12/4/11 List of logarithmic identities - Wikipedia, the free encclopedia

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List of logarithmic identities
Fom Wikipedia, he fee encclopedia
In mahemaic, hee ae eeal logarithmic identities.
Contents
1 Algebaic ideniie o la
1.1 Tiial ideniie
1.2 Canceling eponenial
1.3 Uing imple opeaion
1.4 Changing he bae
1.4.1 Poof
1.5 Smmaion/bacion
1.6 Eponen
2 Calcl ideniie
2.1 Limi
2.2 Deiaie of logaihmic fncion
2.3 Inegal definiion
2.4 Inegal of logaihmic fncion
3 Appoimaing lage nmbe
4 Comple logaihm ideniie
4.1 Definiion
4.2 Conan
4.3 Smmaion
4.4 Poe
5 See alo
6 Refeence
7 Eenal link
Algebraic identities or las
Triial identities
becae
becae
Noe ha log
b
(0) i ndefined becae hee i no nmbe ch ha b

= 0. In fac, hee i a eical ampoe on he

gaph of log
b
() a = 0.
Canceling eponentials
Logaihm and eponenial (anilogaihm) ih he ame bae cancel each ohe. Thi i e becae logaihm and
eponenial ae inee opeaion (j like mliplicaion and diiion o addiion and bacion).
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exponentials are inverse operations (iust like multiplication and division or addition and subtraction).
Both can be derived Irom the deIinition. which identiIies b
a
c with a log
b
c. Combining the equations gives the
identities.
Uing imple opeaion
Logarithms can be used to make calculations easier. For example. two numbers can be multiplied iust by using a
logarithm table and adding.
because
because
because
because
because
because
Where b. . and are positive real numbers and . Both c and d are real numbers.
The laws result Irom canceling exponentials and appropriate law oI indices. Starting with the Iirst law:
The law Ior powers exploits another oI the laws oI indices:
The law relating to quotients then Iollows:
Similarly. the root law is derived by rewriting the root as a reciprocal power:
Changing he bae
This identity is needed to evaluate logarithms on calculators. For instance. most calculators have buttons Ior ln and Ior
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Thi idei i eeded eaae gaih caca. F iace, caca hae b f ad f
g
10
, b f g
2
. T fid g
2
(3), e cacae g
10
(3) / g
10
(2) ( (3)/(2), hich ied he ae e).
Poof
Le c = g
b
a.
The b
c
= a.
Tae g
d
bh ide: g
d
b
c
= g
d
a
Siif ad e f c: cg
d
b = g
d
a
Sice c = g
b
a, he
Thi fa ha eea ceece:
hee i a eai f he bci 1, ..., . F eae
Smmaion/bacion
The fig ai/baci e i eecia ef i babii he he e i deaig ih a f g-
babiiie:
hich gie he ecia cae:
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hich gie he ecia cae:
Ne ha i acice a ad c hae be iched he igh had ide f he eai if c > a. A e ha he
baci idei i defied if a = c ice he gaih f e i defied.
Me geea:
hee .
Eponents
A ef idei iig ee:
Calculus identities
Limits
The a ii i fe aied a "gaih g e ha a e f ".
Derivatives of logarithmic functions
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Where > 0, b > 0, and .
Integral definition
Integrals of logarithmic functions
To remember higher integrals, it's convenient to define:
Then,
Approimating large numbers
The identities of logarithms can be used to approximate large numbers. Note that log
b
(a) + log
b
(c) = log
b
(ac), where a,
b, and c are arbitrary constants. Suppose that one wants to approximate the 44th Mersenne prime, 2
32,582,657
1. To
get the base-10 logarithm, we would multiply 32,582,657 by log
10
(2), getting 9,808,357.09543 = 9,808,357 + 0.09543.
We can then get 10
9,808,357
10
0.09543
1.25 10
9,808,357
.
Similarly, factorials can be approximated by summing the logarithms of the terms.
Comple logarithm identities
The complex logarithm is the complex number analogue of the logarithm function. No single valued function on the
complex plane can satisfy the normal rules for logarithms. However a multivalued function can be defined which satisfies
most of the identities. It is usual to consider this as a function defined on a Riemann surface. A single valued version called
the principal value of the logarithm can be defined which is discontinuous on the negative x axis and equals the multivalued
version on a single branch cut.
Definitions
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Definitions
The convention will be used here that a capital first letter is used for the principal value of functions and the lower case
version refers to the multivalued function. The single valued version of definitions and identities is always given first
followed by a separate section for the multiple valued versions.
ln(r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r.
Log() is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (-, ].
Arg() is the principal value of the arg function, its value is restricted to (-, ]. It can be computed using Arg(+i)=
atan2(, ).
The multiple valued version of log() is a set but it is easier to write it without braces and using it in formulas follows
obvious rules.
log() is the set of complex numbers v which satisfy e
v
=
arg() is the set of possible values of the arg function applied to .
When k is any integer:
log() = ln( | | ) + iarg()
e
log()
=
Constants
Principal value forms:
Multiple value forms, for any k an integer:
log(1) = 0 + 2ik
log(e) = 1 + 2ik
Summation
Principal value forms:
Multiple value forms:
log(
1
) + log(
2
) = log(
1

2
)
log(
1
) log(
2
) = log(
1
/
2
)
Poers
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Poers
A complex power of a complex number can have many possible values.
Principal value form:
Multiple value forms:
Where
1
,
2
are any integers:
See also
List of trigonometric identities
Exponential function
References
Eternal links
Weisstein, Eric W., "Logarithm (http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Logarithm.html) " from MathWorld.
Logarithm (http://www.mathwords.com/l/logarithm.htm) in Mathwords
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Categories: Logarithms Mathematical identities
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