vol. 32 17 6.2 62 0.9 20.9 32

INTERMEDIA STAGES FOR PRODUCTION OF THE SYNTETIC NATURAL GAS Cold gas tars cleaning; W t scrubber f ammonia absorbing; Water bb for i b bi Neutralization of acidic substances by use of low cost sorbents; CO-shift reactor for increase the H2/CO ratio necessary for the methanation stages: Compression stage for improve the thermodynamic conditions and for obtain a bio-SNG to high pressure suitable for the grid injection; Selexol process for CO2 split-up from the syngas
CO+3H2=CH4+H2O HReaz= -206,28 kJ/mol

An example of Synthetic Natural Gas production from lignocellulosic biomass

The ENERPARK Project j


GALLIPOLI COGNATO PARK Natural Park near Matera
The project was funded by Basilicata Region with the EU Structural Funds PO FERS 20072013 through which the EU aims to streng then economic and social cohesion of its territory by correcting imbalances between the regions. Started: Dicember 2011 Term: 2 Years Funded: 500k ENERGET INPUT max 800tonn/year

The project provides the construction of a gasification plant coupling with a methanation plant for increase the biomethane content in the syngas. The biomass used for the process derive from the routine maintenance of the Gallipoli Cognato's foresty

pPRUNINGS

PLANTS OLD AND DISEASED

A second step of the project provides the use of biomethane for the service cars for the workers in the park h k
ENERGETIC OUTPUT
BIOMETHANE for the AUTOMOTIVE sector

Min 300.000km/anno

Current activity lines: Supercritical water gasification SCWG


Advantages of the SCWG process: The presence of water in supercritical form promotes the reactions of hydrolysis, facilitating the ability to attack polymeric structures such as reducing the lignin to more easily processable oligomers; The SCW is a reagent, in fact up to 50% of the hydrogen product comes from the water; p p p Never pretreatment processes for biomass, indeed its presence facilitates the process; It promotes the reactions of the water gas shift further enriching hydrogen in the syngas product; Produces a syngas TARS free; It can be use also for sewage sludge.
End-uses of the syngas produced by the process SCW Easily removal of CO2 into syngas being already pressurized; Highest hydrogen content in the syngas;

Adiabatic catalyst stages reactor for liquid biofuels production fuelled by CO2/H2

Heat & Power

Cleaning of the syngas more efficiently and with lower processing costs Using the syngas such (H2/CO2) in catalytic processes for the production of liquid biofuels; Economical process also for sewage sludge

Other project working in ENEA


BRISK - Biofuels Research
Infrastructure Knowledge for Sharing

BRISK

is f d d b i funded by th the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme (Capacities)

The initiative runs from 1st October 2011 to September 2015. 8.98M funded BRISK aims to develop a European Research Infrastructure for Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, supporting R&D on innovative processes to convert sustainable feedstocks (agricultural/forestry wastes and energy crops) into liquid, gaseous or fuels. technologies, solid fuels The specific aim of BRISK is to overcome fragmentation in R&D facilities for thermochemical technologies by enabling researchers to have access to high-level experimental facilities and services across Europe. The BRISK network will encourage and facilitate cooperative research in the specialised laboratories of project partners. The facilities are also open to researchers outside the project

Industry 2015: HY-Tractor project Tractor-powered with a Fuel Cell fuelled to syngas

HY-Tractor

project is funded by the Ministry of Economic Development 4.51M funded

The initiative runs from 1st October 2010 to September 2014. The project involves the construction of an innovative and ecological sub-surface seeder provided with electrical rather than pneumatic or h d li actuators. El i hydraulic Electric actuators guarantee f hi h l l of control, which enable the d l i for higher level f l hi h bl h development of f advanced planting techniques, i.e. techniques including the use of GPS.

Thebestwaytopredictthefutureistobuildit
(PeterDrucker)

Thanksforyourattention
AntonioMolinoENEA antonio.molino@enea.it +390835974736

Main experimental results: Effect of SBR and temperature


Feed: Almond Shell Biomass [kg/h] SBR(steam biomass ratio) Temperature [ C] CO [% vol.] l] CO2 H2 CH4 C2 H6 C3 H8 N2 PCI [MJ/Nm3] Syngas[kg/h](dry basis) Efficiency Experimental tests Biomass[kg/h] Process Temperature [ C] SBR Tar experimental(g/Nm3) PCI [MJ/Nm3] Syngas[kg/h](dry basis) N 1 57 1.7 795 19.0 19 0 20.6 26.0 9.2 92 0.2 2.2 22.8 10.62 74 45 N 1 57 795 1.7 10.6 10 6 10.62 74 N 2 57 1.4 816 20.6 20 6 20.8 33.4 9.1 91 0.2 2.1 13.9 11.44 55 39 N 2 57 816 1.4 11.4 11 4 11.44 55 N 3 87 1 839 23.6 23 6 21.6 32.7 9.6 96 0.1 2.4 9.9 12.21 122 70 N 3 87 839 1 12.7 12 7 12.21 122 N 4 92 0.9 835 25.1 25 1 19.3 33.1 10.4 10 4 0.2 2.3 9.6 12.71 119 72 N 4
Acenaftilene
Control room

Gasificator

JOULE Storage St Cryogenic tanks

MCFC

GC-MS Analysis: Tar High Temperature


Naftalene

92 835 0.9 12.2 12 2 12.71 119


Indene Fenantrene Antracene Fluorene Pirene Fluorantene

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