Engineering is the application of mathematics and science to meet human needs. T his is fun.

But now we have some bad news. Engineers need to know a great deal of science an d mathematics in order to be able to engineer. Much of this science and mathematics is quite diff icult, and theres a whole lot of it. It takes many years to learn everything you need. The next section of the course will start you on your quest to acquire these skills, by introducing you to statics. Mechanics is one of the oldest sciences. Earliest recorded writings in mechanics are those of Archimedes (287-212 B.C.) on the principle of lever and the principle of buoyanc y. First investigation of a dynamic problem is credited to Galelio (1564-1642) for his experiments with falling stones. Year in which Galileo died Newton was born. Newton (1642-1727) is famous for his three l aws of motion. On his name, a portion of classical mechanics is called Newtonian Mechanics. Altern ate formulation for mechanics problems was provided by Lagrange (1736-1813) and Hamilton (1805-1865) . Their formulation is based on the concept of energy. Mechanics is the physical science which deals with the effects of forces on obje cts. MECHANICS What is statics? Statics is actually the application of mathematics and basic physics (Newtons law s) to study forces in materials, machines and structures. Forces are of interest to engineer s for two reasons: they cause materials to deform and break, and they cause things to move. Statics is u sed to calculate forces in systems that dont move, or move at constant velocity. Who needs statics? Structural engineers use statics to design buildings and structures. Engineering Mechanics-Statics PRITHVI C 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESIT Mechanical engineers use statics to design machinery, which may range from engin es to microelectromechanical systems. Biomedical engineers use statics to design artificial organs and implants. Materials engineers use statics to design microstructures in materials (like com posites) to resist failure. Electrical engineers who design solid state electronics use statics to design ag ainst failure in microelectronic circuits. Integrated circuits actually contain internal forces t hat are much higher than most structures. These forces are usually caused by thermal expansion, or e xotic phenomena such as electromigration. Mechanical failures in these devices are a s erious problem for the industry. Emerging areas Scientists and engineers have recently developed techniques that can be used to probe and to some extent control individual atoms or collections of atoms. There is great interest in exploiting these techniques to make self-assembled materials and nanostructur es. Such selfassembly is driven by forces and very often can be understood using statics.

Some fundamental Definitions: Space: It is a geometric region occupied by bodies whose positions are described by linear and angular measurements relative to coordinate system. Time: It is a measure of the succession of events and is a basic quantity in dyn amics. Mass: It is a measure of the inertia of a body, which is its resistance to a cha nge of velocity. Force : Force is the action of one body on another. A force tends to move the bo dy in the direction of its action. The action of a force is characterized by its magnitude, by the directio n of its action and by its points of application. Particle: A particle is a body of negligible dimensions. Scalar: A quantity like mass, time, volume, temperature etc which only has a mag nitude. Vector: A quantity like displacement, velocity, acceleration, force etc which ha s both a magnitude and a direction (denoted by a bold faced character, an underlined character, or a char acter with an arrow on it). Free vector: It is a vector, whose action is not confined to or associated with a unique line in space. Only, the direction and magnitude of the vector remains fixed. Sliding vector: It is a vector, which has a unique line of action in space but n ot a unique point of application (associated with rigid bodies). For example, in towing a cart, we ma y apply the force anywhere along the rope. Fixed or Bound vector: It is a vector, which must be applied at definite point. For example, if we are interested in the deformation of body, we must be concerned with the point of ap plication of forces. Engineering Mechanics-Statics PRITHVI C 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESIT Rigid body: A body is considered rigid when the changes in distance between any two of its points is negligible for the purpose at end. Deformable body: A body is considered deformable when the changes in distance be tween any two of its points cannot be neglected. Concurrent forces: Two or more forces are said to be concurrent at a point if th eir lines of action intersect at that point. Laws of Mechanics: Newton s three laws form a part of foundation of mechanics. These are: First law: Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that sta te motion unless an external force is applied to it. This law is also called law of inertia. Second law: The change of motion is proportional to the natural force impressed and is made in a direction of the straight line in which the force is impressed. Mathematically, this law is stated as: F = m a Where F is the applied force, m is the mass and a is the acceleration. Note that force and acceleration are vectors and are indicated in boldface letters. Third law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The first two laws of Newton are valid only in inertial frame of reference. An i nertial frame of reference

has a constant velocity. That is, it is moving at a constant straight line. Conventions for Equations and Diagrams: *Note: - When writing vector equations, always be certain to preserve the mathem atical distinction between vectors and scalars. In handwritten work for vector representation use a n arrow over the symbol. A vector quantity V is represented by a line segment, having the direction of the vector and having an arrowhead to indicate the sense. The length of the directed line segment represent to some convenient scale the magnitude Vof the vector (Printed with lightface Italic type V). Engineering Mechanics-Statics PRITHVI C 4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESIT Working with Vectors: The direction of the vector V may be measured by an angle from some known refere nce direction as shown in previous figure. The negative of V is a vector - V having the same m agnitude as V but directed in the sense opposite to V, as shown in previous figure. Vectors must obey the parallelogram law of combination. This law states that two vectors V1 and V2, treated as free vectors, Fig. (a) may be replaced by their equivalent vector V, which is the diagonal of the parallelogram formed by V1 and V2 as its two sides, as shown in Fig. (b). Th is combination is called the vector sum, and is represented by the vector equation V = V1+ V2 where the plus sign, when used with the vector quantities (in boldface type), me ans vector and not scalar addition. The scalar sum of the magnitudes of the two vectors is writ ten in the usual way as VI + V2. The geometry of the parallelogram shows that V V1 + V2. The two vectors V1 and V2 again treated as free vectors, may also be added headto-tail by the triangle law, as shown in Fig (c), to obtain the identical vector sum V. We see from the diagram that the order of addition of the vectors does not affect their sum, so that V1 + V2 = V2 + V1, The difference V1 - V2 between the two vectors is easily obtained by adding - V2 to V1 as shown in Fig, where either the triangle or parallelogram procedure may be used. The diffe rence V between the two vectors is expressed by the vector equation V = V1- V2 where the minus sign denotes vector subtraction. Engineering Mechanics-Statics PRITHVI C 5 Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESIT Any two or more vectors whose sum equals a certain vector V are said to be the c omponents of that vector. Thus, the vectors V1 and V2 in Fig (a) are the components of V in the di rections 1 and 2, respectively. It is usually most convenient to deal with vector components which are mutually perpendicular; these are called rectangular components. The vectors Vx and Vy in Fig(b) are the x- and y-components, respectively, of V. Likewise, in Fig (c), Vx and Vy are the x - and y compone nts of V. When expressed in rectangular components, the direction of the vector with respect to, say, the x-axis is clearly specified

by the angle , where A vector V may be expressed mathematically by multiplying its magnitude V by a v ector n whose magnitude is one and whose direction coincides with that of V. The vector n is c alled a unit vector. Thus, V= V n In this way both the magnitude and direction of the vector are conveniently cont ained in one mathematical expression. We now make use of the direction cosines l, m, and n of V, which are defined by l = cosx , m= cosy , n= cosz In many problems, particularly three-dimensional ones, it is convenient to express the rectangular components of V, in Fig. in terms of unit vectors i, j, and k, which are vectors in the x-, y-, and z-directions, respectively, with unit magnitudes. Because the vector V is the vector sum of the components in the x-, y-, and z-directions, we can express V as follows: V= Vxi + Vyj + Vzk Engineering Mechanics-Statics PRITHVI C 6 Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESIT Thus, we may write the magnitudes of the components of V as Vx= l v Vy= m v Vz= n v where, from the Pythagorean theorem, V2= Vx 2 + Vy 2 + Vy 2 Note that this relation implies that l2 + m2 + n2 = 1. Law of cosines In trigonometry, the law of cosines is a statement about a general triangle whic h relates the lengths of its sides to the cosine of one of its angles. Using notation as in Fig. 1, the law o f cosines states that where c is the side opposite of angle , and that a and b are the sides that form the angle . The law of cosines generalizes the Pythagorean theorem, which holds only for rig ht triangles: if the angle is a right angle (of measure 90 or /2 radians), then cos() = 0, and thus the law of cosines reduces to which is the Pythagorean theorem. Law of sines The law of sines states that for an arbitrary triangle with sides a, b, and c an d angles opposite those sides