PROJECT REPORT ON

SUBMITTED TO PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERITY, JALANDHAR

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWAD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF :ER. SATINDER PAL SINGH SODHI (Environment Engg. Department)

SUBMITTED BY:HARMOHANPAL SINGH Roll No. 90620101226

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING RAMGARHIA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TCHNOLOGY PHAGWARA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my proud privilege to acknowledge with deep since one gratitude and devotion, the keen interest, sympathetic attitude and invaluable guidance rendered by guide Er. Satinder Pal Singh Sodhi. It is because of their able and mature guidance that I have been able to compete this project. It has indeed been a great pleasure and pride to work under, He always went out of his way to help us at all times. His experience nd knowledge motivated us to bring best in times.

I also owe my sincere thanks to S. Bharpur Singh Bhogal (Chairman), Er. R.K. Dhawan (Principal) & Er. Keenu Nayyar (HOD) & RIET Phagwara for their encouraging attitude, Keen interest and inspiration gave at various stages.

I ams sure that the knowledge that I have gained during the project would definitely help me in having a bright future.

INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION 2. STATEMENT 3. IMORTANT DEFINATIONS 4. TREATMENT OF SEWAGE 5. SALIENT DETAIL OF PROJECT 6. PURPOSE OF PROJECT 7. POPULATION FORECAST 8. RECEIVING CHAMBER 9. RACKS AND SCREEN 10. DESIGN OF SCREEN 11. DESIGN OF FINE SCREEN 12. GRIT CHAMBER 13. DESIGN OF GRIT CHAMBER 14. SKIMMING TANK 15. DESIGN OF SKIMMING TANK 16. SEDIMENTATION TANK 17. AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC PROCECESSES 18. AERATION TANK 19. ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS 20. DESIGN OF SECONDARY SEDIMENTAITION TANK 21. SLUDGE AND DRYING BED

ABSTRACT
The steady incremental in the city population results in the increase of domestic sewage generation. But still now there is no treatment plant. So it is required to construct a sewage treatment plant with sufficient capacity to treat the increased sewage.

The project details with the design of sewage treatment plant and its major components such as screening chamber, active sludge tank and sludge drying beds. By the execution of project, the entire sewage of the city can be treated effectively and efficiently.

INTRODUCTION
The waste water treatment or sewage treatment is a broad term that applies to any process, operation of combination of processes and operations that can reduce the objectionable properties of water carried waste and render it less dangerous and repulsive to man. 1. Physical unit operation 2. Chemical unit operation 3. Biological unit operation Physical unit operations are those in which application of physical predominate. They consist of screening, mixing, flocculation,

sedimentation, flotation etc. Chemical unit operation are those in which removal of contaminants are brought by chemical activity, Common example of gas transfer, adsorption, ion exchange, electro dialysis etc. Biological unit processes are those in which the removal of contaminants are brought about by biological activity. Common example is activated sludge process, trickling filtration, sludge digestion etc. Conventional treatment is tern used to describe the standard method of sewage treatment in template climates. It comprises of the following stages of treatment: 1. Preliminary process 2. Primary treatment 3. Secondary (or biological) treatment The preliminary processes consist of removing floating materials as well as heavy inorganic solids; these also include pumping and flow measurement. Floating of very large suspended objects are frequently

removed by bar screens consist of parallel rods with spaces between them which vary from 40 to 80mm, through which the influent raw sewage must pass. Materials which accumulates on the screen may be removed manually with a rake at small works, but on larger works some form of automatic raking would be used. The material removed from the screens contains a significant amount of patricide organic matter which is objectionable in nature and may pose a disposal problem. Typically the material is buried or incinerated and less frequently burnt. The preliminary processes/treatment reduces the BOD load of the waste water by about 5 to 10percent. Various units involved in preliminary treatment are: 1. Screens for removal of floating matter. 2. Grit chamber of Detritus tank for removal of sand and grit. 3. Comminutors for grinding or chopping large size suspended solids. 4. Floatation units, skimming tank for removal of oils and grease. 5. Flow measuring units. 6. Pumping. 7. Pre-aeration.

Preliminary process

Sometimes, flocculation with or without chemical additions are practiced on high-strength municipal waste to provide increased primary removal and prevent excess loads on the secondary treatment processes. Similarly, chlorination of raw wastewater is sometimes used for odor control and to improve settling characteristics of the waste.

STATEMENT
To design waste water treatment plant using activated sludge process to treat the sewage of the city according to given data given below. 1. Estimated population 2. Sewage flow 3. Characteristics of sewage 4. Suspended solids 5. Per capita BOD consumption 6. Climate conditions 7. Temperature Units which are to be designed:1. Screen chamber 2. Grit chamber 3. Primary sedimentation tank 4. Aeration tank 5. Secondary clarifier 6. Sludge digester 7. Sludge drying beds 5 lacs 135LPDH (average) Purely domestic 400 mg/l 38 g/capita/day Hot & Dry 27 oc

IMPORTANT DEFINITION
Sewerage: is the art of collecting, treating and finally disposing of the sewage. Sewage: is the liquid consists of any one or a mixture of liquid waste origins from urinals, latrines, bathrooms, kitchens of a dwelling, commercial building or institution buildings. Storm sewage, Storm sewer: A storm drain, storm sewer, storm water drain or drainage well system or simply a drain or drain system is designed to drain excess rain and ground water from paved streets, parking lots, sidewalk, and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large municipal systems. They are fed by street gutters on most motorways, freeways and other busy roads, as well as towns in areas which experience heavy rainfall, flooding and coastal towns which experience regular storms. And that sewage known as storm sewage.

Activated Sludge: in general, activated sludge plants encompass a variety of mechanisms and processes that use dissolved oxygen to promote the growth of biological flock that substantially removes organic material. The process traps particulate material and can, under ideal conditions, convert ammonia to nitrate and nitrate ultimately to nitrogen gas.

Mixed Liquor Suspended solids: Mixed liquor suspended solids is the amount of suspended solids in the mix of raw water with raw water to form the mixed liquor.

Return Activated Sludge: Return activated sludge is excess activated sludge that is extracted from the system to be directed to sludge treatment.

Food/ micro organism ratio: Food to micro organism ratio is the ratio between daily BOD load applied to Aerator system and total microbial mass in the system.

TREATMENT OF SEWAGE
Primary Treatment: In the primary sedimentation stage, sewage flows through large tanks, commonly called "pre-settling basins", "primary sedimentation tanks" or "primary clarifiers. The tanks are used to settle sludge while grease and oils rise to the surface and are skimmed off. Primary settling tanks are usually equipped with mechanically driven scrapers that continually drive the collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of the tank where it is pumped to sludge treatment facilities. Grease and oil from the floating material can sometimes be recovered for saponification.

Primary clarifiers The dimensions of the tank should be so designed to effect removal of a high percentage of the floatables and sludge. A typical sedimentation tank may remove from 50 to 70 percent of suspended solids, and from 30 to 35 percent of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from the sewage. Secondary treatment: Secondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the sewage which is derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent. The majority of municipal plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological processes. To be effective, the biota require both oxygen and biodegradable food soluble to live. organic

The bacteria and protozoa consume

contaminants (e.g. sugars, fats, organic short-chain carbon molecules, etc.)

and bind much of the less soluble fractions into flock. Secondary treatment systems are classified as fixed-film or suspended-growth systems.

Fixed-film or attached

growth systems

include trickling

filters,

biotopes, and rotating biological contactors, where the biomass grows on media and the sewage passes over its surface. The fixed-film principal has further developed into Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBR), and Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) processes. An MBBR system typically requires smaller footprint than suspendedgrowth systems.

Suspended-growth systems

include activated

sludge,

where

the

biomass is mixed with the sewage and can be operated in a smaller space than trickling filters that treat the same amount of water. However, fixed-film systems are more able to cope with drastic changes in the amount of biological material and can provide higher removal rates for organic material and suspended solids than suspended growth systems. Tertiary treatment: The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final treatment stage to raise the effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc.). More than one tertiary treatment process may be used at any treatment plant. If disinfection is practiced, it is always the final process. It is also called "effluent polishing." Sludge treatment and disposal The sludges accumulated in a wastewater treatment process must be treated and disposed of in a safe and effective manner. The purpose of digestion is to reduce the amount of matter and the number of disease-causing microorganisms present in the solids. The most common treatment options include anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion.

TREATMENT PROCESS Sewage treatment is the process of

removing contaminants from wastewater and

household sewage,

both runoff and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally safe fluid waste stream and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse. Using advanced technology it is now possible to re-use sewage effluent for drinking water, although Singapore is the only country to implement such technology on a production scale in its production of new water.

SAILENT DETAIL OF THE PROJECT PROJECT: SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT FOR SHIMLA CITY. PPOULATION CENSUS

YEAR 1970 1980 1990 2000

POPULATOIN 80,000 1,40,000 1,88,000 2,50,000

METHOD OF FORCASTING: Decreasing rate method ULTIMATE YEAR (2040) PER CAPITA WATER SUPPLY 5LACS 135 LPHD

PURPOSE OF PROJECT The main purpose of the project is to identify: Current waste water disposal and treatment techniques. Ongoing sanitation initiatives and projects. Stakeholders in the sanitation sector. The administration structures related to sanitation projects. A possible project implementation agency, sites for future pilot projects.

TOPOGRAPHY Topography conditions e.g. the slope of an area etc. have an influence over the type of technology chosen and these conditions change from one site to the next. Some areas have a topography that allows easier implementations of waste water technologies then other. The types of of wastewater technologies work chosen with

consideration

topography

conditions

more

effective,

producing better quality effluent. Topographic conditions should be considered as a criterion however is not included in the rating sheet as it is very site specific.

POPULTON FORECAST Decreasing rate method Year (0) Population (1) Inc. in pop. (2) % increase in pop. (2/1)100 1970 80,000 60,000 1980 1,40,000 48,000 1990 1,88,000 62,000 2000 Total Avg./Decade 2,50,000 14 14/2=7% 40 50 4 60 10 Decrease in % inc. (3)

The expected population at the end of year 2010 =250000+(36-7/100)250000 =3,22,500 2020 2030 2040 =3,95,000 =4,42,500 =5,00,000

Design Period Water Supply Average Water Supply Avg. sewage generation/day

=40 years =135 lpcd =500000x135=68.00 MLD =80% of water supply =0.8x68.00 =54.4 MLD

Discharge (Q)

=(500000/24x60x60)x10-3 =0.621 m3/sec

Max. Discharge

=2x0.621 =1.242 m3/sec

DESIGN OF RECIVING CHAMBER Design Flow Detention time Volume required =1.24 m3 =60 sec =flow x detention time =1.24x60= 74.52 m3 Provided depth Area 74.52/3 Length (L): Breadth (B)w Length x Breadth =3 m =24.84 m2 =2:1 =2B x B =24.84 2B2 Breadth Length Check Volume designed =3x4x12 =96 m3 Volume designed > Volume required Hence it is safe. Receiving chamber is designed for the size of 12x4x(3+5.0FB) =12.42 =4m =8m

RACKS AND SCREENS SCREENS : The influent sewage water passes through a bar screen to remove all large objects like cans, rags, sticks, plastic packets etc. carried in the sewage stream. This is most commonly done with an automated mechanically raked bar screen in modern plants serving large populations, whilst in smaller or less modern plants, a manually cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill, or incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of varying sizes may be used to optimize solids removal. If gross solids are not removed, they become entrained in pipes and moving parts of the treatment plant, and can cause substantial damage and inefficiency in the process

Bar screen: A bar screen is a mechanical filter used to remove large objects, such as rags and plastics, from wastewater. It is part of the primary filtration flow and typically is the first, or preliminary, level of filtration, being installed at the influent to a wastewater treatment plant. They typically consist of a series of vertical steel bars spaced between 1 to 3 inches apart. Bar screens come in many designs. Some employ

automatic cleaning mechanisms using electric motors and chains, some must be cleaned manually by means of a heavy rake. Items removed from the influent are collected in dumpsters and disposed of in landfills.[1] As a bar screen collects objects, the water level will rise, and so they must be cleared regularly to prevent overflow.

DESIGN OF SCREEN Discharge Avg. discharge Assume volume does not exceed 0.9 m/s Net area of opening =1.24/0.9 =1.37m2 Clear opening =30mm =.03m Size Discharge 1.24 Diameter (d) Width =75mmx10mm =Area x Velocity =(3.14/4)x(dxd)x0.9 =1.30m =1.3x1.5 =1.95 =2m Let clear opening 30m & velocity of flow through screen be 0.3 is for average flow area of screen =0.62/0.3=1.86 m2 Let screen bars are placed 600 to horizontal Total no. of opening =1.86/0.03 =63 =1.24 m3 = 0.62

Total no. of bars Width of all screen openings

=63-1=62 =63x75mm =4.725 m

Inclined area of flow through screen Length X 4.725 =height X 4.725 =1.8 =0.38m Area of cross section of chamber =1.86x0.38 =0.71 m2 Free board Total depth =0.3 =0.76+0.8 =1.1m Provided length of chamber Provided screen of size = 5m = (5x1.9x1.1) m

DESIGN OF FINE SCREEN Design flow Design Volume Area =1.24 m3 =0.9 m/s =1.24/0.9 =1.37 m2 Width provided Peak velocity =0.7 m = 1.8 m/s

Assume screen bars placed at 40 to horizontal clear area=1.24/1.8sin400 =0.973 =1 m2 Clear opening =8mm =.008m Net width =1/0.008 =1.25m No. of opening No. of Bars Size of bars Width of channel =(156x8)+(157x10) =2.82m =3m =157 =157-1 = 156 =50mmx10mm

Fine screen is design for size

=3mx0.7m+0.5FB

GRIT CHAMBER Grit Chambers: Grit chambers are basin to remove the inorganic particles to prevent damage to the pumps, and to prevent their accumulation in sludge digestors.

Types of Grit Chambers: Grit chambers are of two types: mechanically cleaned and manually cleaned. In mechanically cleaned grit chamber, scraper blades collect the grit settled on the floor of the grit chamber. The grit so collected is elevated to the ground level by several mechanisms such as bucket elevators, jet pump and air lift. The grit washing mechanisms are also of several designs most of which are agitation devices using either water or air to produce washing action.Manually

cleaned grit chambers should be cleaned atleast once a week. The simplest method of cleaning is by means of shovel. Aerated Grit Chamber An aerated grit chamber consists of a standard spiral flow aeration tank provided with air diffusion tubes placed on one side of the tank. The grit particles tend to settle down to the bottom of the tank at rates dependant upon the particle size and the bottom velocity of roll of the spiral flow, which in turn depends on the rate of air diffusion through diffuser tubes and shape of aeration tank. The heavier particles settle down whereas the lighter organic particles are carried with roll of the spiral motion.

DESIGN OF GRIT CHAMBER Peak flow Detention period Aerated volume =1.24 m3 =180 sec =1.24x180 =223.2 m3 =224 m3 In order to drain the channel periodically for routine cleaning & maintenance two chambers are used. So vol. of one aerated chamber =224/2 =112 m3 Assume depth Width (W):Depth (D) Width = 3m =2:1 =2x3 =6m Length of channel =112/6x3 =6.2 m Increment Total length Provide grit chamber size =1.24 =6.2+1.24=7.34 =(7.5x6x3)m

SKIMMING TANK Skimming tanks are installed just ahead of sedimentation tank to remove floating substances like grease, oil, fat, waxes, soap, fruit skins and vegetable debris etc. Much of these oily, greasy, substances enter sewage from kitchens of restaurants and houses, soap, and candle factories etc. If these are not removed, they seriously affect the working of various treatments units. Skimming tank is a chamber so arranged that floating matter rise and remains on the surface of wastewater until removed, while the liquid flows out continuously through outlet at depth. Most skimming tanks are rectangular or circular, having a detention time of 3 to 5 minutes.

The aeration of sewage in skimming tank has following advantages: 1. It skims the oily and greasy matter out of the sewage and raises it to the surface. 2. It freshens the sewage, supplying some dissolved oxygen. 3. Objectionable gases like hydrogen sulphide etc. are driven out. 4. It causes flocculation of colloidal matter. It is constructed with brick masonry. Diffusers are provided at the bottom of tank through which the compress air is sent to form bubbles in sewage. Bent pipe are provided at inlet and outlet sides. The sewage enters in skimming tank through bent pipes. The bubbles rises in

upwards direction and grease and oil are collected at surface by opening the covers. The scum of oily substances is removed periodically.

DESIGN OF SKIMMINGTANK Surface area required q Vr =6.22x10-3 xqVr m2 =rate of flow of sewage in m3/day =minimum rising velocity of oily material in m/minute q =1.24x24x60x60 =96768 m3/day Vr =0.25 m/minute =0.25x60x24 =360 m/day Area required =6.22x10-3x96768x360 =2.16m2 =say 2.5m Provided depth Length : breadth Length (L) 1.5BxB Breadth Length =3m =1.5:1 =1.5 breadth (B) =2.5 =1.5 m =1.9m

Provided skimming tank of size (1.9x1.5x3+0.5) m

SEDIMENTATION TANK Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process used to settle

out suspended solids in water under the influence of gravity. Sedimentation tanks can be of different shapes, often rectangular or circular. They are sized in order to have an optimal sedimentation speed. If sedimentation speed is too high, most particles will not have sufficient time to settle, and will be carried with the treated water. If the speed is too low, the tanks will be of an excessive size. Primary sedimentation tanks:- The primary sedimentation tanks are designed to reduce the velocity of the wastewater flow for organic solids (called raw sludge) to settle. Scrapers present in the tank move continuously along the floor of the tank to deposit the raw sludge in hoppers for removal. The scum which floats to the surface is directed by water jets to the sludge sump. The raw sludge is then pumped to the sludge digesters for biological treatment. Approximately 60% of suspended solids and 35% of BOD removal efficiency can be achieved at this stage. Secondary sedimentation tanks:- The secondary sedimentation tanks or settling basins of clarifiers allow the microorganisms and other solids to settle after secondary or biological treatment. This sludge is pumped back into the inlet end of the primary sedimentation tanks and settles with the raw sludge. At this stage the BOD may be reduced to approximately 7580% of the influent level and suspended solids are removed.

TYPES OF SETTLING TANK: Settling tank can be classified in the following three ways: 1. Classification based on working i. ii. Fill and draw type. Continuous flow type.

2. Classification based on its location i. ii. Primary settling tank Secondary settling tank.

3. Classification based on shape. i. ii. iii. Rectangular settling tank Circular settling tank Hooper bottom settling tank.

Fill and draw type settling tank: In this type the sedimentation tank is first filled with incoming wastewater and is allowed to rest for a certain lime. During this rest period, the suspended particles settle down at the bottom of the tank. Generally a detention period of 24 hours is allowed. At the end of the period, it is drawn off through the outlet weir. The tank is then cleaned of settled particles and filled again. The cleaning may take another 6 to 12 hours. Continuous flow type tank: In this type the wastewater continuously keeps on moving through with a very small velocity during which time the suspended solids settle at bottom before they reach to the outlet. Rectangular settling tank: There are of two types: 1. Horizontal flow tank 2. Vertical flow tank

In vertical flow tank, the wastewater settles at bottom and flows upwards. In horizontal type, the tank is generally rectangular in plan having length equal to twice the width. The water flows practically in the horizontal direction. A rectangular settling tank has a mechanical arrangement for collection the settled particles. The scrappers, which are mounted on endless chain, revolve clockwise, forcing scum to outlet end and collecting slump on inlet end,

Circular settling tank: In circular settling tank waste water enters at center and flows rapidly outwards to the periphery. In such tank, the scrappers shoes are mounted on the rotating frame and sludge is located at slump located at the center.

AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC PROCESSES Which aerobic processes, bacteria use oxygen to feed on the organic material to produce carbon dioxide and water, with the production of quantities of extra bacterial mass (Sludge). Most aerobic processes requires the mechanical addition of oxygen and that can be expensive. Anaerobic processes take place in the absence of oxygen and bacteria break down the organic waste to produce carbon dioxide and methane. This mixture of gases, called biogas, can potentially be harnessed as an energy source. Anaerobic process produces much less excess sludge than

aerobic processes however the treatment efficiency is not as high as it is for aerobic processes. The aerobic process happens much faster than anaerobic digestion and for that reason always dominates when free oxygen is available. The high speed at which decomposition occurs is caused by the shorter reproduction cycles of aerobic bacteria as compared to anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria leave some of the energy unused and it is this unused energy which is released in the form of biogas. Aerobic bacteria use a larger portion of the pollution load for production of their own bacterial mass compared to anaerobic bacteria, which is why the aerobic process produces twice as much sludge as the anaerobic process. Aerobic treatment is highly efficient when there is enough oxygen available. The N-DN biofilter treatment plant is a reticulating trickling filter type. The concept of its operation and performance is similar to a reticulation sand or gravel filter. N-DN plants are designed for biological removal of nitrogen using the nitrification denitrificfation process. Soluble BOD is removed by denitrificarion is the anoxic chamber before the effluent is applied to the trickling filter. The BOD load to the trickling filter is reduced allowing the filter to be smaller in plants. This wastewater unit currently known as the NPL-6000 and is suitable for upto 6 people.

DESIGN OF PRIMARY SEDIMENTAION TANK Maximum quantity of sewage Surface loading Detention period Volume of sewage =48.28 ML/D =40 m3/m2/day =1 hour =48.28x1/24 =2010 m3 =670 m2 Surface area of tank =total flow loading =48280/40 =1200 m2 Use greater area of above two So, Area 3.14xdxd Diameter (d) Say =1200 m2 =1200 m2 =39.02 =39m

Provided primary sedimentation tank of size =39diax3mdepth+0.5FB

AERATION TANK Aeration is the most important operation in the activated sludge process, so as to provide oxygenation and mixing. The aeration facilities are designed to meet the calculated oxygen demand of process while maintaining in the aeration tank a minimum DO of about 1-2mg/l which is necessary for proper development of biological sludge. In addition to supplying dissolved oxygen, the aeration devices have also to provide adequate mixing and agitation so that the mixed liquor suspended does not settle down. This way, aeration increases the contact opportunity between the flock and sewage. To summarize, aeration serves the following three functions: 1. Oxygenation of the mixed liquor 2. Flocculation of colloids in sewage influent 3. Suspension of activated sludge flock. The loading rates of aeration tank are based on the following four criteria: 1. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) 2. Volumetric BOD loading 3. Organic loading based on food to micro organism ratio 4. Solids retention time

DESIGN OF AERATION TANK No. of tank Design flow Average flow of each tank BOD at inlet 20% of BOD removed at grit chamber BOD at inlet (Y0) BOD at outlet (Ye) BOD removed in activated plant =240mg/l =20mg/l =240-20 = 220mg/l =2 =48.28ML/D =48280/2 =24140 m3 =0.8x500 =240 mg/l

Minimum efficiency required in the activated plant= 220/240 = 91.7% Since the adopted extended aeration process can remove 25-92% Hence it is safe. Mix liquor suspended (Xt) Food microorganism ratio (F/M) Volume of tank required v =3000mg/l =0.4 =q/(F/M x Y0 x Xt) =24140/(0.4X240X3000) =4345 M3 Assume the liquid depth of the tanks aS =5m The width to depth ratio as 2.2 Width/depth =2.2X5 = 11m

Length Length Breadth Depth Volume provided

=(4345/5X11) = 79m = 79m =11m =5m =79X11X5 = 4400 m3

Check for aerated period/Hydraulic retention time Hydraulic retention time =Vx24Xq =(4400x24)/24140 = 4.37 hrs It lies between 3-6 hours. Hence ok Check for volume loading Volume loading =QX Y0/v =(24140 X 240)/4400 =1116.7g/m3 It lies b/w 1-1.2 ok. Check for return sludge ratio Return activated sludge =Qr/Q =Xt/(106/SVI)-Xt S.V.I. Qr =sludge volume index =Sludge recirculation ratio

Q/Q It lies b/w 0.5-1.0 hence it is ok. Provided the aeration tank as BOD5 applied to each tank Average flow in each tank BOD5 removed

=3000/106x15-3000 = 0.62

=79mx11mx5m+0.5m(FB) =240 mg/l =24140 m3/day =24140X0.240 =573.6kg/day = 242 kg/hrs

O2 required Peak O2 demand

=1kg/ kg of BOD5 applied =1.25

O2 transfer capacity of the aeration standard condition =1.9kg/Kw h =1.41 kg/HP/hr O2 applied to each tank =1X24X1.25 =303/1.269 = 238 HP Provided 6 nos of 40 HP aerators.

ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS The process involves air or oxygen being introduced into a mixture of primary treated or screened sewage or industrial wastewater (called wastewater from now on) combined with organisms to develop a biological flock which reduces the organic content of the sewage. This material, which in healthy sludge is a brown flock, is largely composed of saprotrophic bacteria but also has an important protozoan flora mainly composed of amoebae, Spirotrichs, Peritrichs including Vorticellids and a range of other filter feeding species. Other important constituents include motile and sedentary Rotifers. In poorly managed activated sludge, a range of mucilaginous filamentous bacteria can develop including Sphaerotilus natans which produces a sludge that is difficult to settle and can result in the sludge blanket decanting over the weirs in the settlement tank to severely contaminate the final effluent quality. This material is often described as sewage fungus but true fungal communities are relatively uncommon. There are no. of factors that affect the performance of an activated sludge treatment system. These includes: Temperature Return rates Amount of oxygen available Amount of organic matter available pH Waste rates Aeration time Wastewater toxicity

DESIGN OF SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK A sedimentation tank constructed next to aeration tank is the secondary sedimentation. Design No. of secondary clarifiers Avg. flow Recirculated flow =1 =48280m3/day `=62% = 29934 m3/day Total flow =48280+29934 = 78214 m3/day Provide hydraulic detention period =2 hrs Volume of tank (exclusive of hopper) =78214x224 = 5839.9 =5840 m2 Assume liquid depth Area =4m =5840/4 =1460 m2 Surface loading Area =25 m3/day =48280/25 =1932 m2 Using greater area So, area d2/4 Diameter D Check for weir loading Average flow =48280 m3/day =1932 m2 =1932 =50m

Weir loading

=48280/50X3.14 =171.5 m3/day OK.

Check for solids loading Recirculated flow Average flow MLSS Total solid =29934 m3/day =48280 m3/day =3000 mg/l =(26560+29934)X3 =234642 kg/day Solid loading Its b/w 100-150 OK Provide size 50diax3.5depth+0.5m =234642 kg/day/m2

DESIGN OF STABILIZATOIN TANK Total return flow =19934 m3/day =20.78 m3/min Detention time Volume of wet well Provide depth 5m & 6m width So, length =10.39 =10.5m Dimensions Dry well dimension =10.5mx6mx5+0.5FB =(10.5x10.5)m =15 min =20.18x15 = 311.8 m3

2 nos of pump house each of 14.07 MLD capacity in the dry well provided

SLUDGE DRYING BEDS Drying of digested sludge on open beds of land is sludge drying and such open beds of land are known as sludge drying beds. The digested sludge from digestion tank contains a lot of water. So it is necessary to dry up or dewater in Shimla due to its hot climate. The sewage sludge is brought and spread over the top of drying beds to a depth of 20 to 30 cm troughs. A portion of the moisture drains through the bed while most of it gets evaporated to the atmosphere. In hot countries like India it takes 6 to 12 days to dry. After the period the sludge cakes are removed with spades and they are used as manure as it contains 2 to 3% of NPK. Sludge drying beds are open beds of land 45 to 60 cm deep, 30 to 45 cm thick graded layers of gravel or crushed stone varying in size from 15cm at bottom and 1.25cm at the top. Open jointed under drain pipes of 15cm diameter are laid below the gravel layers. Large beds are portioned by concrete walls, and a pipe header from the digesters with gated openings allows application of sludge independently to each cells. Seepage collected in the under-drain is returned to the plant wet well for treatment with the raw wastewater.

DESIGN OF SLUDGE DRYING BEDS Sludge applying at rate of 100kg/MLD Sludge applied Specific gravity Solid content Volume of sludge =300 kg/day =1.015 =2% = 3000/0.2x1000x1.015 =14.778 m3/day For Shimla weather conditions the beds get dried out about 10 days. Nos of cycle in one year =365/10 =37 cycles Provide to each cycle Vol. of sludge / cycle =10days =14.778x10 =174.78 m3 Spread a layer of 0.3m per cycle, Area of bed required =147.78/0.3 =492.6 m2 Provide 5 nos of beds Area of each bed =100 m2

5 BEDS OF DIMENSIONS 15MX10M ARE DESIGNED.