IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS, VOL. 7, NO.

12, DECEMBER 2003

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Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in MIMO-OFDM Systems Using Selective Mapping

Yung-Lyul Lee, Young-Hwan You, Won-Gi Jeon, Jong-Ho Paik, and Hyoung-Kyu Song
AbstractThis letter evaluates the peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) performance in a space-time block coded (STBC) multi-input multi-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system using the selective mapping (SLM) approach. The investigated SLM-based MIMO-OFDM system selects the transmitted sequence with the lowest average PAR over all transmit antennas and retrieves the side information very accurately at the expense of only 0.5-dB degradation of the PAR, which can improve the overall detection performance of the MIMO-OFDM system with erroneous side information, compared to the individual SLM approach. Index TermsOrthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), peak-to-average power ratio (PAR), selective mapping (SLM), side information, space-time block coded (STBC).

bit error rate (BER) performance in the presence of erroneous side information (SI) can be improved by exploiting the space-time-frequency (STF) diversity. II. INDIVIDUAL SLM IN MIMO-OFDM SYSTEMS We consider the MIMO-OFDM system with transmit ansubcarriers. In the case of two transmit antennas that uses tennas [6], the -dimensional OFDM symbol transmitted from antenna 1 is denoted by and from antenna 2 by . During the and are transmitted from antennas next symbol period, denotes Hermitian transpose. 1 and 2, respectively, where In the time domain, the transmitted OFDM signal at the th transmit antenna is given by (1) is the discrete-time represenwhere FFT matrix. The PAR of the tation and denotes an transmitted OFDM signal of (1) is defined as (2) denotes the expected value. Applying the central where is sufficiently large, the limit theorem while assuming that are approximately zero-mean comtime-domain samples plex Gaussian distributed [7]. Then, the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the PAR of an OFDM , is the probability that the signal for a given PAR level, PAR of a randomly generated -OFDM symbol exceeds the , which can be expressed as [3] given threshold (3) In the SLM, a set of statistically independent but fixed -diwith each mensional vectors for must be defined component to increase the number of alternate transmit sequences [3]. In the individual SLM-based MIMO-OFDM system, the SLM approach can be applied to each transmit antenna independently. Then, statistically independent sequences are generated from the same information and that sequence with the lowest PAR is individually transmitted from each transmit antenna and results bits at each transmit antenna, where in the SI of operation rounds the elements of to the nearest integers toward infinity. Consequently, the CCDF of the best of the se. Corresponding quences will be side information bits in the th transmit antenna are inserted in before the peak detector and are transeach OFDM frame mitted by using the space-time block coding.

I. INTRODUCTION S WIDELY discussed in [1][5], the main limitation of orthogonal l frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based transmission systems is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) of the transmitted signals. To account for this issue, several PAR reduction schemes have been proposed and investigated [1][5]. Among these methods, partial transmit sequence (PTS) scheme [2] is an efficient approach and a distortionless scheme for PAR reduction by optimally combining signal subblocks. In the selective mapping (SLM) approach, some statistically independent sequences are generated from same information and that sequence with the lowest PAR is transmitted [3]. In this letter, we address the PAR performance of space-time block coded (STBC) multi-input multi-output OFDM (MIMO-OFDM) systems using the SLM scheme for PAR reduction. The straightforward or individual method is to apply the SLM scheme for each transmit antenna individually. We investigate a concurrent SLM approach in the MIMO-OFDM system, which selects the transmitted sequence with the lowest average PAR over all transmit antennas. The concurrent SLM-based MIMO-OFDM system recovers the side information with the low error probability at the expense of a slight degradation of the PAR performance and the overall
Manuscript received May 6, 2003. The associate editor coordinating the review of this paper and approving it for publication was Prof. F. Jondral. This work was supported by University IT Research Center Project, Korea. Y.-L. Lee and Y.-H. You are with the Department of Internet Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea. W.-G. Jeon and J.-H. Paik are with the Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) Project Office, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Kyounggi-Do 451-865, Korea. H.-K. Song is with the Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LCOMM.2003.821329

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IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS, VOL. 7, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2003

III. CONCURRENT SLM IN MIMO-OFDM SYSTEMS In the concurrent SLM-based MIMO-OFDM system, the subcarrier vectors from transmit antennas are multiplied subcarrierwise with the same vector, which is one of the vecfor , resulting in sets composed of tors different subcarrier vectors. For each set, the different subseparate -points IFFTs carrier vectors are transformed by transmit anand a set with the lowest average PAR over all tennas is chosen. Then, the probability that the PAR of a ran-OFDM symbol over all transmit andomly generated is given by tennas exceeds (4) , For a given probability of a PAR degradation of the concurrent SLM over the individual SLM may be expected, which is defined as
Fig. 1. PAR performance of MIMO-OFDM using both individual and = 2, and oversampling factor of 1. concurrent SLM methods for = 128,

(5)

is the natural logarithm of the elements of . where subcarrier vectors with the lowest average PAR for Since the transmission are constructed by using a same mapping vector transmit antennas can bear the same to all of transmitters, SI bits. An achievable STBC diversity of the SI is evident according to the increase of . In addition to the STBC gain, consecutive to fully obtain the frequency diversity during OFDM symbols in detecting the SI bits, the same SI bits can be inserted into an appropriate subcarrier to guarantee the largest transmit antennas. When possible frequency distance over the MIMO-OFDM signal uses -QAM constellation, one subSI bits. In the case of the SLM-based carrier can carry transmit antennas for MIMO-OFDM system using , the same side information transmitted through transmit antennas is sequentially assigned starting from the th acsubcarrier of -th transmit antenna for cording to following rule if if (6)

where , is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), denotes the number of diversity channels carrying the and same information-bearing signal [7]. In the individual SLMtransmit antennas, the based MIMO-OFDM system with in terms of the probability achievable diversity is of false side information, which is obtained by the space-time block coding. Since the concurrent SLM uses a same mapping vector to all of transmitters, the STBC gain plus the frequency sucdiversity gain introduced by the mapping rule in (6) for cessive OFDM symbols can be exploited. Hence, the possible with the help of diversity can be approximately the STF diversity in the concurrent SLM-based MIMO-OFDM system. With the increase of , however, a gain of the frequency diversity may be reduced due to the decrease of the possible frequency distance. If we assume that the vectors for are statistically independent, the conditional BER of the MIMO-OFDM system given that the side information is false is approximately 1/2 and an overall BER denoted can be approximated by by (9) is the BER of the MIMO-OFDM system with anwhere tennas given that the side information is correctly detected and can be expressed in a form identical to (8) with replaced by . In (9), the false detection probability of SI bits denoted by is very small thanks to the STF diversity. V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS We used QPSK modulation and CCDFs have been computed by oversampling by a factor of 1 and 4, respectively. Fig. 1 shows the PAR performance of the MIMO-OFDM signal for both individual and concurrent SLM approaches with , , and oversampling factor of 1. As addressed in [5], symbol-spaced sampling provides optimistic results for the PAR, however, which are enough for signal reconstruction. This figure also includes the approximated results according to (3) and (4), respectively, which come close to the simulation . The PAR perforresults for mance of the concurrent SLM-based MIMO-OFDM signal with and 4 is degraded by 0.35 dB and 0.5 dB for practical

IV. EFFECTS OF ERRONEOUS SIDE INFORMATION At the receiving side, the receiver has to know the generation of the transmitted OFDM signal from the embedded side inforprovides a mation. As discussed in [3], the choice of sufficiently high PAR reduction. In the case of the quaternary , phase-shift keying (QPSK) MIMO-OFDM system with the detection probability of the SI bits can be given by (7) with (8)

LEE et al.: PAR IN MIMO-OFDM SYSTEMS USING SELECTIVE MAPPING

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Fig. 2. PAR performance of MIMO-OFDM using both individual and = 2, and oversampling factor of 4. concurrent SLM methods for = 128,

Fig. 4. Overall BER performance of the MIMO-OFDM systems with respect to side information error probability for both individual and concurrent SLM approaches with = 128 and = 4.

system by using comes close to that of perfect SI detections. The SNR degradation of the individual SLM-based and 4 over the concurrent MIMO-OFDM system with SLM version is 1.4 and 0.7 dB, respectively, when the required BER is less than 10 . This improvement may be introduced by using the STF diversity for detecting the SI bits. On the other hand, the SLM-based OFDM system without multiple antennas experiences a SNR loss of about 2.5 dB, compared to the case of perfect SI detections. VI. CONCLUSIONS In this letter, we described the PAR analysis for the MIMO-OFDM system that uses the SLM approach. From the results presented above, the concurrent SLM-based MIMO-OFDM system decodes the side information very accurately, however, incurring a slight degradation of the PAR performance compared to the individual SLM approach. Furthermore, thanks to the STF diversity, the overall BER performance in the presence of erroneous side information can be improved. REFERENCES
[1] A. E. Jone, T. A. Wilkinson, and S. K. Barton, Block coding scheme for reduction of peak to mean envelope power ratio of multicarrier transmission schemes, Electron. Lett., vol. 30, no. 25, pp. 20982099, 1994. [2] S. H. Muller and J. B. Huber, OFDM with reduced peak-to-average power ratio by optimum combination of partial transmit sequences, Electron. Lett., vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 368369, Feb. 1997. [3] R. W. Bauml, R. F. H. Fischer, and J. B. Huber, Reducing the peak-toaverage power ratio of multicarrier modulation by selected mapping, Electron. Lett., vol. 32, no. 22, pp. 20561257, Oct. 1996. [4] L. J. Cimini and N. R. Sollenberger, Peak-to-average power ratio reduction of an OFDM signal using partial transmit sequences, IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 8688, Mar. 2000. [5] C. Tellambura, A coding technique for reducing peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM, in Proc. GLOBECOM98, vol. 5, 1998, pp. 27832787. [6] S. M. Alamouti, A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications, IEEE J. Select. Areas Comm., vol. 16, pp. 14511458, Oct. 1998. [7] J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989. [8] V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani, and A. R. Calderbank, Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 45, pp. 14561467, July 1999.

Fig. 3. Detection probability of the side information for both individual and concurrent SLM approaches with = 128.

values of clipping probability (i.e. between and 10 ), respectively, compared to that of the individual SLM version. Similar results are obtained for the MIMO-OFDM system with oversampling factor of 4, which is illustrated in Fig. 2. The detection probability of side information for both individual and concurrent SLM methods is illustrated in Fig. 3. As expected, the detection probability of SI bits in the individual SLM-based MIMO-OFDM system can be improved thanks to introduced by the space-time the achievable diversity block coding, compared to that of the OFDM system without space-time block coding. It can be also seen from this figure that the analytic detection curves according to (7) are very close to the simulated detection curves. In terms of the probability of false side information, furthermore, the maximum achievable with diversity of the concurrent SLM case can be almost the help of the STF diversity at the expense of about 0.5-dB degradation of the PAR performance as discussed in Fig. 1. Fig. 4 shows the overall BER degradation due to the erroneous side information according to (9) for both individual and and . For concurrent SLM approaches with simplicity, 1/2-rate complex orthogonal code is assumed for 4 , the overall BER transmit antennas [8]. For performance of the concurrent SLM-based MIMO-OFDM