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International Journal of JOURNALEngineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN AND INTERNATIONAL Mechanical OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 0976 6340(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue(IJMET) TECHNOLOGY 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), pp. 480-493 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.html Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.8071 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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AN OPTIMIZATION OF MACHINABILITY OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY 7075 AND CUTTING TOOL PARAMETERS BY USING TAGUCHI TECHNIQUE
N.B.Doddapattar, N Lakshmana swamy Research scholar, Department of Mechanical engineering, UVCE, Bangalore University, Blore Professor, Department of Mechanical engineering, UVCE, Bangalore University, Blore ABSTRACT The manufacturing cost can be minimized by reducing the machining cost through optimization of machining environment by optimizing the machining parameters like cutting speed, feed and depth of cut, etc, and proper setting of various parameter during machining since machining operation is one of the major cost centers for manufacturing the product, the production cost can also be reduced by reducing the lead time and proper selection of machine tools, cutting tools material, tool geometry and cutting parameters. These variables govern the economics of machining operations. Therefore, the attempt has been made to carry out an experimental investigation by using Taguchi technique mainly to find and correlate the technological factors to the economics of machining process. The Taguchi method is systematic application of design and analysis for experiments. It is an effective approach to produce high quality products at relatively low cost. For turning operation, tool life is higher the better performance characteristic, however the cutting force& surface roughness are the lower the better performance characteristics. As a result improvement of one parameter lead to degradation of other parameter, hence optimization of multiple parameters is much more complicated, hence Taguchi method is used to investigate the multiple performance characteristic in the turning operation. Keywords: Machinability, Taguchi technique, cutting parameters, machining environment

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

1) INTRODUCTION Many types of tool materials, ranging from high carbon steel to ceramics and diamonds are used as cutting tools in todays metal working industry. It is important to be aware that differences do exist among tool materials. The various tool manufacturers assign many names and numbers to their products while many of these names and numbers may appears to be similar, the applications of these tool materials may be entirely different. Traditionally, the machinability of materials involve tool life, cutting forces, productivity or chip formation, with less attention paid to particle emission. In this work, the authors address the machinability of aluminium alloys from several points of view, including cutting forces, chip formation and segmentation and metallic particle emission. The following section addresses machinability on metallic particle emission during the machining of aluminium and the effect of materials, cutting conditions and lubrication mode. On the other hand, in metal cutting process, the desired metal cutting parameters are determined either by experience or by using a hand book which does not ensure the selected parameters to be optimal. To determine the optimal cutting conditions, reliable mathematical models have to be formulated to associate the cutting parameters with cutting performance in terms of statistical approach. The response surface methodology has been used by some researchers for the analysis and predictions of tool life or surface roughness[1] & [2 & 3]. Moreover, some works on machining of carbon or alloy steel have given to a full or fractional factorial design [4 to 6] 2) PROBLEM DEFINITION Particularly in the field of transport engineering massive application of lightweight materials represents the order of the day. The goal of saving fuel and other energy forms can mainly be achieved through the reduction of vehicle weights. Apart from various synthetic materials, the classical light metal aluminium offers the best pre-requisite for reaching this objective. In other application fields too, its numerous favorable properties make aluminium an appreciated construction material for engineers. Innovative machining strategies are characterized by maximum cutting speeds and feed rates in order to obtain the highest possible metal removal rates. Refraining from massive use of cooling lubricant represents an important demand with reference to the environmental impact. Process safety and an increase in productivity are the pre-requisites for a favorable market position and thus competitiveness. The machining properties of aluminium are perfectly suitable for putting modern machining concepts into practice. Machinability is a consideration in the materials selection process for automatic screw machine parts. The case with which a metal can be machined is one of the principal factors affecting a products utility, quality and cost. The usefulness of means to predict machinability is obvious;
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

machinability is so complex a subject that it cannot be unambiguously defined. Depending on the application, machinability maybe seen in forms of tool wear rate, total power consumption, attainable surface finish or several other bench marks. Machinability therefore depends a great deal on the view point of the observer, in fact, the criterion for one application frequently conflict with those for another. 3) OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK The objective of the work is to discuss the various methods of Taguchi technique and strategies that are adopted in order to find the following parameters by both experimentally and Taguchi techniques. i) ii) iii) iv) v) The use of arrays to study the effort of machining parameters influence on surface roughness. To develop relationship between the control parameters and response parameters during machining. To study the effect of nose radius on the machinability response i.e., surface finish, material removal, machining force and power consumption. To optimize turning operation parameters for surface roughness, material removal, machining force and power consumption. To optimize unit production cost and it is established on the basis of actual machining time, setup time, tool re-use time, tool life and tool changing time.

4) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Fig.1 Methodology to determine the effectiveness of the turning parameters on surface roughness of Al 7075 alloy

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

The as-received Al 7075 alloys were used in this study shown in Fig. 1 and their chemical composition are given in the Table 1.7075 Al alloy possess highest strength amongst aluminum alloys hence they used in space and aerospace engineering. Its strength to weight ratio is excellent and it is ideally used for highly stressed parts. It may be formed in the annealed condition and subsequently heat treated. Table. 1 Chemical composition 7075 Aluminum alloys in weight percentage
Alloy Si 7075 Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Zr Al

0.07 0.24 1.4

0.07 2.5

0.19 5.6 0.15 Balance

6.2 Material Removal Rate (MRR) The material removal rate is the volume of material removed per unit time. Volume of material removed per unit time. Volume of material removed is a function of speed, feed and depth of cut. Higher the values of these more will be the material removal rate. Let, Di initial diameter of work-piece, mm d =Depth of cut, mm and f = Feed, mm/revolution. Then, material removed per revolution is the volume of chip whose length is cross-sectional area is d x f. That is, Volume of material removed in one revolution = Since the job is making N rpm., the MRR in
MRR = = / /

and whose

is given by
/min

In terms of cutting speed V in m/min

is given by:
/min

MRR = 1000

3 Machining time Tmp = = + +

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

= = =

=5

=5 Machining time =

= 35

6.4 Cutting force and power requirement k = 500N = Specific cutting energy co-efficient in /mm2

a)

b)

Fig. 2 Specimens of a) and b) Al 7075 alloys

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

Taguchi technique L8 technique Experimental design was done using Taguchi method. Hence, ithas been possible to reach more comprehensive results with doingless experiment. In this sense, time and money have been usedmore efficiently [7-8]. In the determinationof the characteristics of the quality as the rates of surfaceroughness to be measured, MRR, cutting time, and cutting force wererequired to be minimum, less is more principle has been appliedamong the quality values expected to be reached at the end of theexperiments.
= 10 1

Where n is the number of experiments done under experimentconditions and y represents the calculated characteristics. Notice that these S/Nratios are expressed on a decibel scale. In this work use S/N if the objective is to reduce variabilityaround a specific target, S/N if the system isoptimized when the response is as large aspossible. Factorlevels that maximize the appropriate S/N ratio areoptimal. The goal of this research was to produceminimum surface roughness (Ra) in a turningoperation. Smaller Ra values represent better orimproved surface roughness. Therefore, asmaller-the-better quality characteristic wasimplemented and introduced in this study [9]. The Taguchi method, which is a powerfultool in the design of an experiment, is used tooptimize the turning parameters for effectivemachining of Al 7075 alloy. This method recommends the use of S/Nratio to measure the quality characteristicsdeviating from the desired values. To obtainoptimal testing parameters, the-lower-the-betterquality characteristic for machining the Al was taken due to the measurement ofthe surface finish. The S/N ratio for each level oftesting parameters was computed based on theS/N analysis. This design is sufficient toinvestigate the four main effects and the influenceof their interactions on the surface roughness.With S/N ratio analysis, the optimal combinationof the testing parameters could be determined. The control parameters were cutting speed(V), feed rate (f), depth of cut (d) and tools noseradius (r, mm). Two levels were specified foreach of the factors as indicated in Table 2. Theorthogonal array chosen was L8, which has 8 rows corresponding to the number of parametercombinations (7 degrees of freedom), with 7 columns at two levels as shown in Table 3

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

[10].The first column was assigned to the cuttingspeed (V), the second column to the feed rate (f),the fourth column to the depth of cut (d), theeighth column to the tools nose radius (r) and theremaining columns to the interactions.
Table 2. Assignment of the levels to the factors Control Factor Cutting speed, V Feed rate, f Depth of Cut, d Tools nose radius, r Unit Levels Level 1 500 0.16 0.2 0.2 Level 2 1500 1.16 0.8 0.8 Degree of Freedom (DoF) 01 01 01 01

m/min mm/rev mm mm

Table 3. Orthogonal array L8 of Taguchi

Trail No. 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2

3
1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1

Column Number 4
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

5
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1

6
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

7
1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

Taguchi analysis for Al 7075 alloy Similar methods are followed to measured S/N ratio for surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time, cutting force and power requirement for Al7075 alloy given in Table 4-8 respectively.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME
Table 4 Experimental results and S/N ratio of Ra for Al 7075 alloy Exp. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Actual setting values NR 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Feed 0.16 0.16 1.16 1.16 0.16 0.16 1.16 1.16 Speed 500 1500 500 1500 500 1500 500 1500 DOC 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.8 Test result of Ra[m] 2.799 2.595 4.548 2.260 1.330 1.451 8.240 1.283 3.070 2.846 4.988 2.479 1.459 1.591 9.037 1.408 3.161 2.930 5.135 2.552 1.502 1.638 9.303 1.449 Average Ra (m) 3.010 2.790 4.890 2.430 1.430 1.560 8.860 1.380 S/N ratio -1.696 -1.446 -3.834 -1.036 0.101 -0.047 -8.348 0.158

Table 5 Experimental results and S/N ratio of MRR for Al 7075 alloy Exp. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Actual setting values NR 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Feed 0.16 0.16 1.16 1.16 0.16 0.16 1.16 1.16 Speed 500 1500 500 1500 500 1500 500 1500 DOC 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.8 1434 1434 7896 7896 5026 5026 27675 27675 1573 1573 8661 8661 5513 5513 30353 30353 1619 1619 8915 8915 5675 5675 31246 31246 1542 1542 8491 8491 5405 5405 29758 29758 -1.696 -1.446 -3.834 -1.036 0.101 -0.047 -8.348 0.158 MRR (mm3/min) Average MRR S/N ratio

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME
Table 6 Experimental results and S/N ratio of machining time for Al 7075 alloy Actual setting values Exp. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 NR 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Feed 0.16 0.16 1.16 1.16 0.16 0.16 1.16 1.16 Speed 500 1500 500 1500 500 1500 500 1500 DOC 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.8 Average Machining time 1.1500 1.1500 0.6200 0.6200 0.3300 0.3300 0.1800 0.1800 S/N ratio -1.696 -1.446 -3.834 -1.036 0.101 -0.047 -8.348 0.158

Machining time (s) b 1.0695 1.0695 0.5766 0.5766 0.3069 0.3069 0.1674 0.1674 1.1730 1.1730 0.6324 0.6324 0.3366 0.3366 0.1836 0.1836 1.2075 1.2075 0.6510 0.6510 0.3465 0.3465 0.1890 0.1890

Table 7. Experimental results and S/N ratio of machining force for Al 7075 alloy Exp. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Actual setting values NR 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Feed 0.16 0.16 1.16 1.16 0.16 0.16 1.16 1.16 Speed 500 1500 500 1500 500 1500 500 1500 DOC 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.8 Machining force, N = 39.5 39.5 217.6 217.6 39.5 39.5 217.6 217.6 43.4 43.4 238.7 238.7 43.4 43.4 238.7 238.7 44.6 44.6 245.7 245.7 44.6 44.6 245.7 245.7 Average Machining force 42.5 42.5 234.0 234.0 42.5 42.5 234.0 234.0 S/N ratio -1.696 -1.446 -3.834 -1.036 0.101 -0.047 -8.348 0.158

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME
Table 8. Experimental results and S/N ratio of Power requirement for Al 7075 alloy Exp. No. Actual setting values NR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 Feed 0.16 0.16 1.16 1.16 0.16 0.16 1.16 Speed 500 1500 500 1500 500 1500 500 DOC 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.2 230.6 8 0.8 1.16 1500 0.8 230.6 Power requirement, w = ) 12.0 12.0 65.8 65.8 41.9 41.9 13.1 13.1 72.2 72.2 45.9 45.9 252. 9 252. 9 13.5 13.5 74.3 74.3 47.3 47.3 260. 4 260. 4 Average Power requireme nt 12.9 12.9 70.8 70.8 45.0 45.0 S/N ratio

-1.696 -1.446 -3.834 -1.036 0.101 -0.047

248.0

-8.348

248.0

0.158

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The main objective of the experiment is to optimizethe turning parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and tool grade) to achieve low value ofthe surface roughness. The experimental data forthe surface roughness values and the calculatedsignal-to-noise ratio are shown inTable 8 for Al 7075 alloy. The S/Nratio values of the surface roughness are calculated,using the smaller the better characteristics. Table 8 shows the actual data of surfaceroughness along with its computed S/N ratiovalue. Analysis of variance for S/N ratio. Taguchi recommends analyzing datausing the S/N ratio that will offer twoadvantages; it provides guidance for selectionthe optimum level based on least variationaround on the average value, which closest totarget, and also it offers objective comparisonof two sets of experimental data with respect todeviation of the average from the target [10]. Theexperimental results are analyzed to investigatethe main effects and differences between the main effects of level 0 and 1 on the variables.Average S/N ratio for each level of experimentis calculated based on the value ofTable 8. The different values of theS/N ratio between maximum and minimum shown in tables. The feed rate and the cutting speed are two
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

factors withthe highest different in values significance0.917 and 0.986, respectively. Based on Taguchiprediction that the bigger different in value ofS/N ratio shows a more effect on surfaceroughness or more significant. Therefore, it canbe concluded that, increase changes the feedrate reduces the surface roughness significantly.

Furthermore, the tool geometry changes, mainlytool nose radius, increase or decrease thesurface roughness significantly.The result of S/N ratio analysis for thesurface roughness values, which was calculatedusing Taguchi Method.Then, analysisof variance is shown in Table 9,which consists of DF (degree of freedom), S(sum of square), V (variance), F (variance ratio)and P (significant factor) [11,12]. In mostengineering cases, the significant value selectedwas 5% (= 0.05).

Table 9 Anova source of variation based on L8 model specified by the interaction list Sum of squares -0.000 11.223 34.222 2.822 -0.000 -.000 13.250 -0.000 12.888 2.722 Degrees of freedom 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Significan ce (P) undefined 0.917 0.986 0.669 undefined Undefined 0.934 Undefined 0.932 0.661

Source Nose Radius (A) Feed Rate (B) Cutting Speed (C) Depth of cut, (D) AXB AXC BXC AXD BXD CXD

F-Ratio -0.000 4.633 14.129 1.165 -0.000 -0.000 5.470 -0.000 5.321 1.124

Table 9 shows that the significant valueofthe nose radius (A) is 0.000. Itmeans that the nose radius influences insignificantly on the surfaceroughness value at significant value of 0.05.In addition to P value for the cutting speed anddepth of cut are more significant. The feed rate andthe cutting have a contribution for the surface roughness are 0.917 and 0.986 respectively. From this result, it canbe concluded that the feed rate is moresignificant factor and give most contributionon the surface roughness. Bhattacharyya foundthat the surface roughness was primarilydependent on the feed rate and the nose radiusof tool [13]. The nose radius related to toolgrade and tool geometry. Since three types oftool were applied in this experiment
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

havedifferent tool nose radius, so effect of tool nosegeometry changes on surface roughness wassignificant.The interaction between the cuttingspeed and feed rate (C X B), the cutting speed and depth of cut (C x D) and the feed rate anddepth of cut (B X D) are also insignificant.

These significant values of interaction are0.934 from C x B, 0.661 from C x D and 0.934from B X C. While a contribution for eachinteraction is small.The most significant factor, whichaffects the surface roughness measured inturning Al 7075 alloy, is the cutting speed thereforethe quality of surface roughness can becontrolled by a suitable feed rate value.Previous researchers suggest similar results.They claimed that the surface roughness wellstrongly depends on the feed rate followed bythe cutting speed. Jaharah et al. [14]recommended to obtain better surface finishfor specific test range in end milling was useof high cutting speed (355 m/min), low feedrate (0.1 mm/tooth) and low depth of cut (0.5mm).

The optimum condition in turning ofAl 7075 alloy whichproduces a low surface roughness is at cutting speed of level 1, feed rate of level 0, depth of cut of level 0 and nose radius of level 1.Meanwhile, optimum condition for interactionfactors is the cutting speed and feed rate oflevel 1, the cutting speed and depth of cut oflevel 0, and the feed rate and depth of cut oflevel 0.The main effects for each level of parameteron surface roughness are shown in Fig 3.

Main Effects Plot for Ra


Fitted Means
4 3 2 1
.16

Nose Radius

Feed

Mean

0.2

1.16

0.8

10 DOC

70

4 3 2 1 500

Speed

1500

0.2

0.8

Fig. 3 Main effects for factors machining verse S/N ratio of surface roughness

It can be seen from Fig. 3 that B0 is themaximum value and increase dramatically to B1. For the graph of feedrate, the slope between the horizontal and feedrate line is bigger. It means that the
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

feed ratechanges effected significantly on surfaceroughness, and the same trend can also beobserved on the graph of tool grade factor foreach level.

InteractionPlot for Ra - Avg


Data Means
.16 1.16

10

70

500

1500

0.2

0.8 6 4

Nose Radius 2 6 4 Feed 2 6 4 Speed 2

Nose Radius 0.2 0.8 Feed 10 70

Speed 500 1500

DOC

Fig.4. Interaction effects for factors machining verse S/N ratio of surface roughness Al 7075 alloy

Fig. 4 shows the interaction between the cutting speed and feed rate (B X C), the cutting speed and depth of cut (C x D) and the feed rateand depth of cut (Bx D). The S/N ratio value at (B X C)1 is a best interaction because of it givesthe biggest delta value, and then followed by interaction (C x D). The cutting speed at level 1(A1) and the feed rate at level 0 (B0) have amaximum value.It can be also seen from the table that theoptimum predicted result for each main factor (linear) gives contribution is 0.945 and interactiongives contribution is 0.76%. 8 CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions may be drawnfrom various cutting conditions in machining the Al7075 alloy by HSS tools on lathe. 1. Based on the analysis feed is seen to be the most important single factor affecting the surface roughness. 2. Based on the analysis, it can be seen that interactions have a very important role to play in the determination of the surface roughness. 3. The interaction between feed and speed is statistically most influential term. 4. Following the interaction between feed and speed the next most statistically important term is again an interaction i.e. interaction between nose radius and feed. 5. Only after the above two terms doe the factor feed influence the surface roughness. 6. Again another interaction between nose radius and speed is also found to be influential. 7. Of the four statistically verified terms which influence the surface roughness three are interactions. This shows that interactions between the factors are in fact more important than any single factor in determination of surface roughness.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME
8.

9.

10.

11.

Depth of cut and nose radius are shown not to be of very high importance in itself or interactions. The feed has consistently shown itself to be an important factor in surface finishing, as indicated by the literature survey. The variance of the parameter nose radius is also seen to be high, suggesting that the surface finish is also dependent on nose radius. However due to confounding of the interactions and factors and due to the low resolution of the arrays the prediction of the surface finish with the presently available results is difficult.

REFERENCES 1. K. Weinert, W. Konig, A consideration of tool wear mechanism metal matrix composite (MMC), Ann. CIRP 42 (1) (1993) 9598. 2. A. Manna, B. Bhattacharyya, Investigation for effective tooling system to machine Al/SiC-MMC, in: Proceedings of the RAMP-2001, Department of Production Engineering, Annamalai University, India, pp. 465472. 3. A. Manna, B. Bhattacharyya, A study on different tooling systems during machining of Al/SiC-MMC, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 123 (3) (2002) 476482. 4. I.S. Jawahir, Designing for Machining: Machinability and Machining Performance Considerations, in Metrological Design HB, USA, 2004. 5. B.N. Colding, Tool-Temperature, Tool-Life Relationship Covering a Wide Range of Cutting Data, Annals of the CRIP 40/1 (1991) 35-40 6. B. Lindstrom, Cutting Data Field Analysis and PredictionsPart 1: Straight Taylor Slopes. Annals of the CIRP 3S/1 (1989) 103-106. 7. Arbizu, I.P., Perez, C.J.L. (2003). Surface roughness prediction by factorial design of experiments in turning processes. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 143-144, p. 390-396. 8. Abouelatta, O.B., Mdl, J. (2001). Surface roughness prediction based on cutting parameters and vibrations in turning operations. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 118, p. 269-277. 9. Roy, R.K. (1990). A Primer on the Taguchi method. Competitive Manufacturing Series, New York, USA 10. C.E. Walker, A.M. Parkhurst, Response surface analysis of bake-lab data with a personal computer, Cereal Foods World 29 (10) (1984) 662. 11. K. Palanikumar, R. Karthikeyan, Optimal machining conditions for turning of particulate metal matrix composites using Taguchi and response surface methodologies, Mach. Sci. Technol. 10 (2006) 417433. 12. G. Boothroyd, W.A. Knight, Fundamentals of Machining and Machine Tools, third ed., CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006, pp. 192196. 13. S. Nes_eli, S. Yaldz, The effects of approach angle and rake angle due to chatter vibrations on surface roughness in turning, J. Polytech. 10 (4) (2007) 383389. 14. Jaharah, Liu, C.H., Andrian, C., Chen, C.A., Wang, Y.T. Grinding Force Control in Automatic Surface Finish System, Journal of Materials Processing Technology (2005) 170: 367373.

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