Zhenya

Introduction Similarity reductions and solutions Surfaces and stationary solutions Time-dependent surfaces and solutions Conclusions
Exact solutions to three-dimensional generalized

Gross-Pitaevskii equations with varying potential
and nonlinearities
Zhenya Yan
KLMM, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Email: zyyan@mmrc.iss.ac.cn
Joint work with V. V. Konotop
CFTC, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal
Oct. 30, 2010
The 4th International Workshop on Dierential Algebra and Related Topics, Beijing
Zhenya Yan 3D GP equation with varying coecients
Outline
1
Introduction
Bose-Einstein condensates: Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation
1D GP equation with varying coecients
3D generalized GP equation with varying coecients
2
Similarity reductions and solutions
Similarity reduction and determining equations
3
Surfaces and stationary solutions
Amplitude and phase surfaces
Solutions: cubic GP equations with varying coecients
Extension of stationary solutions
4
Time-dependent surfaces and solutions
Dierent surfaces depending on time
Time-dependent Solutions
5
Conclusions
Outline
1
Introduction
2
3
4
5
Conclusions
Outline
1
Introduction
2
3
4
5
Conclusions
Outline
1
Introduction
2
3
4
5
Conclusions
Outline
1
Introduction
2
3
4
5
Conclusions
Introduction Similarity reductions and solutions Surfaces and stationary solutions Time-dependent surfaces and solutions Conclusions Bose-Einstein condensates: Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation 1D GP equation with varying coecients 3D generalized GP equation with varying coecients
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Quasi-one dimensional (1D) GP equation
1D GP equation with space-modulated coecients
i
t
=
xx
+ v(x) + g(x)||
2
, (1.1)
where v(x) denotes the external potential and g(x) stands
for the nonlinearity.
[J. Belmonte-Beitia, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 064102.]
1D GP equation with (time, space)-modulated coecients
i
t
=
xx
+ v(x, t) + g(x, t)||
2
, (1.2)
[ J. Belmonte-Beitia, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 164102.]
1. Introduction
i
t
=
xx
+ v(x) + g(x)||
2
, (1.1)
i
t
=
xx
+ v(x, t) + g(x, t)||
2
, (1.2)
1. Introduction
i
t
=
xx
+ v(x) + g(x)||
2
, (1.1)
i
t
=
xx
+ v(x, t) + g(x, t)||
2
, (1.2)
1. Introduction
i
t
=
xx
+ v(x) + g(x)||
2
, (1.1)
i
t
=
xx
+ v(x, t) + g(x, t)||
2
, (1.2)
1. Introduction
i
t
=
1
2
2
+ v(r, t)
+
g
p
(r, t)||
p1
+ g
q
(r, t)||
q1
, (1.3)
where (r, t), r R
3
,
2

2
x
+
2
y
+
2
z
, q > p 3 are
integers, the linear potential v(r, t) and the nonlinear coecients
g
p,q
(r, t) are all real-valued functions of time and space.
1. Introduction
i
t
=
1
2
2
+ v(r, t)
+
g
p
(r, t)||
p1
+ g
q
(r, t)||
q1
, (1.3)
where (r, t), r R
3
,
2

2
x
+
2
y
+
2
z
, q > p 3 are
integers, the linear potential v(r, t) and the nonlinear coecients
g
p,q
(r, t) are all real-valued functions of time and space.
Introduction Similarity reductions and solutions Surfaces and stationary solutions Time-dependent surfaces and solutions Conclusions Similarity reduction and determining equations
2.1 Similarity reductions
Consider the similarity transformation
(r, t) = (r, t)e
i(r,t)
((r, t)), (2.1)
Requiring () to satisfy the generalized stationary GP equa-
tion with constant coecients
=
+ G
p
||
p1
+ G
q
||
q1
. (2.2)
Here () is a function of the variable (r, t) whose
relation to the original variables (r, t) is to be determined, is the
eigenvalue of the nonlinear equation, and G
p,q
are constants. we,
without loss of generality, focus on the cases where G
p
= 0, 1
and G
q
= 0, 1.
(r, t) = (r, t)e
i(r,t)
((r, t)), (2.1)
=
+ G
p
||
p1
+ G
q
||
q1
. (2.2)
p,q
are constants. we,
p
= 0, 1
and G
q
= 0, 1.
(r, t) = (r, t)e
i(r,t)
((r, t)), (2.1)
=
+ G
p
||
p1
+ G
q
||
q1
. (2.2)
p,q
are constants. we,
p
= 0, 1
and G
q
= 0, 1.
We thus obtain the set of equations
(
2
) = 0, (2.3a)
(
2
)
t
+ (
2
) = 0, (2.3b)
t
+ = 0, (2.3c)
2g
j
(r, t)
j1
G
j
||
2
= 0 (j = p, q), (2.3d)
2v(r, t) + ||
2
+||
2
2
+ 2
t
= 0. (2.3e)
These equations lead to several immediate conclusions. First, it
follows from (2.3d) that g
p,q
(r, t) are sign denite, and G
j
=
signg
j
(r, t). Moreover, comparing the equations in (2.3d) for
j = p and j = q we nd that either |g
p
| =
qp
|g
q
|, or one of
the nonlinear coecients is zero, i.e. either |g
p
| 0 or |g
q
| 0.
Respectively, we dene the function g(r, t) 2g
j
j1
/G
j
, where
j = p, q.
We thus obtain the set of equations
(
2
) = 0, (2.3a)
(
2
)
t
+ (
2
) = 0, (2.3b)
t
+ = 0, (2.3c)
2g
j
(r, t)
j1
G
j
||
2
= 0 (j = p, q), (2.3d)
2v(r, t) + ||
2
+||
2
2
+ 2
t
= 0. (2.3e)
These equations lead to several immediate conclusions. First, it
follows from (2.3d) that g
p,q
(r, t) are sign denite, and G
j
=
signg
j
(r, t). Moreover, comparing the equations in (2.3d) for
j = p and j = q we nd that either |g
p
| =
qp
|g
q
|, or one of
the nonlinear coecients is zero, i.e. either |g
p
| 0 or |g
q
| 0.
Respectively, we dene the function g(r, t) 2g
j
j1
/G
j
, where
j = p, q.
Introduction Similarity reductions and solutions Surfaces and stationary solutions Time-dependent surfaces and solutions Conclusions Amplitude and phase surfaces Solutions: cubic GP equations with varying coecients Extension of stationary solutions
3.1 Surfaces and stationary solutions
We start with the stationary solutions of Eq. (1.3),
t
=
t
=
t
= 0. We here take = 1. Moreover, we have v(r, t) v(r) and
g(r, t) g(r).
We rewrite the system (2.3) in the stationary case as
2
= 0,
2
= 0, = 0, (3.1a)
g(r) = ||
2
, v(r) =
1
2
(||
2
+ ||
2
). (3.1b)
t
=
t
=
t
g(r, t) g(r).
2
= 0,
2
= 0, = 0, (3.1a)
g(r) = ||
2
, v(r) =
1
2
(||
2
+ ||
2
). (3.1b)
t
=
t
=
t
g(r, t) g(r).
2
= 0,
2
= 0, = 0, (3.1a)
g(r) = ||
2
, v(r) =
1
2
(||
2
+ ||
2
). (3.1b)
Now we consider surfaces of the constant amplitude and phase, i.e.
(r) =
0
= const and (r) =
0
= const. (3.2)
In what follows we restrict our consideration to the nite power
(N-order) surfaces, i.e. depending on terms like x
n
1
y
n
2
z
n
3
with n
j
being nite positive integers This allows us to list in the Table I all
admissible coordinate and phase surfaces which appear to be not
higher than the third-order, i.e. N 3.
3.2 The velocity elds v =
Figure: (Color online) The velocity elds v = corresponding to the
phases listed in Table I for a = a
1,2
= 1. (a) (y, z)-plane for Case II, (b)
3D-space for Case III , (c) 3D-space for Case IV.
3.3 Solution: cubic GP equation
Following the algorithm described above, in order to construct the
exact solutions of Eq. (1.3), as the last step we have to address
solutions of Eq. (2.2). They depend on the particular choice of the
model. In the present work we consider two the most relevant
physical cases. Thus starting with the case p = 3, g
q
(r) 0 and
hence G
q
= 0 we have to deal with the cubic GP equation
=
+ G
3
3
. (3.3)
The respective periodic and localized solutions are very well
known. Below we consider the simplest ones for attractive and
repulsive nonlinearities G
3
.
3.3.1 Attractive nonlinearity G
3
= 1
The bright solitons
bs
(r) =
2 sech[
(r)] exp[i],
where < 0 and the amplitude (r) and phase (r) are dened
by Table I.
Figure: Cross-sections of the density distribution of the bright soliton
|
bs
(r)|
2
with given in Table I for = 1. (a) c = 1 with for Case II,
(b) c = 0.5 with for Case III; here the cross-section at z = 0 shows the
peak intensity, (c) for Case IV.
3.3.1 Attractive nonlinearity G
3
= 1
The bright solitons
bs
(r) =
2 sech[
(r)] exp[i],
where < 0 and the amplitude (r) and phase (r) are dened
by Table I.
|
bs
(r)|
2
The periodic cn-wave solution:
cn
(r) =
2k
2
1 2k
2
cn
2
1 2k
2
(r), k
e
i(r)
, (3.4)
where k [0, 1] is the modulus of the Jacobi elliptic function
and satises the condition (1 2k
2
) > 0.
|
bs
(r)|
2
The periodic cn-wave solution:
cn
(r) =
2k
2
1 2k
2
cn
2
1 2k
2
(r), k
e
i(r)
, (3.4)
where k [0, 1] is the modulus of the Jacobi elliptic function
and satises the condition (1 2k
2
) > 0.
|
bs
(r)|
2
3.3.2 Repulsive nonlinearity G
3
= 1
The dark soliton solution:
ds
(r) =
tanh[
/2 (r)] exp(i(r))
.
Figure: Cross-sections of the density distribution of the dark soliton
|
ds
(r)|
2
with listed in Table I for = 2. (a) c = 1 with for Case II,
(b) c = 0.5 with for Case III, the minimum intensity is shown in the
cross-section with z = 0, (c) for Case IV.
3.3.2 Repulsive nonlinearity G
3
= 1
The dark soliton solution:
ds
(r) =
tanh[
/2 (r)] exp(i(r))
.
Figure: Cross-sections of the density distribution of the dark soliton
|
ds
(r)|
2
with listed in Table I for = 2. (a) c = 1 with for Case II,
cross-section with z = 0, (c) for Case IV.
The periodic sn-wave solutions
sn
(r) =
2k
2
1 + k
2
sn

1 + k
2
(r), k
e
i(r)
(3.5)
with a positive chemical potential .
Figure: Cross-sections of the density distribution of the sn-wave solution
|
sn
(r)|
2
cross-section at z = 0, (c) for Case IV. In all the panels k = 0.8.
The periodic sn-wave solutions
sn
(r) =
2k
2
1 + k
2
sn

1 + k
2
(r), k
e
i(r)
(3.5)
with a positive chemical potential .
Figure: Cross-sections of the density distribution of the sn-wave solution
|
sn
(r)|
2
cross-section at z = 0, (c) for Case IV. In all the panels k = 0.8.
3.4 Solutions: cubic-quintic GP equation
The cubic-quintic GP equation, i.e., p = 3, q = 5 for which Eq.
(2.2) becomes
=
+ G
3
3
+ G
5
5
. (3.6)
Its solutions for the condition G
3
G
5
< 0 are also known (some
nontrivial examples are listed in Table III. While the amplitude and
the phase surfaces are now the same as in the case of the cubic GP
equation, the density distribution is described by dierent periodic
and localized functions. We in particular emphasize possibility of
the algebraic solutions, like the ones given by the cases 4 and 7 in
Table III.
3.5 Extension of stationary solutions
In fact, we can also consider the general case (r) depending
on the spatial variable r, for which system (2.3) reduces to the
system
() = 0, () = 0, = 0, (3.7a)
g
j
(r) =
1
2
1j
G
j
||
2
(j = p, q), (3.7b)
v(r) =
1
2
2
||
2
||
2
. (3.7c)
3.5 Extension of stationary solutions
In fact, we can also consider the general case (r) depending
on the spatial variable r, for which system (2.3) reduces to the
system
() = 0, () = 0, = 0, (3.7a)
g
j
(r) =
1
2
1j
G
j
||
2
(j = p, q), (3.7b)
v(r) =
1
2
2
||
2
||
2
. (3.7c)
Table: IV. Admissible r-modulated amplitude surface and function (r)
(f() being an arbitrary function, f
() > 0)
Case Amplitude surface Function
(r)
I (r) = f(), = c r
1/f
()
II (r) = f(), = x + c(y
2
z
2
)
1/f
()
III (r) = f(), = cx
2
+ (1 c)y
2
z
2

1/f
()
IV (r) = f(), = xyz
1/f
()
Table: V. Admissible r-modulated phase surfaces and function (r) (f()
being an arbitrary function with f
() > 0)
Case Phase surface Function
(r)
I (r) = f(), = a r, (c a = 0)
1/f
()
II (r) = f(), = yz
1/f
()
III (r) = f(), = xyz
1/f
()
IV (r) = f(), = ax
2
+(1 a)y
2
z
2

1/f
()
Introduction Similarity reductions and solutions Surfaces and stationary solutions Time-dependent surfaces and solutions Conclusions Dierent surfaces depending on time Time-dependent Solutions
4 Time-dependent surfaces and solutions
Now we allow (t), (r, t) and (r, t) to depend on spatial and
temporal variables. Then the system (2.3) is simplied:
2
= 0, 2
t
+
2
= 0,
t
+ = 0, (4.1a)
g(r, t) ||
2
= 0, (4.1b)
2v(r, t) + ||
2
+||
2
+ 2
t
= 0. (4.1c)
As before we focus on the nite power surfaces, i.e. depending
on terms like f
n
1
n
2
n
3
(t)x
n
1
y
n
2
z
n
3
with n
j
being nite positive
integers and f
n
1
n
2
n
3
(t) being functions on time t. In what follows
we consider all admissible coordinate and phase surfaces which
appear to be not higher than the third-order, i.e. N 3.
2
= 0, 2
t
+
2
= 0,
t
+ = 0, (4.1a)
g(r, t) ||
2
= 0, (4.1b)
2v(r, t) + ||
2
+||
2
+ 2
t
= 0. (4.1c)
on terms like f
n
1
n
2
n
3
(t)x
n
1
y
n
2
z
n
3
with n
j
being nite positive
integers and f
n
1
n
2
n
3
2
= 0, 2
t
+
2
= 0,
t
+ = 0, (4.1a)
g(r, t) ||
2
= 0, (4.1b)
2v(r, t) + ||
2
+||
2
+ 2
t
= 0. (4.1c)
on terms like f
n
1
n
2
n
3
(t)x
n
1
y
n
2
z
n
3
with n
j
being nite positive
integers and f
n
1
n
2
n
3
4.1 Plane surface depending on time
Based on the Case I of the Table I and Eq. (4.1a) we consider
parameterizing moving plains
(r, t) = c(t) r (4.2)
where c(t) = (c
x
(t), c
y
(t), c
z
(t)) subject to the constrain
c
x
(t)c
y
(t)c
z
(t) > 0 for time.
The nontrivial phase and function
(t) now read
(r, t) = r
(t)r +a(t) r, (t) =
c
x
(t)c
y
(t)c
z
(t), (4.3)
where

denotes the diagonal matrix,

=diag(
x
,
y
,
z
) with
= c
(t)/(2c
(t)) (hereafter = x, y, z) and

a(t) = (a
x
(t), a
y
(t), a
z
(t)) is a time dependent vector-function,
such that the condition c(t) a(t) = 0 is satised.
4.1 Plane surface depending on time
Based on the Case I of the Table I and Eq. (4.1a) we consider
parameterizing moving plains
(r, t) = c(t) r (4.2)
where c(t) = (c
x
(t), c
y
(t), c
z
(t)) subject to the constrain
c
x
(t)c
y
(t)c
z
(t) > 0 for time. The nontrivial phase and function
(t) now read
(r, t) = r
(t)r +a(t) r, (t) =
c
x
(t)c
y
(t)c
z
(t), (4.3)
where

denotes the diagonal matrix,

=diag(
x
,
y
,
z
) with
= c
(t)/(2c
(t)) (hereafter = x, y, z) and

a(t) = (a
x
(t), a
y
(t), a
z
(t)) is a time dependent vector-function,
such that the condition c(t) a(t) = 0 is satised.
Now, from Eqs. (4.1b) and (4.1c) we obtain
v(r, t) = r

A(t)r +b(t) r
1
2
(|c(t)|
2
+|a(t)|
2
),
and g(r, t) = |c(t)|
2
. Here

A =diag(A
x
, A
y
, A
z
) with the entries
A
=
c
(t)
2c
(t)

c
2
(t)
c
2
(t)
, (4.4)
and the vector function b(t) = (b
x
, b
y
, b
z
) with
b
=
c
(t)a
(t)
c
(t)
a
(t). (4.5)
4.2 Paraboloid depending on time
Consider the generalization of the parabolic Case II from the
Table I for which the amplitude (r, t) and the phase (r, t) are
as follows
(r, t) = c
x
(t)x + c
y
(t)(y
2
z
2
), (r, t) = r
(t)r + a(t)yz,(4.6)
where c
x
(t)c
y
(t) > 0, and

=diag(
x
,
y
/2,
z
/2).
We have
(t) =
c
x
(t)c
y
(t), and linear and nonlinear potentials given by
v(r, t) = r

A(t)r + b
y
(t)yz

2
c
2
x
(t),
g(r, t) = c
2
x
(t) + 4c
2
y
(t)(y
2
+ z
2
),
where b
y
(t) is given by Eq. (4.5), and

A =diag(A
x
, C
y
c
2
x
/2, C
y
c
2
x
/2) with A
x
and C
being dened by Eq. (4.4) and C
=
2c
(t) c
(t)3 c
2
(t)
8c
2
(t)
2c
2
(t), respectively.
4.2 Paraboloid depending on time
Consider the generalization of the parabolic Case II from the
Table I for which the amplitude (r, t) and the phase (r, t) are
as follows
(r, t) = c
x
(t)x + c
y
(t)(y
2
z
2
), (r, t) = r
(t)r + a(t)yz,(4.6)
where c
x
(t)c
y
(t) > 0, and

=diag(
x
,
y
/2,
z
/2). We have
(t) =
c
x
(t)c
y
(t), and linear and nonlinear potentials given by
v(r, t) = r

A(t)r + b
y
(t)yz

2
c
2
x
(t),
g(r, t) = c
2
x
(t) + 4c
2
y
(t)(y
2
+ z
2
),
where b
y
(t) is given by Eq. (4.5), and

A =diag(A
x
, C
y
c
2
x
/2, C
y
c
2
x
/2) with A
x
and C
being dened by Eq. (4.4) and C
=
2c
(t) c
(t)3 c
2
(t)
8c
2
(t)
2c
2
(t), respectively.
4.3 Hyperboloid depending on time
Consider the generalization of the hyperbolic Case III from Table
I for which the amplitude (r, t) and phase (r, t) are of the forms
(r, t) = r c(t)r, (r, t) =
1
2
r
(t)r + a(t)xyz, (4.7)

where c
x
(t)c
y
(t)c
z
(t) > 0, and the condition Tr c(t) = 0 is re-
quired, c =diag(c
x
, c
y
, c
z
).
Now we have (t) = [c
x
(t)c
y
(t)c
z
(t)]
1/4
, and the nonlinearity
g(r, t) and potential v(r, t) are given by
g(r, t) = 4r c(t)r, (4.8)
v(r, t) = r

C(t)r
a(t)Tr

(t) + a(t)
xyz
+
1
2
a
2
(t)(y
2
z
2
+ x
2
z
2
+ x
2
y
2
). (4.9)
4.3 Hyperboloid depending on time
Consider the generalization of the hyperbolic Case III from Table
I for which the amplitude (r, t) and phase (r, t) are of the forms
(r, t) = r c(t)r, (r, t) =
1
2
r
(t)r + a(t)xyz, (4.7)

where c
x
(t)c
y
(t)c
z
(t) > 0, and the condition Tr c(t) = 0 is re-
quired, c =diag(c
x
, c
y
, c
z
).
Now we have (t) = [c
x
(t)c
y
(t)c
z
(t)]
1/4
, and the nonlinearity
g(r, t) and potential v(r, t) are given by
g(r, t) = 4r c(t)r, (4.8)
v(r, t) = r

C(t)r
a(t)Tr

(t) + a(t)
xyz
+
1
2
a
2
(t)(y
2
z
2
+ x
2
z
2
+ x
2
y
2
). (4.9)
4.4 Third order surface depending on time
Consider the time-dependent generalization of the third order
surface in Case IV from the Table I for which the amplitude
(r, t) and phase (r, t) are as follows
(r, t) = c(t)xyz, (r, t) = r a(t)r, (4.10)
where c
x
(t) > 0 and the condition c(t) + 2c(t)Tr a(t) = 0 is
required, a =diag(a
x
, a
y
, a
z
).
Now we have (t) =
c(t), the nonlinearity g(r, t) and potential

v(r, t) are as follows
g(r, t) = c
2
(t)(y
2
z
2
+ x
2
z
2
+ x
2
y
2
), (4.11)
v(r, t) = r

D(t)r

2
c
2
(t)(y
2
z
2
+ x
2
z
2
+ x
2
y
2
), (4.12)
where

D =diag(D
x
, D
y
, D
z
)) with D
= a
(t) 2a
2
(t).
4.4 Third order surface depending on time
Consider the time-dependent generalization of the third order
surface in Case IV from the Table I for which the amplitude
(r, t) and phase (r, t) are as follows
(r, t) = c(t)xyz, (r, t) = r a(t)r, (4.10)
where c
x
(t) > 0 and the condition c(t) + 2c(t)Tr a(t) = 0 is
required, a =diag(a
x
, a
y
, a
z
).
Now we have (t) =
c(t), the nonlinearity g(r, t) and potential

v(r, t) are as follows
g(r, t) = c
2
(t)(y
2
z
2
+ x
2
z
2
+ x
2
y
2
), (4.11)
v(r, t) = r

D(t)r

2
c
2
(t)(y
2
z
2
+ x
2
z
2
+ x
2
y
2
), (4.12)
where

D =diag(D
x
, D
y
, D
z
)) with D
= a
(t) 2a
2
(t).
4.5 Time-dependent Solutions
In the following we display the proles of some solutions of Eq.
(1.3) with (r, t) given in subsection 4.2 in which we choose the
function c
x
(t) and c
y
(t) as the positive periodic functions
c
x
(t) = dn(t, k
1
), c
y
(t) = sn(t, k
2
) + 2 (4.13)
where k
1
, k
2
[0, 1] are the moduli of the Jacobi elliptic functions.
Cubic GP equation with attractive nonlinearity G
3
= 1
The bright soliton of Eq. (1.3) can be written as
bst
(r, t) =
2(t) sech[
(r, t)] e
i(r,t)
(4.14)
where < 0. Here we only consider the case that the amplitude
(r, t) is given by Eq. (4.6).
Figure: The density distribution of the bright soliton solution |
bst
(r, t)|
2
given by Eq. (4.14) with given by Eq. (4.6) with
= 1, k
1
= 0.6, k
2
= 0.8. (a) (x, t)-space with y = 1, z = 0, (b)
(y, t)-space with x = 1, z = 0, (c) (z, t)-space with x = y = 1.
Cubic GP equation with attractive nonlinearity G
3
= 1
The bright soliton of Eq. (1.3) can be written as
bst
(r, t) =
2(t) sech[
(r, t)] e
i(r,t)
(4.14)
where < 0. Here we only consider the case that the amplitude
(r, t) is given by Eq. (4.6).
Figure: The density distribution of the bright soliton solution |
bst
(r, t)|
2
= 1, k
1
= 0.6, k
2
= 0.8. (a) (x, t)-space with y = 1, z = 0, (b)
(y, t)-space with x = 1, z = 0, (c) (z, t)-space with x = y = 1.
The periodic cn-wave solution of Eq. (1.3)
cnt
(r, t) = (t)
2k
2
1 2k
2
cn
2
1 2k
2
(r, t), k
e
i(r,t)
,(4.15)
where k (0, 1] and (1 2k
2
) > 0.
Figure: The density distribution of the periodic cn-soliton solution
|
cnt
(r, t)|
2
given by Eq. (4.15) with given given by Eq. (4.6) with
= 1, k = 0.9, c
x
(t) = dn(t, 0.6) and c
y
(t) = 2 + sn(t, 0.8). (a)
(x, t)-space with y = 1, z = 0, (b) (y, t)-space with x = 1, z = 0, (c)
(z, t)-space with x = y = 1.
The periodic cn-wave solution of Eq. (1.3)
cnt
(r, t) = (t)
2k
2
1 2k
2
cn
2
1 2k
2
(r, t), k
e
i(r,t)
,(4.15)
where k (0, 1] and (1 2k
2
) > 0.
Figure: The density distribution of the periodic cn-soliton solution
|
cnt
(r, t)|
2
given by Eq. (4.15) with given given by Eq. (4.6) with
= 1, k = 0.9, c
x
(t) = dn(t, 0.6) and c
y
(t) = 2 + sn(t, 0.8). (a)
Cubic GP equation with repulsive nonlinearity G
3
= 1
The dark soliton solution of Eq. (1.3) can be written as
dst
(r, t) =
(t) tanh[
/2 (r, t)] e
i(r,t)
, > 0, (4.16)
Figure: The density distribution of the dark soliton solution |
dst
(r, t)|
2
= 2, c
x
(t) = dn(t, 0.6) and c
y
(t) = 2 + sn(t, 0.8). (a) (x, t)-space with
y = 1, z = 0, (b) (y, t)-space with x = 1, z = 0, (c) (z, t)-space with
x = y = 1.
Cubic GP equation with repulsive nonlinearity G
3
= 1
The dark soliton solution of Eq. (1.3) can be written as
dst
(r, t) =
(t) tanh[
/2 (r, t)] e
i(r,t)
, > 0, (4.16)
Figure: The density distribution of the dark soliton solution |
dst
(r, t)|
2
= 2, c
x
(t) = dn(t, 0.6) and c
y
(t) = 2 + sn(t, 0.8). (a) (x, t)-space with
y = 1, z = 0, (b) (y, t)-space with x = 1, z = 0, (c) (z, t)-space with
x = y = 1.
One can also construct the periodic sn-wave solutions of Eq. (1.3)
snt
(r, t) = (t)
2k
2
1 + k
2
sn

1 + k
2
(r, t), k
e
i(r,t)
, (4.17)
where > 0.
Figure: The density distribution of the periodic sn-soliton solution
|
snt
(r, t)|
2
= 1, k = 0.9, c
x
(t) = dn(t, 0.6) and c
y
(t) = 2 + sn(t, 0.8). (a)
One can also construct the periodic sn-wave solutions of Eq. (1.3)
snt
(r, t) = (t)
2k
2
1 + k
2
sn

1 + k
2
(r, t), k
e
i(r,t)
, (4.17)
where > 0.
Figure: The density distribution of the periodic sn-soliton solution
|
snt
(r, t)|
2
= 1, k = 0.9, c
x
(t) = dn(t, 0.6) and c
y
(t) = 2 + sn(t, 0.8). (a)
4.6 (r, t) depending on both time t and space r
We can, in fact, consider the general case (r, t) in Eq. (2.1)
depending on both time t and space r, then based on Eq. (2.3),
i.e.,
(
2
) = 0,
(
2
)
t
+ (
2
) = 0,
t
+ = 0,
2g
j
(r, t)
j1
G
j
||
2
= 0 (j = p, q),
2v(r, t) + ||
2
+||
2
2
+ 2
t
= 0.
we can obtain the general amplitude (r, t) and (r, t) including
an arbitrary dierentiable function () are listed in Table VI, and
the corresponding phase (r, t) are same as ones given Sec. II, for
which the corresponding general linear and nonlinear potentials, i.e.
g
j
(r, t) and v(r, t), can be obtained from Eqs. (2.3d) and (2.3e).
Table: VI. Admissible (r, t)-modulated amplitude and phase surfaces and
(r, t) ((), arbitrary dierentiable function)
Case Amplitude surface Function (r, t)
I = (), = c(t) r
c
x
(t)c
y
(t)c
z
(t)
()
II = (), = c
x
(t)x + c
y
(t)(y
2
z
2
)
c
x
(t)c
y
(t)/
()
III = (), = c
x
(t)x
2
+c
y
(t)y
2
+c
z
(t)z
2 4
c
x
(t)c
y
(t)c
z
(t)
2
()
IV = (), = c
x
(t)xyz
c
x
(t)/
()
Table: VII. Admissible (r, t)-modulated amplitude and phase surfaces and
(r, t) ((), arbitrary dierentiable function)
Case Amplitude surface Function (r, t)
I (r, t) = (), = r
(t)r+a(t) r,
(c(t) a(t) = 0)
c
x
(t)c
y
(t)c
z
(t)/
()
II (r, t) = (), = r
(t)r +a(t)yz
c
x
(t)c
y
(t)/
()
III
(r, t) = (), =
1
2
r
(t)r +
a(t)xyz, (c
z
(t)=c
x
(t)c
y
(t))
4
c
x
(t)c
y
(t)c
z
(t)/
2
()
IV
(r, t) = (), = r a(t)r, ( c(t)=
2c(t)Tr a(t))
c
x
(t)/
()
Conclusions
3D generalized GP equations with (time, space)-modulated
coecients mapped by the proper similarity transformation
into 1D models allowing for exact solutions.
We considered power surfaces, which give origin to
parabolic and quartic linear and nonlinear potentials. Such
potentials are typical for the physical applications in the
nonlinear optics and in the mean-eld theory of
Bose-Einstein condensates, what determines the large
range of the possible applications of the found solutions, as
well as of the method itself.
The reported method can be also extended to the 3D (or
N-dimensional) generalized GP equation (or coupled GP
equations) with varying potentials, nonlinearities,
dispersions and gain/loss terms.
Conclusions
Conclusions
Ref.: Z. Y. Yan and V. V. Konotop, Phys. Rev. E 80 (2009)
036607.
Ref.: Z. Y. Yan and V. V. Konotop, Phys. Rev. E 80 (2009)
036607.
Thanks for your attention !

Zhenya

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Introduction Similarity reductions and solutions Surfaces and stationary solutions Time-dependent surfaces and solutions Conclusions

Exact solutions to three-dimensional generalized

(t)r +a(t) r, (t) =

(t)) (hereafter = x, y, z) and

(t)r +a(t) r, (t) =

(t)) (hereafter = x, y, z) and

being dened by Eq. (4.4) and C

being dened by Eq. (4.4) and C

(t)r + a(t)xyz, (4.7)

(t)r + a(t)xyz, (4.7)

c(t), the nonlinearity g(r, t) and potential

c(t), the nonlinearity g(r, t) and potential

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