Conservation of momentum-8

Derivation
Now consider the influx of momentum due to
mass entering the control volume. Let velocity
be u,v,w in the x,y and z directions.
Momentum entering the control volume in Momentum entering the control volume in
the y direction due to mass entering the
y=0, z=0 and x=0 faces is ,
and ,
Momentum leaving due to mass leaving the
control volume at y=dy, z=dz and x=dx is
obtained from the Taylor series expansion
with only the leading term retained
v vdxdz) (
( ) wdydzv
( ) udydzv
Conservation of momentum-9
Derivation
All the momentum terms in y direction due
to mass entering or leaving the control volume
are given on the figure below; term on x=0
face omitted for clarity face omitted for clarity
x
y
z
dy vdxdzv
y
vdydzv ) ( ) (

+
v vdxdz) (
wdxdyv
dy wdydzv
z
wdydzv ) ( ) (

+
dx udydzv
x
udydzv ) ( ) (

+
Conservation of momentum-10
Derivation
Net influx of momentum in y direction due to
mass influx
vvdxdz wvdxdy uvdydz
vv vv wv wv uv uv dxdydz


+ +
| |
+ + + + +
In addition to surface forces due to the
stresses, assume body forces are present.
vv vv wv wv uv uv dxdydz
y z x
vv wv uv dxdydz
y z x


| |
+ + + + +
|

\
| |
= + +
|

\
(11.1)
Conservation of momentum-11
Derivation
Assume body forces are present. Body force
vector(per unit volume) is given denoted by:
Net influx of momentum into control volume
( ) k X j X i X
z y x

+ +
(11.2)
Net influx of momentum into control volume
is due to:
mass entering (equ
n
11.1)
force on the control volume faces(equ
n
10.8)
Body force(equ
n
11.2)
Conservation of momentum-12
Derivation
The overall momentum balance equation
therefore becomes
2
yy zy xy
v wv uv dxdydz dxdydz
y z x y z x

| | (
+ + + + +
| (

\
Stresses are hard to measure therefore
convert to a more useful form using a
constitutive relationship. We restrict ourselves
to Newtonian fluids here.
0
y
vdxdydz X dxdydz
t

\

+ =

(11.3)
Conservation of momentum-13
Derivation
Newton examined results of a large number of
experiments and proposed the following
relationship for shear stress: for 1D.
This shear stress can be generalized using the
dy
du
=
This shear stress can be generalized using the
nomenclature adopted earlier to get:
A relationship between velocities and stress is
established using the above equation.
j i for
|
|

\
|

=
i
j
j
i
ij
x
u
x
u

(11.4)
Conservation of momentum-14
Derivation
The following relationship, called the Stokes
constitutive relationship, will be used here
without deriving it.
2
.
j
i
u
u
P u
| |

| |
= + +
|
(11.5)
ij
1 2 3
2
.
3
0
=1
j
i
ij
j i
ij
u
u
P u
x x
for i j
for i j
u u i u j u k

| |

| |
= + +
|
|
|

\
\
=
=
= + +

(11.5)
Conservation of momentum-15
Derivation
Now, consider the stress terms in the
momentum equation and substitute the
Stokes relationship to get:

From momentum
equation
2
. 2
3

yy xy zy
y x z
P v
u
y y y y
u v v w
x y x z z y




+ + =

| |
| |
+
| |

\
\
| |
| | | |
+ + + +
|
| |

\ \
\
equation
(11.6)
After substituting
Stokes relationship
Conservation of momentum-16
Derivation
In addition if is assumed constant the
equation becomes:
( )
2
.
3
yy xy zy
P
u
y x z y y


+ + =

For an incompressible fluid it has been shown

earlier that
3
2
y x z y y
u u v v w
y y x y x z z y


| | | | | |
+ + + + +
| | |

\ \ \
. 0 u =
(11.7)
(10.7a)
Conservation of momentum-17
Derivation
Since velocity is a continuous function, cross
differentiation is permissible :
Use equ
n
(10.7a) and equ
n
(11.8) in equ
n
(11.6):
y
u
x x
u

y
(11.8)
Use equ
n
(10.7a) and equ
n
(11.8) in equ
n
(11.6):
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
.
3

yy xy zy
P
u
y x z y
v v v u u u
x y z y x y z



+ +

| | | |
+ + + + + +
| |

\ \
=0
=0
(11.9)
Conservation of momentum-18
Derivation
Substituting Equ
n
11.9 in equ
n
11.3:
2
2 2 2
( ) v uv v wv
t x y z
P v v v


+ + + =

| |

Above is called the conservative form of the
momentum equation since it is derived from
the conservation equations
2 2 2
2 2 2

y
P v v v
X
y x y z

| |

+ + +
|

\
(11.10)
Conservation of momentum-19
Derivation
Expand LHS of equ
n
(11.10) to get:
2
( ) v uv v wv
t x y z
v v v v

+ + +

( (
Second term is zero from continuity (equ
n
10.6)
v v v v
u v w v u v w
t x y z t x y z

( (
= + + + + + + +
( (


=0
Conservation of momentum-19
Derivation
The y component of the momentum
equation therefore becomes (Note that
):

=
2 2 2
2 2 2
1


y
v v v v
u v w
t x y z
v v v p
X
x y z y

(
+ + + =
(


(

+ + +
(


(11.11)
Conservation of momentum-20
Derivation
The above Y-momentum equation is written in
a compact form in the following fashion
2
1
y
dv p
X v
dt y

= +

X and Z momentum can be similarly derived

2 2 2
2
2 2 2
dt y
v v v
v
x y z
dv v v v v
u v w
dt t x y z


+ +


+ + +

Conservation of momentum-21
Derivation
The final set of momentum equations are:
2
1
1
y
dv p
X v
dt y
du p

= +

(11.12)
(11.13)
The above equations are derived for laminar,
incompressible, constant viscosity, Newtonian
fluids
2
2
1
1
x
z
du p
X u
dt x
dw p
X w
dt z

= +

= +

(11.13)
(11.14)