Experimental discussion In the experiment we deal with FM demodulator circuit which is performed by zero crossing detector or what we called

Pulse Averaging Discriminator. The experiment is all about how we manipulate and setup an FM demodulator. The first part of the experiment is we calibrate the VCO natural frequency to 10Khz. and to test if the VCO is working properly we used the DCV as the input of the VCO, we increase and decrease the voltage to test if the frequency is changing. (The Frequency must increase as the Voltage increases and vice versa). The next thing we do is we calibrate the twin pulse generator pulse width to 12s we do this to have the right spacing of pulses (as I observed if we increases the width of the twin pulse generator we cannot recover the signal due to the output is a continuous square wave with a huge width. The pulse cannot be too long otherwise the circuit`s operation breaks down. The next part is that we connect the modules we calibrated before and some parts needed to complete the FM system. The VCO connected to the comparator going to the Twin pulse Generator and the LPF. In the first trial we only used a VDC supply for the input. In this part we just observed what can happen to our FM demodulator in such instances like the maximum peak and the minimum peak. We also observed what does the zero crossing detector do to our signal. The zero crossing detector as the name implies changes its amplitude as it crosses zero volts. This square wave is then feed to the twin pulse generator that shortens the width of the square wave. And the low pass filter removes the carrier frequency recovering the signal. Next setup is that we changed the input of the VCO to a 2 khz sine wave. Without changing the set up we recovered the signal but it has very low amplitude compare to the input message. Therefore in the next set up we will add some gain to the signal and we will also use the speech module and a tune able LPF and we add a buffer on the output. We can also listen to the output of the FM. The Fm is more clear than AM signal. Summary: FM demodulation can be performed using Foster-Seeley Discriminator, Ratio Detector, Pulse Averaging Discriminator, Quadrature Detector and Phase-Locked Loop In the experiment we used a pulse averaging discriminator Pulse Averaging discriminator uses a comparator, twin pulse generator and low pass filter Twin pulse Generator creates a square wave with a controlled width. Conlusion Zero Crossing detector is a simple FM demodulation circuit that uses a twin pulse generator and comparator. We convert the signal to a square wave and process t to convert back to its original signal.

Using FM reduces noise than AM. It is also easy to do and assemble. We also need the VCO to create the modulator.