ENERGY CRISIS AND ITS POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

Presented By: Class: DAMAN-E-ZEHRA 10th B (Evening Shift)

Islamabad Model College For Girls, F-6/2, Islamabad

ENERGY CRISIS AND ITS POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

Energy is the most important in put for economic development and national prosperity of a nation. Primary energy consists of petroleum, natural gas, coal, hydroelectric power, Nuclear electric power and electricity generated from geo thermal, solar, wind and water sources. Renewable energy sources include small hydel electricity, solar energy, wind energy, Biomass energy and geothermal energy, etc.

The World Scenario:Earths endowment of conventionally reservoired crude oil is a large but finite volume. Production from it may well peak within this century. All or very nearly all of Earths prolific petroleum basins all believed to have been identified and most are partially to near fully explored. Nearly all of the largest oil fields have already been discovered and are being exploited, and production is clearly past its peak in some of the most prolific basins. Pakistans appetite for energy is a past of Asias growing demand for reliable flow of reasonably period oil and gas. Without ensuring the security of such supplies, development programmes will collapse. Asias oil consumption is expected to surpass N. American consumption by 2010. Reaching nearly half of total world demand by 2020. This realization has generated an intense race for buying into reserves in present and future oil and gas producing fields. Expansion of production by the major oil suppliers is estimated to require capital investment in Africa and the Middle East alone of $45 billion a year over the next three decades, up from the current $8 billion a year. That amount is more than Middle East countries alone can spend and still provide education, health care, and other social services to their rapidly growing populations. Foreign partners will be needed to bridge this funding gap and spread the investment risk. (Source: Vision 2030). With adequate human capital assured, it is possible to examine the important factor of energy, which will affect our growth trajectory in the coming years. The world is running out of usable energy, unless development and transition to alternative sources operating at sufficiently large scales is

assured and completed by 2030, The world will witness fierce competition for access and ownership of energy sources. Furthermore, the largest increase in energy use will occur in the developing world from 1999 to 2020, energy consumption in the developing countries is expected to climb 122 quadrillion Btu, to 264 quadrillion Btu, demonstrating an increase of 116% Pakistan is also showing a little development in this sector, like other countries, for Pakistan, energy is the most important input for economic development and national prosperity of the country. Primary energy consists of petroleum, natural gas, coal, Hydroelectric power, Neuclear electric power and electricity generated from geothermal, Solar, wind and waste sources. Renewable energy sources include small hydel electricity, solar energy, wind energy, Biomass energy and geothermal energy, etc.

PAKISTANS PERSPECTIVE:Energy sector in Pakistan comprises electricity, gas, Petroleum and coal. At present Pakistan meets its energy requirements of over 75% from Domestic resources. Around 50.4% of domestic and imported oil and 12.7% by Hydroelectricity. Coal and Nuclear contribution to energy use is limited to 7.0% and 1.0%, respectively. (Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 200607). Natural Gas:Natural Gas is used in general industry to prepare consumer items, to produce cement and to generate electricity. In the form of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas), it is used in transport sector and most importantly to manufacture fertilizer to boost the agricultural sector. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG):- LPG is also been increasingly used in cars, pickups, rickshaws and even motorcycles in are where CNG is not available due to the absence of Natural Gas Distribution Network. Nuclear Power Energy:- Nuclear power is a very cheap source of electric energy. At present, only two nuclear power plants, Karachi Nuclear power plant (KANUP) and Chashma Nuclear power plant (CHASNUP) are in

operation. It is a cost effective, safe and environmentally benign option for electricity. Coal: - To diversify the energy resources, it is important to increase the proportion of coal based power projects in the country, using the than coal resource. Than coalfield in the Sindh province has coal resources estimated at 175 billion tones. In addition, the rising prices of oil in the International Market as well as the depletion of Natural Gas resources warrant an emphasis on the coal based power generation. Uranium: - Nuclear power offers Pakistan another important source of energy. Exploration and mining of Uranium in Pakistan needs to be done to meet projected requirements of energy as far as possible. Hydropower: - The identified hydropower potential of Pakistan is 46,000 MV out of which only 14% has been exploited so far. The hydro resources should be developed on a large scale through storage and run of the river projects. Hydro projects fulfill most of our electricity requirements, so more and more Hydroelectric plants should be installed. Solar Energy:- Our country has an excellent solar energy potential. We have a lot of sunshine our shortest days are a hours long. It is possible for us to develop a very good solar energy network but our efforts in this direction are still in experimental stages. Solar energy could be one of the major economic energy supply options in Pakistan for increasing the energy security of the country. Wind Energy:- Wind energy is cheaper than Natural Gas even without subsidies; on good sites, wind is even closing in on coal. Pakistan has many excellent sites to exploit wind energy. Government should accelerate the programmes in alternate energy (especially for wind energy) which has the potential to provide more than 5% of the electricity supply. Compressed Natural Gas (C.N.G):- CNG is the fast growing alternative for petrol. Vehicles run on this full which is relatively cheaper than liquid petroleum. CNG is the record most important source of energy in Pakistan.

Energy Crises in Pakistan:The 3rd world countries are facing many energy crisis in this era. Pakistan has also a lot of problems related to energy. Hydropower, which is the cheapest source of electric energy can even not fulfill our requirements of electricity due to the increasing demand of electric power day by day. Pakistan is facing a great electricity deficit. Brisk pace of economic activity, rising levels of income of the people, the double digit growth of large scale manufacturing, higher agricultural production and village electrification programme have all resulted in higher demand of power in Pakistan. In Pakistan, even with much oil and gas reserves, most of our oil requirements are being met from imports, while the gas supplies are unable to meet the increased demand due to lack of Administration. Presently, power shortage is a world wide phenomenon due to accelerating levels of economic activity but research, development and demonstration efforts can balance the demands and supply of energy. Hydropower is facing crisis due to less availability of water in the reservoirs. It is emphasized that for the time horizons of around 100 years, hydro storage projects are non-renewable due to the silting of these reservoirs. For example, over the last 30 years, the storage capacity of Tarbela Dam has been reduced by 27% due to silting. The outcomes of the deficiency of Hydropower are not positive like power blackouts (loadshedding). The whole country is facing a great deficiency of electricity nowadays. Pakistan has not so far used its solar potential to save on conventional energy, although its central and southern parts can be used for solar thermal power plants. Pakistan has also many excellent sites to exploit wind energy. A section of the coastal area of Sindh has been identified as having wind power potential of 50,000 MW, but no development in this sector reflects the inefficiency and lack of Management and Administration. Nuclear power offers Pakistan another important source of energy. Nuclear power plants are attractive in the context of the future world energy scenario. But there is a need to do exploration and mining of Uranium in Pakistan. Pakistan should design and build small reactors to meet its increasing demands of energy. Pakistans coal resources are estimated at 185 billion tones, 95% in the than coal field in Sindh. So, there coal reserves should be utilize to

produce thermal energy but due to no reforms in this sector in the past, resulted in no development. Many other courses of the energy crisis in Pakistan are the shortage of skilled man power, unawareness in people about the importance of energy, illiteracy, improper attitude, Misuse and Loss of Resources, inefficient use of energy and lack of administration and management. However, for rapid economic growth, Pakistan like other developing countries, need cheap, abundant and an environment friendly source of energy.

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS OF THE ENERGY CRISIS: For the improvement of the energy sector in Pakistan, there is a need to provide an investment friendly environment to attract local and foreign investors, so that energy can be made accessible, affordable, and reliable to the people. In view of short supply of liquid fuels, there is a scope for development of alternate fuels, especially Natural Gas, that is locally available at low price along with a widespread infrastructure for transmission and distribution network. Since Fossil fuel prices have been rising over the past few years, there is a need to shift away from fuel based electricity generation to greater reliance of Hydropower. For this purpose, a number of Hydropower projects should be established. Dams and tubewells should be built. There should be an increase in the storage capacity of water reserves. The government should also promote efficient use of energy and creating awareness among the people, which will be critical in reducing the stress on energy supplies and on the environment. Government should accelerate the programmes in alternate energy (specially for wind and solar energy). Wind energy can also be used for pumping back the water into a reservoir or a hydropower plant during periods of loan use. Whereas, solar heating should be promoted for winter use.

 Enhancement and Development in Nuclear power programme could not only provide cheap, reliable and clean electricity, but will also help in the growth of local engineering and construction industry and creation of additional employment opportunities. The Government should take steps to promote the use of compressed Natural Gas (CNG) to reduce pollution caused by vehicles using motor gasoline and to improve the air quality. Vehicles can be converted to CNG power to take the advantage of the relatively low price of CNG fuel. CNG industry can also create new jobs for the people. The availability of alternative and relatively cheaper fuels such as LPG and CNG can help to control the massive consumption of petroleum products in households sectors, industry, transport and other government sector. This also help in saving foreign exchange. To control the declining trend of crude oil, it is necessary to explore new fields or adopt secondary recovery devices. In this regard, the private sector should be encouraged to play a significant role. As a result of these financial and structural reforms, the energy sector can energy as one of the most attractive sectors in the country.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Government of Pakistan. 2007. Vision 2030. Planning Commission. Islamabad. Government of Pakistan. 2007. Pakistan Economic Survey 2006-07. Finance Division, Economic Advisor Wing. Islamabad.