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This is one of a series of lectures presented to Nuclear Engineering Students by Dr. Xoubi Founder of the Nuclear Engineering Department at Jordan University of Sciences and Technology (JUST), the first and only such department in Jordan.
Nuclear Engineering 101, Basics of Nuclear Engineering & Technology, is a basic course that is designed to introduce students to basic concepts of nuclear energy, such as what is nuclear engineering, what do nuclear engineers do, uses of nuclear energy, radiation around us, nuclear energy and its roll in society. This is Chapter 3, Atomic Structure: The Building Blocks of Matter
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Atomic Structure; The Building Blocks of Matter, Dr Xoubi
This is one of a series of lectures presented to Nuclear Engineering Students by Dr. Xoubi Founder of the Nuclear Engineering Department at Jordan University of Sciences and Technology (JUST), the first and only such department in Jordan.
Nuclear Engineering 101, Basics of Nuclear Engineering & Technology, is a basic course that is designed to introduce students to basic concepts of nuclear energy, such as what is nuclear engineering, what do nuclear engineers do, uses of nuclear energy, radiation around us, nuclear energy and its roll in society. This is Chapter 3, Atomic Structure: The Building Blocks of Matter
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Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
This is one of a series of lectures presented to Nuclear Engineering Students by Dr. Xoubi Founder of the Nuclear Engineering Department at Jordan University of Sciences and Technology (JUST), the first and only such department in Jordan.
Nuclear Engineering 101, Basics of Nuclear Engineering & Technology, is a basic course that is designed to introduce students to basic concepts of nuclear energy, such as what is nuclear engineering, what do nuclear engineers do, uses of nuclear energy, radiation around us, nuclear energy and its roll in society. This is Chapter 3, Atomic Structure: The Building Blocks of Matter
Droits d'auteur :
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formats disponibles
Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
Dr. Ned Xoubi الدكتور نضال الزعبي Founder of the Nuclear Engineering Department
Fall Semester 2007/ 2008
Structure of Matter All matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms Atom is the smallest amount of matter that retains the properties of an element An atom cannot be broken down further without changing the chemical and physical nature of the substance. Atoms of any one element are different from those of any other element. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged; however, atoms of one element are not changed into atoms of another by a chemical reaction Nuclear Engineering Department xoubi
Bohr Model of the Atom Electrons are traveling in discrete orbits at fixed distances from the nucleus A single quantum of radiant energy called a photon is emitted or absorbed when an electron moves from one orbit / shell to another. The photon energy is equal to the energy difference between the two states in each shell.
Nuclear Engineering Department
xoubi
Atomic Nucleus The atomic nucleus is the dense positively charged center of the atom, surrounded by a number of negatively charged particles called electrons. The nucleus is made up of two types of primary particles Protons Neutrons.
Nuclear Engineering Department
xoubi
Primary Subatomic Particles
Particle Location Charge (C) Rest Mass (g)
Orbits around the
Electron 1.60219 x 10 -19 9.10956 x 10 -28 nucleus
Proton nucleus 1.60219 x 10 -19 1.67261 x 10 -24
Neutron nucleus non 1.67492 x 10 -24
Nuclear Engineering Department
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Atomic and Mass Number The total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The mass number of the nucleus is the total number of nucleons, that is, the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. A A=Z+N Z X Nuclear Engineering Department xoubi
Isotopes Nuclides that have the same number of protons (atomic number), but differ in the number of neutrons, and thus different mass number Majority of elements have a few stable isotopes and several unstable isotopes, both are found in nature. Some isotopes are more abundant than others Oxygen has three stable isotopes (16O, 17O, 18O) and eight unstable or radioactive isotopes Hydrogen has three isotopes (1H, 2H, 3H) Nuclear Engineering Department xoubi
Atomic and Nuclear Radii The atom does not have a distinct outer edge, due to the fact that the electron cloud, formed by the electrons moving in their various orbits The nucleus is similar to the atom, and does not have a sharp outer boundary The nucleus is shaped like a sphere with a radius that depends on the number of protons and neutrons r = (1.25 x 10 -13 cm) A1/3
Nuclear Engineering Department
xoubi
Mass Defect The mass of an atom is slightly less than the sum of the masses of the individual particles that make up that atom. This difference in mass between the mass of the atom and the sum of the masses of its parts is called the mass defect. The mass defect of a nucleus of proton number Z and neutron number N is defined by
Nuclear Engineering Department
xoubi
Binding Energy Binding energy is the amount of energy that must be supplied to a nucleus to completely separate its nuclear particles (nucleons). This is the energy that is binding the neutrons and protons in the nucleus, and it is equivalent to the mass defect. The binding energy can be calculated using the mass- energy relationship E = mc2
Nuclear Engineering Department
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Binding Energy
Nuclear Engineering Department
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Example How many molecules of Heavy water are in a two liter water bottle? 2H .015 a/0 - The fraction of Hydrogen that is 2H 1.5 x10-4 The molecular weight of H2O is 18.0153 The water molecular density is = (0.6022 x1024 ) / 18.0153 = 0.03343 X 10+24 Molecules/ cm3
The total number of Heavy water Molecules in the water bottle is
1.5 x10-4 X 0.03343 X 10+24 X 2000 = 1 X 10+20 Molecules