Cables and Arches

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Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads Cable Subjected to Uniform Distributed Loads Arches Three-Hinged Arch

Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads

A

Ay Ax

yC B P1 L1 L + MA = 0: Obtain TCD TCB C P2 L2 D yD C P2 L3

yC B P1 L1 L y L2 D yD C P2 L3

TCD

y TCD x + F = 0: x + Fy = 0: TBA

B P1

x TBC
2

Example 5-1 Determine the tension in each segment of the cable shown in the figure below. Also, what is the dimension h ?

A h B C 3 kN 2m 2m 8 kN 1.5 m D 2m 2m

SOLUTION Ax h

Ay A D5 4 3 C 3 kN 2m 2m 8 kN 1.5 m TCD 2m

+ MA = 0: TCD(3/5)(2 m) + TCD(4/5)(5.5 m) - 3kN(2 m) - 8 kN(4 m) = 0 TCD = 6.79 kN

y C 5 4 BC 3 8 kN TCD = 6.79 kN x

Joint C + F = 0: 6.79(3/5) - T cos x CB BC + =0

TCB

Fy = 0: 6.79(4/5) - 8 + TCB sin CB = 0

BC = 32.3o

TCB = 4.82 kN

y TBA

Joint B x TBC = 4.82 kN + F = 0: - T cos + 4.82 cos 32.3o = 0 BA BA x + Fy = 0: TBA sin BA - 4.82 sin 32.3o - 3 = 0

BA

B 32.3o 3 kN

A h D B 3 kN C 8 kN

BA = 53.8o

TBA = 6.90 kN

h = 2 tanBA = 2 tan53.8o = 2.74 m

5

Cable Subjected to Distributed Load

Concepts & Conclusion: y T

T To W x=L x To T cos = To = FH = Constant T sin = W

dy W = tan = dx To

Parabolic Cable: Subjected to Linear Uniform distributed Load

wo = force / horizontal distance y B A x L x y wo x
x 2

x
To

wox

dy wx = tan = o dx To y= wo x dx To
2

y=

wo x + C1 2To

x
To x

T x

wo x 2 To = 2y

at x = L , T = TB = Tmax
Tmax = To + ( wo L)
2 2

Tmax

woL

To
7

Derivation: y wo h x L + F = 0: x + Fy = 0: x x

wo(x)

x 2

T + T O

+
y

s x

-T cos + (T + T) cos ( + ) = 0 -Tsin + wo(x) + (T + T) sin( + ) = 0 wo(x)(x/2) - T cos (y) - T sin(x) = 0

8

+ MO = 0:

Dividing each of these equations by x and taking the limit as x y 0, 0, and T 0, we obtain
d (T cos ) =0 dx

0, and hence

----------(5-1) ----------(5-2) ----------(5-3)

To

wox

d (T sin ) = wo dx
dy = tan dx

Integrating Eq. 5-1, where T = FH at x = 0, we have:

T cos = FH

----------(5-4)

Integrating Eq. 5-2, where T sin = 0 at x = 0, gives

T sin = wo x

----------(5-5)

Dividing Eq. 5-5 by Eq. 5-4 eliminates T. Then using Eq. 5-3, we can obtain the slope at any point,
tan = dy wo x = dx FH

----------(5-6)

Performing a second integration with y = 0 at x = 0 yields

y= wo 2 x 2 FH

----------(5-7)

y wo h x L

This is the equation of a parabola. The constant FH may be obtained by using the boundary condition y = h at x = L. Thus, wo L2 FH = ----------(5-8) 2h Finally, substituting into Eq. 5-7 yeilds
y= h 2 x L2

----------(5-9)

From Eq. 5-4, the maximum tension in the cable occurs when is maximum; i.e., at x = L. Hence, from Eqs. 5-4 and 5-5,
Tmax = FH 2 + ( wo L) 2

----------(5-10)

Tmax

woL

To
10

Example 5-2 The cable shown supports a girder which weighs 12kN/m. Determine the tension in the cable at points A, B, and C. 30 m A 12 m B C 6m

11

SOLUTION TA

30 m A y C B TC

12 m

C
6m x wo = 12 kN/m

30 - L x2

L x1

12

y C To B

TC

C
6m x wo = 12 kN/m

12 x1 dy1 = tan = dx1 To

y1 = 12 x1 dx1 To
2 1

12 L L x1

0 12 x y1 = + C1 2To
12 L'2 6= 2To

To = L'2

----------(1)

Tx1

12x1

To
13

TA A A y
12 x2 dy2 = tan = dx2 To

12 m B To wo = 12 kN/m 12 (30 - L) 30 - L x2 x

0 2 12 x2 12 x2 y2 = dx2 = + C2 To 2To
12 x2 y2= 2To
2

12(30 L' ) 2 12 = 2To

(30 L' ) 2 1= 2To

----------(2)

12 x2

Tx2

To
14

To = L'2

----------(1) ----------(2)

(30 L' ) 2 1= 2To

From (1) and (2),

L = 12.43 m, To = 154.5 kN TB = To = 154.5 kN

TC

12 L To
2

12 (30 - L )

TA

A
To
TA = To + [12(30 L' )]2
2

TC = To + (12 L' ) 2

= (154.50) 2 + (12 12.43) 2

= (154.50) 2 + [12(30 12.43)]2

= 214.8 kN

= 261.4 kN

15

Example 5-3 The suspension bridge in the figure below is constructed using the two stiffening trusses that are pin connected at their ends C and supported by a pin at A and a rocker at B. Determine the maximum tension in the cable IH. The cable has a parabolic shape and the bridge is subjected to the single load of 50 kN. I H 8m D A Pin F E B G C 50 kN

6m rocker

4 @ 3 m = 12 m

4 @ 3 m = 12 m
16

SOLUTION Iy To 8m H I D 6m Ax A Ay + MA = 0: F 12 m To Cx To 6m C Cy Cx C Cy + MB = 0: 3m 50 kN 9m B By Hy To 8m E G

12C y + 8To = 0
To = 1.5C y

12C y + 50(9) 8To = 0

----------(1) Cy = 18.75 kN,

To = 1.5C y +56.25

----------(2)

From (1) and (2),

To = 28.125 kN

17

TI

From (1) and (2), y I

Cy = 18.75 kN,

To = 28.12 kN Tx

I
8m wo wox 12 m x

wox To = 28.12 kN x

28.12 kN

dy wx = tan = o dx 28.12 y= y= wo x dx 28.12

2

wo x + C1 28.12

wo (12) 2 8= 2(28.12)

wo = 3.125 kN/m
18

TI

TH I To = 28.12 kN 12wo = 37.5 kN 12 m To = 28.12 kN 12wo = 37.5 kN 12 m H

8m

H
8m

37.5 kN

TI

TI = (37.5) 2 + ( 28.12) 2

I
28.12 kN

= 46.88 kN

Tmax = TI = TH = 46.88 kN Tmin= To = 28.12 kN

19

T D F

T E G

T = wo 3 = 3.125 3

0 Ax A Ay

= 9.375 kN C B By

50 kN 4 @ 3 m = 12 m

4 @ 3 m = 12 m

+ MA = 0:

9.375(3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 18 + 21) 50(15) + B y ( 24) = 0

By = -1.56 kN,

Fy = 0:

A y +7(9.375) 50 1.56 = 0

Ay = -14.07 kN,

20

Example 5-4 For the structure shown: (a) Determine the maximum tension of the cable (b) Draw quantitative shear & bending-moment diagrams of the beam. 0.5 m D 8m A B 5m Hinge 20 m 1 kN/m C E 8m

21

SOLUTION 0.5 m To 8m Dy 5 kN D To 1 kN/m Bx To 20 kN E

Ey To 8m 1 kN/m Bx B By 20 m C Cy

Ax A Ay B

By

5m

+ MA = 0:
B y (5) 5( 2.5) + To (0.5) = 0

+ MC = 0:
B y (20) + 20(10) To (8) = 0

From (1) and (2),

By = 0, To = 25 kN

22

Tx

To= 25 kN

wox TE = Tmax E

8m x

dy wx = tan = o dx 25 wx y = o dx 25 0 wo x 2 = + C1 2(25)

To= 25 kN 20wo 20 m

wo (20) 2 8= 2(25)

wo = 1 kN/m

TE = Tmax

To= 25 kN

20wo = 20 kN

Tmax = TE = ( 25) 2 + ( 20) 2

Tmax = 32.02 kN

23

T = wo(2.5 m) = (1kN/m)(2.5 m) = 2.5 kN 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1 kN/m Ax A B Ay =1.25 kN 5m 20 m 10 @ 2.5 m = 25 m V (kN) C Cy = 1.25 kN

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25 x (m)

-1.25

-1.25

-1.25

-1.25

-1.25

M (kNm) 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 x (m)
24

Example 5-5 The cable AB is subjected to a uniform loading of 200 N/m. If the weight of the cable is neglected and the slope angles at points A and B are 30o and 60o, respectively, determine the curve that defines the cable shape and the maximum tension developed in the cable.

y 60o

30o x 200 N/m 15 m

25

SOLUTION B 60o

TB 60o

A TA

30o (0.2 kN)(15 m) = 3 kN 15 m

60o 30o

TB
120o 30o 30o

3 kN
30o

TB 3 TA = = sin 120 o sin 30 o sin 30 o

TB = 5.20 kN TA = 3 kN
26

TA

y T TA = 3 kN A 30o x 0.2x
0.2 x + 1.5 dy = tan = 2.6 dx
dy = 0.0769 x + 0.577 dx

0.2x

3 kN
30o

3 sin 30o = 1.5

3 cos 30o = 2.6

y = 0.0769 x + 0.577

y=

0.0769 x + 0.577 x + C1 2
27

y = 0.0385x2 + 0.577x

Example 5-6 The three-hinged open-spandrel arch bridge shown in the figure below has a parabolic shape and supports the uniform load . Show that the parabolic arch is subjected only to axial compression at an intermediate point D along its axis. Assume the load is uniformly transmitted to the arch ribs.

y 7 kN/m x B A 15 m
7.5 2 y= x (15) 2

7.5 m C

7.5 m

7.5 m

28

SOLUTION

210 kN

B Ax Ay 15 m
y= 7.5 2 x (15) 2

Cx Cy

15 m

Entire arch : + MA = 0:
C y (30) 210(15) = 0

Cy = 105 kN + Fy = 0:

Ay 210 + 105 = 0
Ay = 105 kN
29

105 kN Bx B By B 7.5 m Arch segment BC : + MB = 0:

105(7.5) + 105(15) C x (7.5) = 0

Cx 105 kN

7.5 m

Cx = 105 kN + F = 0: x + Fy = 0: Bx = 105 kN

B y 105 + 105 = 0
By = 0
30

52.5 kN 105 kN B 0 D MD VD 26.6o 3.75 m Arch segment BD : A section of the arch taken through point D, x = 7.5 m, y = -7.5(7.52)/(15)2 = -1.875 m, is shown in the figure. The slope of the segment at D is
tan = dy 15 = x = 0.5 , 2 dx (15) x =7.5

26.6o ND

= 26.6o

+ F = 0: x + Fy = 0: + MD = 0:

105 - ND cos 26.6o - VD sin 26.6o = 0 -52.5 + ND sin 26.6o - VD cos 26.6o = 0 MD + 52.5(3.75) - 105(1.875) = 0 ND = 117.40 kN, VD = 0, MD = 0 kN
31

Alternate Method 105 kN B 0

52.5 kN MD D VD 26.6o 3.75 m 26.6o ND

Arch segment BD : A section of the arch taken through point D, x = 7.5 m, y = -7.5(7.52)/(15)2 = -1.875 m, is shown in the figure. The slope of the segment at D is
tan = dy 15 = x 2 dx (15)
x = 7.5

= 0.5 ,

= 26.6o

7.5 wo = (7.5)(7)= 52.5 kN

Tmax = TE = (105) 2 + (52.5) 2

ND

Tmax = 117.4 kN

No= 25 kN Notes : Since the arch is a parabola, there are no shear and bending moment, only ND is present

32

Example 5-7 The three-hinged tied arch is subjected to the loading shown in the figure below. Determine the force in members CH and CB. The dashed member GF of the truss is intended to carry no force.

20 kN 15 kN 1m 4m A 3m 3m 3m 3m H B C G D E 15 kN F

33

SOLUTION 1m 4m Ax A Ay

20 kN 15 kN H B C G D E Ey 3m 3m 3m 15 kN F

3m

+ MA = 0:

E y (12) 15(3) 20(6) 15(9) = 0

Ey = 25 kN + F = 0: x + Fy = 0: Ax = 0

Ay 15 20 15 + 25 = 0
Ay = 25 kN
34

20 kN 15 kN H 5m 0 B A 25 kN 3m 3m C Cy FAE G 0 Cx

+ MC = 0:

FAE (5) 25(6) + 15(3) = 0

FAE = 21.0 kN + F = 0: x + Fy = 0: -Cx + 21= 0 Cx = 21.0 kN

25 15 20 + C y = 0
Cy = 10 kN
35

20 kN FHG 0 FCH 18.43o 18.43o FCB

20 kN 21 kN

G FGC

C 10 kN

Joint G : + F = 0: x + Fy = 0: FHG = 0

Joint C : + F = 0: x -FCH cos18.43 - FCB cos18.43 - 21= 0 + Fy = 0: FCH sin18.43 - FCB cos18.43 - 20 + 10 = 0 Thus, FCH = 4.75 kN (T), FCB = -26.88 kN (C)
36

FGC 20 = 0
FGC = 20 kN (C)

Arches

extrados (or back) springline abutment

crown Intrados (or soffit) huanch centerline rise

fixed arch

two-hinged arch

three-hinged arch tied arch

37

Three-Hinged Arch

P1 C P2 D A B

P1 C Cy Cx Cx Cy C P2 B By
38

D Ax Bx Ay

MD N D VD

Ax Ay

Example 5-8 The tied three-hinged arch is subjected to the loading shown. Determine the components of reaction at A and C and the tension in the cable.

15 kN 2m A

B 10 kN

D C 2m 2m 1m

0.5 m

39

SOLUTION 15 kN 2m A 0 Ay 2m 0.5 m Entire arch : + MA = 0:

C y (5.5) 10( 4.5) 15(0.5) = 0

B 10 kN

Ax

D C 2m 1m Cy

Cy = 9.545 kN + Fy = 0:

Ay 15 10 + 9.545 = 0
Ay = 15.46 kN
40

15 kN 2m A Ay = 15.46 kN 2m 0.5 m Member AB :

B By TA

Bx

Bx

B 10 kN By TD D C 2m 1m Cy = 9.545 kN

+ MB = 0: + Fy = 0: + F = 0: x Member AB : + F = 0: x

15( 2) 15.455(2.5) + TA (2) = 0

TA = 4.319 kN By = 0.455 kN Bx = 4.319 kN

15.455 15 B y = 0

4.319 Bx = 0

4.319 TD = 0

TD = 4.319 kN

41