'Normal'Science'and'Scien7c'Revolu7ons'

Thomas'Kuhn' Cycles'of'Science:'

Kuhnian'Paradigms'
Package'of'ideas'and'methods'that'makeIup' both'a'view'of'the'world'and'a'way'of'doing' science.'
Research'techniques' Scien7c'theories' Beliefs'and'assump7ons'about'the'natural'world' Habits'of'mind'(e.g.'thinking'scien7cally)'

Normal'Science'
Researchers'Solve'Puzzles' working'within'the'bounds'of'a' specic'research'paradigm'

Paradigm'Changes'during'a'

??????' Anomalies'build'within' the'Research'Paradigm' during'the'course'of' normal'science.'

Scien-c'Revolu-on'

New'Paradigm'' Emerges'

Research'paradigm'enters' a'Crisis'due'to' accumula7on'of'anomalies' that'appear'not'to'be' solved'within'the' paradigm.'

Kuhns'View'of'Normal'Science'
Most'scien7c'work'and'growth'of'scien7c'knowledge'occurs'during' normal'science' Knowledge'grows'through'puzzle'solving'within'the'bounds'of'a'research' paradigm.' The'paradigm'inuences:' What'basic'assump7ons'are'used'and'unques7oned.''(Typically'taught' dogma7cally'through'science'educa7on'of'new'researchers).' What'puzzles/ques7ons'are'worthy'of'searching'for'a'solu7on.' What'tools'are'used' What'observa7ons'are'considered' What'counts'as'evidence' How'observa7ons'are'interpreted' Anomalies'(unsolvable'puzzles/ques7ons'or'unexpected'results'that'cannot' be'sa7sfactorily'explained'by'the'paradigm)'may'occur'at'7mes,'but'these' are'not'considered'a'reason'to'abandon'the'underlying'views'of'the' paradigm.'

Kuhns'View'of'Crisis'and'Revolu7on'in'Science'
As'anomalies'(unsolved'puzzles)'accumulate,'researchers'may'start'to' become'dissa7sed'with'the'problems'that'can'be'solved'within''the' current'paradigm.' The'scien7c'paradigm'goes'into'crisis'and'may'lead'to'the'emergence'of'a' new'paradigm.' Eventually,'the'new'paradigm'may'replace'the'older'paradigm'during'a' scien7c'revolu7on.' Once'established,'the'new'paradigm'leads'to'new'puzzles'to'solve'during'a' new'phase'of'normal'science.'

Kuhns'View'of'Science'
Science'is'successful'because:' Basic'assump7ons'of'a'research' paradigm'are'NOT'con7nually' ques7oned'and'tested'during'normal' science.' During'normal'science,'researchers'can' frui]ully'build'their'understanding'of' nature'through'puzzle'solving'within' the'accepted'bounds'of'a'research' paradigm.' Researchers'do'not'abandon'their' paradigm'every'7me'an'anomaly' occurs.''To'do'so'would'limit'the' progress'that'science'can'make.' When'anomalies'accumulate'to'the' point'of'a'crises'for'the'research' paradigm,'scien7c'Revolu7ons' occasionally'occur'dras7cally'changing' the'course'of'scien7c'research.''Thus,' normal'research'then'proceeds'in'a' new'direc7on'inves7ga7ng'dierent' types'of'ques7ons.'

How'does'this'compare'from' Poppers'views'of'successful'or' good'science?'