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Unit no Unit 1 S No Description State and explain the factors which determine the size and Nov-10 no of generating units to be installed at a generating station. What should the total generation cost per unit of thermal energy depend on the station load factor? Draw a typical curve showing this vfariation and justify iuts shape. Discuss why : a. Maximum demand of a group consumer is always less than sum of the individual maximum demands. b. Utilization of a plant may even be greater than 1. What are the different components of total cost of generation of electrical energy at a power plant? Explain each cost component in detail. Explain how load curve helps in the selection of size and no of generating units. Problem Nov-10 May-10 SRM Others

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4 5 6 Unit 2 1 2

May-10 Nov-09 Nov-09

3 4

Draw thermal power plant layout showing all the essential components and explain the function of each component in detail. Write short notes on: Heat balance and efficiency Ash handling plant Steam turbine Working principle of speed governor in a steam turbine with a neat diagram and draw its typical charactesitics. Layout and working principle of Diesel power plant

Nov-10 May-10 Nov-10

Nov-09

May-10 Nov-09

Unit 3 1 2 3 4 How does nuclear chain reaction takes place in a nuclear reactor? Explain the function of each component. Nuclear power plant layout and its working How are nuclear reactors controlled? Give the main features of - Pressurised water reactor & Boiler water reactor. Nuclear reactor and functions of its elements. Nov-10 Nov-10 Nov-09 May-10 May-10 Nov-09

Unit 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 Unit 5 1 Illustrate with a neat diagram, the basic components of a MHD generator. What special feature must the system have for efficient operation? Nov-10 Discuss the economic feasibility of a hydro energy system and what civil engineering works are necessary for a hydro Nov-10 electric plant? Discuss the importance of hyudro thermal coordination. Layout of Hydro power plant and explain functions of elements. Explain hydro thermal scheduling problem and list out the environmental issues related to the hydro generation system. High head Hydro power station Develop the expression for hydro thermal scheduling problem. Nov-10 May-10 May-10 Nov-09 Nov-09

2 3 4 5

How can geo thermal energy be utilised for electricity generation? Give a diagram showing the elements of such an operation. How can solar energy converted into electrical energy? Give a diagram showing the elements of such a plant. Discuss the principle and layout of a biomass power generation system. Wind energy conversion with sketch

Nov-10 May-10 May-10 Nov-09 Nov-09

May-10

S No Question 1 Draw a typical load duration curve. 2 Define - Diversity factor

State the merits and demerits of diesel power plants.

What is the function of economiser?

Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion.

Give the different classifications of nuclear reactors.

What are the advantages of hydro electric power plants?

What type of hydraulic turbine is to be chosen, when there is a large head of water?

Explain the principle of MHD generation.

10

State two merits of wind power plant.

Nov-2010

11 12 13

Define diversity factor. Draw a typical load duration curve. What are the various types of boilers?

14

What is the function of a governor of a steam turbine?

15

What is the function of control rods in nuclear reactors?

16

What is meant by sustained chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?

17

What type of hydraulic turbine to be chosen, when there is a medium head of water?

18

State two merits of hydro power plant.

19 20

Explain the principle of Tidal power generation system. State two merits of solar power generation system.

Nov-2009

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Define load factor Define plant diversity factor. What are the types of cooling towers? What is the function of economics? List out the different types of reactors used in nuclear power plants. What are the types of nuclear power plants? What do you mean by pen stock?

28

What are the advantages of hydro power plant?

29 30

Name the subsystems of a solar power plant. What are the main parts of a wind mill?

Answer

Page no in Power plant engg book

= sum of individual maximum demand / Maximum demand of total group Merits: Simple design, simple installation, low cooling water requirement, lesser standby losses compared to other plants, low fuel costs, quick start and load, lesser fuel storage area, simple plant layout, no ash handling, lesser supervision, can respond to varying load capacity without any difficulty. Demerits: High operating and maintenance cost, fuel cost is more, plant cost per kW is comparitively more, life of diesel plant is shorter, high noise, only smaller capacity plants can be constructed due to limitations in engine capacity. Economiser is a waste heat recovery ssytem. The flu gas, after forming the steam, is used to pre heat the feed water therby recovering the waste heat. in fusion, two or more light nuclei are fused together. In fission, a heavy nuclei is split into two or more light nuclei. In both, ther is a decrease in mass, resulting in exothermic energy. Fast reactors - In such reactors, the fission is brought about by fast (non moderated) neutrons. Thermal or Slow reactors - In these reactors, fast moving neutrons are slowed down by passing them through the moderator. These slow moving neutrons are then captured by the fuel material to bring the fission. Merits- Plant is highly reliable, operating and maint cost is very low, can be started and syncronised in a few minutes, load can be changed very quickly and rapidly varying loads can be met without any difficulty, No standby losses, no fuel charges, efficiency of the plant does not change considerably with age, generation cost does not increase with time. Demerits: Very high capital cost, takes long time for design and execution, Are generally located in hilly areas usually far away from the load centres, transformation and transmission cost is very high, Output of the plant is dependant on monsoon and varies depending on the water storage. Impulse turbine - Pelton Wheel 25 The MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) generator transforms thermal energy and kinetic energy directly into electricity. MHD generators are different from traditional electric generators in that they operate at high temperatures without moving parts. Magneto Hydro Dynamic generation - In this, a hot gas or liquid is passed through a heavy magnetic field, like a conductor rotating in a magentic field. So, positive and negative ions in the gas/ liquid are forced toward one direction for each. When they accumulate in a large no, flow of electrons take place and thus power is produced. Merits: No fuel cost, No pollution in any way, land can be used after installation of wind mill, most suitable for remote areas not connected with grid, wide range of capacity and usage. Demerits: Wind force is not constant - so energy is not dependable, it spoils the country landsape, noise is audible especially in night, = sum of individual maximum demand / Maximum demand of total group According to water and hot gases - water tube, fire tube. According to position of furnace - Internally fired/ externally fired According to position of principle axis - Vertical, horizontal, inclined According to circulating water - Natural/ Forced Acc to steam pressure - Low, medium and High Acc to usage - Stationary and mobile (Locomotives or steam engines for trains) Governor is used to control the flow of the steam, thereby controlling the turbine speed. 200 From wikipedia

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From net

A control rod is a rod made of chemical elements capable of absorbing many neutrons without fissioning themselves. They are used in nuclear reactors to control the rate of fission of uranium and plutonium. Because these elements have different capture cross sections for neutrons of varying energies, the compositions of the control rods must be designed for the neutron spectrum of the reactor it is supposed to control. Light water reactors (BWR, PWR) and heavy water reactors (HWR) operate with "thermal" neutrons, whereas breeder reactors operate with "fast" neutrons. if one or more of the produced neutrons themselves interact with other fissionable nuclei, and these also undergo fission, then there is a possibility that the macroscopic overall fission reaction will not stop, but continue throughout the reaction material. This is then a selfpropagating and thus self-sustaining chain reaction. This is the principle for nuclear reactors and atomic bombs. Reaction turbine - Francis/ Kaplan Merits- Plant is highly reliable, operating and maint cost is very low, can be started and syncronised in a few minutes, load can be changed very quickly and rapidly varying loads can be met without any difficulty, No standby losses, no fuel charges, efficiency of the plant does not change considerably with age, generation cost does not increase with time.

Wiki

Merits: No emision of green house gases, no fuel cost, Demerits: Available only in day, need to be stored for use in night, High initial cost, occupies large area, bulky, poor efficiency. = Average load / peak load, for a certain prescribed time = sum of individual maximum demand / Maximum demand of total group Based on Direction of air flow - Cross flow/ counter flow, based on type of draft - mechanical / natural Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Classification by coolant - pressuried water reactor - PWR, Boiling water reactor - BWR, Liquid metal colled reactor, Gas cooled reactor - GCR, Based on Nuclear fission and Nucler fusion A penstock is an enclosed pipe that delivers water to hydraulic turbines. Merits- Plant is highly reliable, operating and maint cost is very low, can be started and syncronised in a few minutes, load can be changed very quickly and rapidly varying loads can be met without any difficulty, No standby losses, no fuel charges, efficiency of the plant does not change considerably with age, generation cost does not increase with time. 141

Blades, Shaft, Generator, tower, base, transmission.