Tourism & Hospitality

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Muhammad Derwaish B.S (Honors) T&H

Cultural Tourism

Contents
FOREWARD ................................................................................................. 4 CULTURAL TOURISM: .................................................................................. 5 1.
1.1. 1.2. 1.2.1. 1.2.2. 1.2.3. 1.3. 1.4. 1.4.1. 1.4.2. 1.4.3.

Urban Tourism: ............................................................................... 6

Definition: ................................................................................................................... 6 Categorization of urban cities: .................................................................................... 6 Resort Cities: ............................................................................................................... 6 Tourist Historic Cities: ................................................................................................. 6 Converted cities: ......................................................................................................... 6 What Attracts Visitors To Urban Areas? ..................................................................... 6 An Ideal Urban City / What should an ideal urban city provided? ............................. 7 Primary elements: ....................................................................................................... 7 Secondary elements: ................................................................................................... 7 Additional elements: ................................................................................................... 7

2.
2.1. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.3. 2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3.3. 2.3.4. 2.4. 2.4.1. 2.4.2. 2.4.3.

Rural Tourism:................................................................................. 8
Meaning of Rural:........................................................................................................ 8 Tangible Characteristics of the Countryside: .............................................................. 8 Intangible Characteristics of the Countryside: ............................................................ 8 The Demand for Rural Tourism: .................................................................................. 9 Volume: ....................................................................................................................... 9 Characteristics of Demand: ......................................................................................... 9 Activities: ..................................................................................................................... 9 Motivation: .................................................................................................................. 9 The Impacts of Rural Tourism: .................................................................................... 9 Social & Cultural factor: .............................................................................................. 9 The Economic Impact: ............................................................................................... 10 The Environmental Effect:......................................................................................... 10

3.
3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.4.1. 3.4.2. 3.4.3.

Pakistans Rural and Urban Tourism:............................................... 11

Introduction: ............................................................................................................. 11 Rural Societies: .......................................................................................................... 11 Urban Societies: ........................................................................................................ 12 Differences between Rural and Urban Way of Life: ................................................. 13 Function: ................................................................................................................... 13 Lifestyle: .................................................................................................................... 13 Population: ................................................................................................................ 14

4.

General View of Urban Areas in Pakistan: ..................................... 14 2 Department of Tourism & Hospitality

Cultural Tourism
4.1. Culture of Karachi: .................................................................................................... 15

5.
5.1.

General View of Rural Areas in Pakistan:....................................... 16

Saidpur village: .......................................................................................................... 17

6.
6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4.

SWOT Analysis: ............................................................................. 18

Strengths ................................................................................................................... 18 Weaknesses............................................................................................................... 18 Opportunities ............................................................................................................ 18 Threats ...................................................................................................................... 18

7. 8.
8.1. 8.2.

Recommendations and Suggestions: ............................................. 19 References: ................................................................................... 20

Books: ........................................................................................................................ 20 Web links:.................................................................................................................. 20

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Cultural Tourism

FOREWARD Tourism has emerged as the largest global industry of the 21st century. It has become the mainstay of many developing economies in the world and is considered a relatively better option for earning foreign exchange, creating jobs, stimulating sluggish economies, reducing economic disparities, promoting good-will and intra-regional harmony besides being a benign activity both socially and culturally. Pakistan possesses splendid tourist attractions: lofty mountains, beautiful valleys, ancient civilizations, living oldest and modern cultures, natural tourist attractions, sacred places of worship of almost every religion, places of historical interest, virgin beaches, deserts, fertile plains and a lot more. Pakistan is a land of adventure, nature, culture and history where every tourist has something to get himself entertained, enjoy, explore and experience. These potentials remained to be harnessed well so that the country can get maximum benefits through development of tourism. Muhammad Derwaish

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Cultural Tourism

CULTURAL TOURISM: Cultural tourism (or culture tourism) is the subset of tourism concerned with a country or region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those people, their art, architecture, religion(s), and other elements that helped shape their way of life. Cultural tourism includes tourism in urban areas, particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as museums and theatres. It can also include tourism in rural areas showcasing the traditions of indigenous cultural communities (i.e. festivals, rituals), and their values and lifestyle. It is generally agreed that cultural tourists spend substantially more than standard tourists do. This form of tourism is also becoming generally more popular throughout the world, and a recent OECD report has highlighted the role that cultural tourism can play in regional development in different world regions. Cultural tourism has been defined as 'the movement of persons to cultural attractions away from their normal place of residence, with the intention to gather new information and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs'.

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Cultural Tourism 1. Urban Tourism: Despite the diversity, there are a number of core themes relevant to urban tourism of which you need to be aware. However, first of all it is worth thinking about what urban tourism actually is. In other words, you could quite rightly suggest that most tourism, other than that which occurs in natural, rural or wilderness areas, is urban as it takes place in urban areas! This generalization points to the difficulty in defining or categorizing urban tourism. For example, tourist towns and cities may be categorized by demand and supply, such as tourist cities, shop-ping cities, culture cities or historic cities, although, in reality, many cities are a combination of all of these (and people may visit cities for a variety of reasons).
1.1.Definition:

The movement of persons to cultural attractions in cities in countries other than their normal place of residence, with the intention to gather new information and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs. All movements of persons to specific cultural attractions, such as heritage sites, artistic and cultural manifestations, arts and drama to cities outside their normal country of residence. In order to structure the way cities can be looked at as destinations for cultural tourism a framework has been developed based on the predominant (cultural) product of a place and the type of place, such as village, town, city and metropolis.
1.2.Categorization of urban cities:

Majorly urban cities are categorized in to 3 three main categories on the basis of their built structures, are as:
1.2.1. Resort Cities:

Those areas which are built for tourism as a primary function. E.g. Murre, Malamjabba, Changa manga, Etc.
1.2.2. Tourist Historic Cities:

Those areas which have cultural heritage resources become major attractions of tourists. E.g. Taxila, Lahore, Peshawar, Mardan, etc.
1.2.3. Converted cities:

1.3.What Attracts Visitors To Urban Areas?

The demand for travel to cities has greatly increased over the last few decades. While many travel for business or convention purposes, others are traveling on leisure time to learn about other cultures, to develop their specific 6 Department of Tourism & Hospitality

Cultural Tourism interests, and to seek entertainment. But what exactly are the specific elements of the urban tourism product that determine the attractiveness of a city for visitors? The following are key elements that can enhance the visitor-friendliness in urban areas.
o o o o o o o Historic District. Water front MICE Festivals & Events Retail & catering Facilities Special interest visitors districts Etc

It is important to point out that there is a high degree of interrelatedness among the elements. They are being developed by cities for a variety of reasons including portraying a positive image, attracting visitors, and stimulating the urban economy.
1.4.An Ideal Urban City / What should an ideal urban city provided?

The supply of urban tourism refers to the bundle of attractions and facilities that comprise a town or citys overall tourism product. This, of course, varies enormously from one place to another and, as with the demand for urban tourism, assessing supply is complicated by the fact that some facilities are provided for residents as well as tourists in fact, their primary purpose is as a service for residents (e.g. shops). However, it has been suggested that the supply of urban tourism can be categorized as follows:
1.4.1. Primary elements:

o activity place: cultural facilities, sports facilities, amusement facilities o leisure setting: physical characteristics, socio-cultural characteristics
1.4.2. Secondary elements:

o Hotel and catering facilities o Markets o Shopping facilities.

1.4.3. Additional elements:

o accessibility, parking facilities o tourist facilities: information services, etc

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Cultural Tourism 2. Rural Tourism: Rural tourism is among the most polymorphous of all forms of Special Interest Tourism (SIT). The diversity of attractions included within rural tourism embrace: o o o o o o o Aspects of culture (agriculture) Industrial tourism (farm practices) Educational tourism Special events Ecological attractions Adventure tourism Wine tourism

Such diversity represents major opportunities for rural areas that have turned to tourism as a means of supplementing diminished incomes (Douglas, 2001)
2.1.Meaning of Rural:

Living in or characteristic of farming or country life. There are two ways of considering the issue tangible and intangible characteristics of the countryside.
2.2. Tangible Characteristics of the Countryside:

Simplistically, the countryside may be thought of as areas lying beyond major towns and cities (i.e. rural as opposed to urban). However, this cannot account for the enormous diversity of rural areas and so three characteristics can be used to identify places as rural: o population density/settlement size o land use and economy o Social structures.
2.2.1. Intangible Characteristics of the Countryside:

In addition to its tangible characteristics, the countryside has a deeper, cultural meaning or significance to visitors who, predominantly, live and work in urban environments. This meaning varies from one society or country to the next but, essentially, it suggests that tourists visit the countryside for reasons other than going to particular places or participating in particular activities. In short, visiting rural areas provides the opportunity for authentic experiences associated with rural, or non-urban, environments. Frequently, however, this imagined or mythical countryside (images of which are reinforced in brochures or promotional material) does not exist in reality.

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Cultural Tourism
2.3. The Demand for Rural Tourism:

The demand for rural tourism is considered from a variety of perspectives:

2.3.1. Volume:

This is measured in terms of tourists (i.e. overnight stayers) and dayvisitors to areas/places defined as rural.
2.3.2. Characteristics of Demand:

Rural tourists are often considered to be more affluent, better educated and representative of the new tourist; although surveys show that all socioeconomic groups visit the countryside.
2.3.3. Activities:

Visitors to the countryside participate in an enormous variety of activities, some of which are more traditional pursuits, such as hiking, horseriding or fishing, and others which are not rural in character but depend upon the rural environment.
2.3.4. Motivation:

It is widely assumed that tourists visit the country-side primarily to experience its intrinsic qualities (i.e. rurality). Although surveys have shown this to be the case, more recent research has also shown that, for significant numbers of visitors, it is the opportunity to participate in specific activities (i.e. the intrinsic appeal of the countryside is secondary).
2.4.The Impacts of Rural Tourism:
2.4.1.
Social & Cultural factor:

The role of women in rural tourism has also belatedly attracted interest as a highly seasonal and unstable economic activity, since tourism is one of the few opportunities taken up by women but also contributes to the marginal status of women in the rural workforce. Increasingly, native people are becoming involved in tourism to help meet their own goals of independence and cultural survival, yet tourism development carries specials risks for them. There are also special problems related to obtaining financing for projects, training with cultural sensitivity, attitudes towards work and service, and making decisions communally. In communities with low economic activity and low tourism development there will be high hopes and expectations of tourism. It has also be noted that long term residents of rural areas are much more likely to 9 Department of Tourism & Hospitality

Cultural Tourism support growth and change than newcomers, usually because the newcomers moved there for amenities which they do not want changed.
2.4.2. The Economic Impact:

The economic impact of rural tourism has been a fruitful area for research among a range of social scientists, often emphasizing or challenging the role of tourism as a panacea for all the economic and social ills of the countryside. But Butler and Clark rightly acknowledge, tourism in rural areas is not necessarily the magic solution to rural development, given its: Income leakages, volatility, declining multiplier, low pay, imported labor and the conservatism of investors. The least favored circumstance in which to promote tourism is when the rural economy is already weak, since tourism will create highly unbalanced income and employment distributions. It is better supplement for a thriving and diverse economy than as a mainstay of rural development.
2.4.3. The Environmental Effect:

In a rural context, the growing pressure emerging from the development intensive nature of tourism and the expansion of Mass tourism has posed many new pressures as new tourism discovers the qualities of rural environments. In fact, the construction of theme parks in rural environments, second homes, timeshare, conference centers, holiday villages have all contributed to the insatiable tourism appetite for rural environments. A number of recent special issues of journals have also focused on sustainability and rural tourism. However, it is apparent that tourism in rural context displays many of the features of the symbolic relationship, which exists between tourism and the environment. For these reason it is appropriate to consider the tourism resource base, emphasizing supply and demand features in relation to the business aspects of rural tourism.

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Cultural Tourism 3. Pakistans Rural and Urban Tourism:

3.1. Introduction:

Our country is still known as a rural country, but the reality is the other way round. We should change the definition of urban and rural areas, according to the old definition, the country has about 70 percent of rural population but after redefining it, the rural population will decrease to about 60 percent. It was also recommended that in addition to the criterion given above, it was recommended that population density may be taken as the main criterion for urban areas and there should be a cluster of minimum 5000 persons with a density of 400 persons per square kilometer. The area must be facilitated with basic facilities and services of health, education, sanitation, etc., and that in urban areas; at least 66 percent of male population should be related to nonagriculture professions.
3.2.Rural Societies:

Pakistan is an agriculture country and 80% of its people from the rural population of the country. The villages, towns and small cities form the rural areas of Pakistan. Their main profession is cultivation and ploughing. The entire population of Pakistan is scattered and resides in villages, towns and big cities. They pursue different professions to earn their livelihood. Village is the most important and pivotal centre of rural life of Pakistan. Our villages badly lack in civic amenities. There is no proper system of drainage. The drinking water and electricity are not available in a large number of our villages. There are no hospitals, schools, post offices and markets in most of the villages making the life difficult and unhygienic. The village population, due to the difficult living environs in the villages, keeps on migrating to urban areas where better facilities of social life and brighter chances of earning sustenance are available.

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Cultural Tourism However, the Government is very much alive to the problems of rural areas. The Government is making sincere endeavors to improve the conditions of rural areas. Modern facilities of health and communication are being provided in the rural areas. Roads, dispensaries, schools, post offices and shopping centers have been provided at Government level. The facility of drinking water and electricity has been made available to a number of villages.
3.3.Urban Societies:

Urban areas in Pakistan completely differ from rural areas in the life pattern. The urban areas are the centre of social life with greater facilities and amenities of life. The urban population of Pakistan represents about a third of the total. Two cities have a dominating position Karachi and Lahore. Since the 1960s, government policy has been directed towards the dispersal of industry, which had become heavily concentrated in Karachi. As a consequence, urban growth has been more evenly distributed among several cities. Rapid and unplanned urban expansion has been parallel by deterioration in living conditions, particularly in the housing conditions of lower income groups. Many urban households are unable to pay rent for the cheapest form of available housing and live in makeshift shacks. Water supply and sewerage system are inadequate, and in many areas residents have to share communal water taps. Inadequate urban transport is also a major problem. The urban areas, unlike rural areas, are well-planned and well-built with modern residential colonies. The big cities, which form the portion of our urban areas, are the centers of high modern education. A large number of prestigious educational institutions are situated in the big cities which attract the students from all parts of the country. The urban areas have become the centre of social activity because of their multifarious aspects of social life. The industrial progress and the location of Government and other departments in the urban areas have made these areas prosperous and progressing. 12 Department of Tourism & Hospitality

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3.4.Differences between Rural and Urban Way of Life:

The rural and urban life differs in a number of ways. For an agricultural country like Pakistan, it is essential to understand how and why life in rural and urban areas differs.
3.4.1. Function:

Villages and towns differ in function. Villages are usually engaged in primary activities, including farming, animal keeping, lumbering, fishing etc. Towns are engaged in secondary and tertiary activities, like manufacturing, trade, transport, telecommunications, education, medical treatment and other activities. However, these two sets of activities are not exclusively confined to rural and urban areas. Shops, transportation services, educational and medical facilities are found in rural areas, too. Similarly, there are vegetable fields within Karachi, Lahore and other major cities. It is more a question of the predominance of one set of activities over the other. As a consequence, the line of distinction between a small town and a large village is difficult to determine.
3.4.2. Lifestyle:

Some specialists believe that lifestyle is a distinguishing feature of villages and towns. According to them, close contact with other members of the community is a distinctive feature of rural life. The inhabitants of a village, for example, usually know each other personally. In urban areas, on the other hand, relationships tend to be impersonal; urban areas are so highly populated that most people do not even know who their neighbors are. This is case in large urban centers like Karachi. However, even in places like Karachi, there are pockets in the city where people who belong to the same community or village live. In such areas people know each other and have closer contact with their neighbors. In small towns, which are in reality overgrown villages, most people know one another as well. It is also argued that while village life is traditional, urban life is rational. This is not entirely the case in Pakistan. Most of the urban population in Pakistan has a strong rural background. Although the use of urban facilities changes their way of living, it does not change their way of thinking much. In Pakistan, the lifestyles of the rich and poor differ far more than the lifestyles of city and village dwellers. The objective application of lifestyle as a factor for distinguishing between villages and towns is therefore difficult.

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3.4.3. Population:

Another factor used to distinguish between villages and towns is population. Although this criterion is applied in many countries, there is no agreement on size. In Canada, for example, a settlement with a population of more than 1,000 is considered urban, in Japan more than 30,000 and in Pakistan, 5,000. In Pakistan, a settlement can also call itself a town if it has a two committee or cantonment that controls electricity, the water supply and drainage. For example, Ziarat in Baluchistan had a population of 619 in 1998, but it was still classified as a town because it had these amenities. However, there are only ten towns with populations of less than 5,000 out of a total 478 urban centers in Pakistan Population. Another factor used to distinguish between villages and towns is population. Although this criterion is applied in many countries, there is no agreement on size. In Canada, for example, a settlement with a population of more than 1,000 is considered urban, in Japan more than 30,000 and in Pakistan, 5,000. In Pakistan, a settlement can also call itself a town if it has a two committee or cantonment that controls electricity, the water supply and drainage. For example, Ziarat in Balochistan had a population of 619 in 1998, but it was still classified as a town because it had these amenities. However, there are only ten towns with populations of less than 5,000 out of a total 478 urban centers in Pakistan. 4. General View of Urban Areas in Pakistan: The thriving and developing businesses in the urban areas have attracted a lot of manpower from the rural areas to find a better living for self and families. Besides Karachi and Lahore metropolises, other cities of Pakistan like twin cities of Rawalpindi / Islamabad, Faisalabad, Peshawar and Quetta are also fast developing with sky scrapers dotting the sky line. The business opportunities are laced with modern facilities, well link network of roads and communication means. The easy access to broadband internet facilities have linked the domestic business with the international trade and Pakistan is making its presence felt by its quality exports specially in Textile, leather garments, sports goods and surgical instruments. Many multi-national banks and companies have opened their offices and outlets in major cities. Major fast-food chains are doing thriving business. While on one hand, 14 Department of Tourism & Hospitality

Cultural Tourism the exodus from rural areas has open up business opportunities for smaller investors, the huge influx has added more burden on the available civic amentias, potable drinking water and means of communication. 4.1. Culture of Karachi: Karachiites are avid shoppers, and, as such, Karachi boasts an incredible diversity in terms of shopping, accommodating anyone's preferences and budget. Products that shoppers can buy in Karachi come from a vast variety of sources, from one of the many local cottage industries to authentic brand wear by renowned international designers. The city has many modern, high-end shopping malls such as Park Towers, The Forum andDolmen Mall, in addition to local mid-range bazaars and a gamut of streetside vendors. In places such as Park Towers and Dolmen Mall, all famous stores such as Khaadi, Amir Adnan, Sputnik Footwear and English Boot House, all have a presence. The main shopping places are: Tariq Road, which has clothing shops; Saddar, which has an electronics market; and Boat Basin, which has restaurants. However, due to increased modernization and awareness, the once-flourishing hawking business has recently seen somewhat of a slowdown in most areas of Karachi, especially in regards to street food vendors. Karachi has a thriving textiles industry, which is one of, if not the largest in Pakistan. This industry alone covers a vast variety of businesses, from largescale suppliers that cater international demand in developed countries, to locally hand-made goods by grassroots vendors. Most vendors in Karachi are open to bargaining, which is a common sight at most bazaars and among hawkers. As a result, prices of products vary immensely among every vendor, with the exception of upscale high-end shopping malls, which usually have fixed prices. In Karachi, it is also general knowledge to be cautious when bargaining with vendors, especially in bazaars

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Cultural Tourism and with hawkers, as they often sell substandard goods at high prices to unaware shoppers. Apparent foreigners, in particular, are often ripped off. A major contributor to Karachi's wealth in shopping is that most of its residents belong to the middle class and relatively well-off. Restaurants include Student Biryani, Chaudry Mateen DineOne, BBQ Tonight, Pearl Continental Hotel Karachi, Pizza Hut, Penny Pizza, Subway, KFC, Mcdonalds, Biryani Centre, Dominos Pizza, Nandos, Papa Johns, Dunkin Donuts, Hot n' Spicy,Mr. Burger, Nimco, Salt 'n' Pepper Village Restaurants, Shan-e-Mughalia, Lal Qila, Usmania restaurant, Bundo Khan, Clifton Grill Restaurant and Copper Kettle. Karachi is a festive city, and many religious and cultural festivities are observed across the city. Religious events such as Ramadan,Chaand Raat, Eid, Milad un Nabi and Ashura are among the most prominent festivities and are observed passionately with fervor. Ethnic and religious minorities, like Christians, Hindus, Ismailis etc. also celebrate their events, although not on as large a scale as Islamic events. The Sindh Cultural Day also gets celebrated in the city in the month of December every year since 2009. People wear traditional Sindhi Topi & Ajrak and gather in different areas of the city where they play songs, dance, attend functions where artists come and perform.

5. General View of Rural Areas in Pakistan: The rural scene has remained unchanged since decades. Most of the villagers still live far from the hustle and bustle of the urban areas and still live in their mud houses with almost non-existent civic amenities. The unpolluted environment with lush green fields stretched as far as the eye can fathom. The chirping of birds on old banyan trees and wandering of domesticated animals still seen on the dirt tracks and around small ponds filled with rain water. The 16 Department of Tourism & Hospitality

Cultural Tourism donkey and horse / cattle driven carts still remain the basic means of transportation. However, lately with the carpeting of the dirt tracks and opening of roads from the farms to the markets in the nearby towns and cities, life styles are changing. Mud houses are being replaced with brick houses, motorcycle driven rickshaws, called "Ching-Chees" are fast replacing horse driven carts and small lift carriers and beautifully decorated buses changing business convenience. Electricity is fast approaching villages and small town, which besides running the tube wells have also lit up the villages, where once people used to retire soon after the sunset. The availability of WLL / cellular phones has replaced the age old home-delivered mail system. Even internet is now available in small towns and large villages.
5.1.Saidpur village:

Saidpur is a Mughal-era village on the slopes of the Hills and located off the Hill Road to the east of Daman-e-Koh in Islamabad. The village has the footprints of various civilizations, including Gandhara, Greek, Buddhist, Mughal, Ashoka and the colonial periods, and now serving as a popular recreational spot for both local and foreign visitors. In 2008, the Capital Development Authority completed the remodeling of Saidpur into a tourist attraction by giving it the look and feel of a quaint village. The key changes that have come about include the re-doing of a temple, the cleaning up of a stream running through the village and giving the mud houses a facelift. The village reflects the traditional ambience; the temple, the stones used on the walls, the stacks of hay, the horse-drawn carts and everything else depicts the history of Pothohar region. o Preserved old school building 17 Department of Tourism & Hospitality

Cultural Tourism o Restaurants & Cafe's o Nomad Art Gallery o Preserved old Sufi tomb

Preserved Hindu temple & Gurdwara

6. SWOT Analysis:
6.1.Strengths

o o o o o

Diversity of experiences Proximity of gateway cities Diversity of people Great weather Ease of driving in rural areas

6.2.Weaknesses

o Difficult to organize or brand diverse product o Difficult to identify/communicate with stakeholders o Difficult to define geographical/regional boundaries that make sense to consumers and stakeholders o Lack of plans, limited resources, staff and sophistication o Lack of consistent leadership in regions provincial turf issues
6.3.Opportunities

o Dedicated rural tourism program manager and cultural and heritage tourism council o Emerging markets o Growing demand for safe, relaxed, rural experiences o Public lands partnerships o Villages & cities welcome centers o Technology o Develop a unified rural tourism experience and approach
6.4.Threats

o o o o o

Emerging competitors such as other western states Rising fuel prices Loss of political support and/change in governance Natural disasters (fire, earthquake, flooding, etc.) Budgetary inflation

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Cultural Tourism 7. Recommendations and Suggestions: o A Cultural Atlas of Pakistan need to be prepared by the Ministry of Culture in collaboration with the federal Ministry of Education and Survey of Pakistan showing the contiguity of the areas constituting Pakistan with detailed sketches of the centers of learning, historical monuments, urban planning and centers of culture. o Strengthen and establish capacities in their departments of archaeology for preservation of their cultural heritage o Maintain archaeological sites, historical monuments and museums under their control o Establish cultural centers at provincial level. o Establishment of folk art museums, craft emporia at National, Provincial and district levels to provide economic incentives to Master Artisans o Encourage intangible folklore research, collection, documentation and establishment of centers at national, provincial and district levels.

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Cultural Tourism 8. References:

8.1.Books:

The Impact Of Culture On Tourism By OECD T OURISM, P RINCIPLES, PRACTICES, PHILOSOPHIES By Charles R. Goeldner & J. R. Brent Ritchie Case Study: Urban Tourism (An Important Industry In Urban Economy) Travel And Tourism By Richard Sharply Rural Strategic Plan By CTTC: California Travel And Tourism Commission
Cultural Policy of Pakistan: Draft National tourism policy of Pakistan 2010
8.2.Web links:

www.scribd.com www.google.com en.wikipedia.org www.tourisminpakistan.com www.heritage.gov wikitravel.org

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