CS312 Spring 2009 Syllabus Update

Internet Concepts
‹ Changein Grading Criteria
‹ New Syllabus is Posted on Blackboard
Lecture 02
Intro to the Internet – part A
Thursday, January 15th 2009 Grading
Thursday, January 22nd 2009 Homework & Programming Assignments (4): 40 %
Quizzes (10) 30%
Midterm Exam (1) 15 %
Christopher Boyle Final exam (1) 15 %
Department of Computer Science
Old Dominion University
cboyle@cs.odu.edu

CS312 - Internet Concepts Old Dominion University Spring 2009 1 2

A Whirlwind Introduction to the Internet Just What is the Internet?
Overview The “nuts and bolts” view

‹ Millions of connected computing local ISP

‹ What’s the Internet
» What’s a protocol? local ISP devices: hosts, end-systems
» PCs, workstations, servers
‹ Network structure regional ISP
» PDAs, phones, toasters running
» Network edge “network applications”
regional ISP
» Access networks and physical media
» Network core ‹ Communication links
‹ Performance: loss and delay » Different media (fiber, copper wire,
radio, satellite)
company
‹ Protocol layering » Different transmission rates – bits network
‹ Networks under attack! company per second (bps)
network ™ 103 (Kbps) to 106 (Mbps) to 109 (Gbps)
router workstation
‹ Routers: forward packets of
data though the network server mobile

3 4
History of the Internet
Growth of the Internet History of the Internet - Growth

5 6
Aside
Typical Networking Units
‹ Speed
» bits per second (bps)
» Kilo (K) = 103 = 1,000
» Mega (M) = 106 = 1,000,000
» Giga (G) = 109 = 1,000,000,000
‹ Capacity / Size
» bytes per second (Bps)
» Kilo (K) = 210 = 1,024
» Mega (M) = 220 = 1,048,576
» Giga (G) = 230 = 1,073,741,824
Just What is the Internet?
The “nuts and bolts” view
‹ Protocols: control sending, local ISP
‹ Time
receiving of messages
» seconds (s)
» E.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, SMTP, ….
» milli (m) = 10-3 = 0.001
regional ISP
» micro (P) = 10-6 = 0.000001 ‹ Internet: “network of networks”
» Loosely hierarchical
» Public Internet versus private intranet
‹ Internet standards
Remember: » RFC: Request for comments company
8 bits to 1 byte » IETF: Internet Engineering Task network
Force
router workstation
server mobile
7 8
Just What is the Internet?
The “services” view
‹A communication infrastructure
enabling distributed
applications:
» WWW, email, games, e-
commerce, database, voting, ...
‹ Communication services
provided:
» Connectionless: No guarantees
» Connection-oriented: Guarantees
order and completeness
The Nuts & Bolts View
What is a protocol?
local ISP Main Entry: pro-to-col
1: An original draft, minute, or record of a document
or transaction
regional ISP 2a: A preliminary memorandum often formulated and signed by
diplomatic negotiators as a basis for a final convention or treaty
b: The records or minutes of a diplomatic conference or congress that
show officially the agreements arrived at by the negotiators
3a: A code prescribing strict adherence to correct etiquette and
company precedence (as in diplomatic exchange and in the military services)
network
b: A set of conventions governing the treatment and especially the
formatting of data in an electronic communications system
4: A detailed plan of a scientific or medical experiment, treatment, or
procedure
9 10
The Nuts & Bolts View What is a protocol?
What is a protocol? A specification for a set of message exchanges
‹ Example:
‹ Human protocols: ‹ Network protocols:
» “Do you have the time?” » Machines rather than » Human protocols: Get the » Computer protocols: Get the
» “I have a question” humans time from a stranger class time from a web server
» Introductions » All communication
activity in Internet
governed by protocols
Hi TCP connection
request
‹ Both: Hi TCP connection
Protocols
Protocolsdefine
defineformat,
format,order
order
» Specific messages sent reply
of messages sent and received
of messages sent and received Do you have
» Specific actions taken Get http://www.cs.odu.edu/~mweigle/CS312-F08/
when messages (or other among
amongnetwork
networkentities,
entities,and
and the time?
events) received actions
actionstaken
takenononmessage
message Yes!
transmission, <web page>
transmission,receipt
receipt It’s 1:30
Time
11 12
A Whirlwind Introduction to the Internet The Structure of the Internet
Overview The physical makeup of the Internet

‹ What’s the Internet ‹ Network edge: local ISP

» What’s a protocol? local ISP
» Applications running on hosts
‹ Network structure ™ “host” = “end system”
» Network edge regional ISP
regional ISP
» Access networks and physical media
‹ Network core:
» Network core
» Routers
‹ Performance: loss and delay
» Network of networks
‹ Protocol layering
company
‹ Networks under attack! company network
network ‹ In between: Access networks
» Physical media: communication
links
13 14
Network Structure The Network Edge
The network edge Connection-oriented service

‹ End systems (hosts) ‹ Goal: Transfer data between
» Live at the “edge of network” end systems
» Run applications » handshaking: setup data transfer
ahead of time
™ “Hello, hello-back” human
‹ Interaction paradigms: protocol
» Client/server model ™ Set up “state” in two
communicating hosts
™ Client requests, receives service from
» Transmit data
server
™ WWW browser/server; email ‹ Connection-oriented service on
client/server the Internet:
» Peer-to-peer model: » TCP - Transmission Control
™ Host interactions symmetric Protocol [RFC 793]
™ File sharing (Kazaa, BitTorrent)
‹ TCP service model
» reliable, in-order byte-stream
™ Losses handled by
acknowledgements and
retransmissions
» flow control:
™ Sender won’t overwhelm
receiver
» congestion control:
™ Senders “slow down sending
rate” when network congested

15 16
The Network Edge
Connectionless service
‹ Goal: Transfer data between
end systems
» Same as before!
‹ Connectionless service on the
Internet:
» UDP - User Datagram Protocol
[RFC 768]
™ Unreliable data transfer
™ No flow control
™ No congestion control
Questions
‹ Applications using TCP: ‹ What is an example of something that runs at the
» HTTP (WWW), FTP (file
transfer), Telnet (remote
network edge?
login), SMTP (email)
‹ What are some differences between a connection-
‹ Applications using UDP: oriented service and connectionless service?
» DNS (name to address
mapping), streaming
media, teleconferencing, ‹ What’s the difference between flow control and
Internet telephony
congestion control?
17 18
Network Structure Access Networks and Physical Media
Access networks and physical media Physical Media

‹ How to connect end-systems ‹ Transmission is the ‹ What do you use?

to edge router? propagation of an electro- » Twisted Pair (UTP) — Two
» Residential access magnetic wave (or optical insulated copper wires
» Company access
pulse) through a physical
medium
» Wireless access
‹ Category 3 UTP:
‹ Media types » Traditional phone wires,
» Guided media — signals 10 Mbps Ethernet
‹ Issues: propagate in solid media
‹ Category 5 UTP:
» Transmission speed (bits per (copper, fiber)
second) of access network » Unguided media — signals » 100Mbps Ethernet
» Shared or dedicated? propagate freely (radio, » Gigabit possible
infrared) » Distance limited (100 m)
19 20
Physical Media Physical Media
Coaxial and fiber optic cable Radio

‹ Coaxial cable ‹ Signal carried in electro- ‹ Radio link types:

» Wire (signal carrier) within a wire (shield) magnetic spectrum » LAN (e.g., 802.11)
» Bi-directional transmission » No physical “wire” » Wide-area (e.g., cellular)
» Largely used for cable TV ‹ Bi-directional » Satellite
™ 100s of Mbps
‹ Physical environment ™ 280 ms end-end delay
effects propagation
‹ Fiber optic cable ™ Used in telephone networks,
» Reflection Internet backbone, and
» Glass fiber carrying light pulses increasingly for residential
» Obstruction by objects access
» Higher-speed operation:
™ 100-1,000 Mbps Ethernet
» Interference
™ High-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 10
Gbps)
uplink
» Low signal attenuation – long distances
» Low error rate base
station
» Prevalent in the Internet backbone
21 22
Access Networks and Physical Media Residential Access
Residential access: point-to-point access DSL
‹ Dialup via modem ‹ Provided by a telephone
» Modem (modulator-demodulator) does company
digitalÅÆanalog signal conversions ‹ Runs over same twisted pair as
dial-up modem
» Up to 56Kbps direct access to router
‹ Asymmetric speeds
» Ties up phone line
...
» Up to 8 Mbps to the home
» Up to 1 Mbps from the home
» Distance-dependent, typical is
‹ Broadband 1-2 Mbps to home
» DSL: Digital Subscriber Line ‹ Three channels
» High-speed downstream
» HFC: hybrid fiber-coaxial cable (cable modems) » Medium-speed upstream
» Higher bit rates » Ordinary two-way telephone
» Doesn’t tie up phone line ‹ Dedicated access

23 24
Residential Access Residential Access
HFC - Cable Modems Cable Network Architecture

‹ Providedby cable server(s)

TV companies
‹ Two channels: 20,000 – 40,000
200,000 – 400,000 homes
» Upstream homes 500 – 1,000
homes
» Downstream Typically 500 to 5,000 homes
‹ Asymmetric
speeds
‹ Shared access
‹ Issues:
cable headend
» Congestion
» Provisioning cable distribution
home

2 Mbps to home network (simplified)

0.5 Mbps from home
25 26
Access Networks and Physical Media
Company access: local area networks
‹ Local area network (LAN)
connects end system to edge
router
‹ Ethernetis the dominant
technology
» Shared or dedicated cable
connects end system and router
» 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps
Ethernet
‹ Deployment: institutions, home
LANs
Access Networks and Physical Media
Wireless access networks
‹ Shared wireless access network
connects end-system to router
...
‹ Wireless LANs router
» Radio spectrum replaces wire
... » Transmit to base station, which is
connected via wire
» 802.11, WiFi ~ 54 Mbps
base
‹ Wide-area wireless access station
» Via cellular network
» 3G: EVDO, HSDPA
‹ WiMax (802.16)
» Bypasses cellular network mobile hosts
» 5-10 Mbps over 10s of kms
27 28
Wireless Access Networks Wireless Networks
Home Networks Other Types

Typical home network components: ‹ Ad-Hoc Networks

‹ DSL or cable modem » no base station
‹ router/firewall/NAT » nodes communicate directly with
‹ Ethernet
each other
‹ wireless access point ‹ Mobile
Ad-Hoc Networks
(MANET)
» ad-hoc network where the nodes can
wireless move
to/from laptops
cable router/ ‹ Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
cable
modem firewall (VANET)
headend
wireless
access
» MANET where the nodes are
Ethernet point vehicles

29 30
A Whirlwind Introduction to the Internet Network Structure
Overview The network core

‹ What’s the Internet ‹A mesh of interconnected routers

» What’s a protocol? local ISP

‹ Network structure ‹ The fundamental question:

» Network edge
» Access networks and physical media
» Network core
‹ Performance: loss and delay
‹ Protocol layering
‹ Networks under attack!
How is data routed through the
regional ISP network?
» Circuit switching: dedicated
circuit (path) per call used by all
data (e.g., telephone)
» Packet switching: data sent in
company discrete “chunks” (packets); each
network has a path chosen for it

31 32
The Network Core The Network Core
Qwest’s Backbone Map Circuit Switching

‹ Resources reserved end-to-end

for the connection (“call”)
» Resources: Link bandwidth,
switch capacity
» Reservation: Dedicated fraction of
available bandwidth, buffers, etc.

‹ Circuit-like(guaranteed)
performance
» Call setup required
» Call rejection (“busy signal”)
possible
Oct 2004
33 34
Circuit Switching Circuit Switching
Allocating fractions of bandwidth — Multiplexing Example
Transmission
‹ Network bandwidth divided Frequency 4 KHz ‹ How long would it take to send a file of 640,000
into transmission “slots” bits from Host A to Host B over a circuit-switched
» Slots allocated to calls Call 1
Call 2 Link network?
» Slots are unused (“idle”) if FDM capacity
Call 3 » All links have a total bitrate of 1.536 Mbps and use
not used by owning call Call 4
TDM with 24 slots
» No sharing of slots!
Time
Call data
» Takes 500 ms to setup a circuit
‹ Howto divide link
bandwidth into slots? TDM 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
» Frequency division Slot Frame
multiplexing (FDM)
frames/sec X bits/slot =
» Time division multiplexing TDM per-call transmission rate
(TDM)
35 36
The Network Core Packet Switching
Packet Switching Statistical multiplexing
‹ Each sender divides its messages ‹ Butnow we have 10 Mbps
into packets (sequence of bits) resource contention! Ethernet statistical multiplexing C
A
» Senders’ packets share (compete for) » Aggregate resource
network resources
demand can exceed amount
» Each packet uses full link capacity until 1.5 Mbps
transmission completed available B
» Resources allocated & used as needed » Congestion: packets queue of packets 45 Mbps
queue, wait for link waiting for output
availability link

» Store and forward: packets

move one hop at a time D E
™ Transmit over link
‹ Bandwidth division
™ Wait turn at next link
into slots ‹ Packet-switching versus circuit switching:
‹ Dedicated allocation
‹ Resource reservation » Restaurant seating analogy

37 38
Packet Switching v. Circuit Switching Packet Switching
Is packet switching a “no brainer”? Why switch packets instead of entire messages?

‹ Great for bursty data 1.5 Mbps

» Resource sharing
» No call setup
5 seconds 5 seconds 5 seconds
‹ Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
» Protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion 7.5 Mb
control Message

‹ How to provide circuit-like behavior? ‹ “Message switching” example

» Bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video applications? » Transmit a 7.5 Mb message over a network with 1.5 Mbps links
» What is the total elapsed time?
» Still an unsolved problem (that’s why we do research!)

39 40
Packet Switching Routing in Packet Switched Networks
Why switch packets instead of entire messages? Datagram routing
1.5 Mbps a b
Time c
11 0.000 Network Next
ID Hop
7.5 Mb 22 11 0.001
Message xxx.yyy. b
33 22 11 0.002 uuu.vvv. b
44 33 22 11 0.003 sss.ttt. c
55 44 33 22 0.004

...

...
5,000

...
Packets
...

...

...

...

4999
4999 4998
4998 4997
4997 4996
4996 4.998 ‹ Packets contain a destination address
5000
5000 4999
4999 4998
4998 4997
4997 4.999 » Address specifies both a network and a host
5000
5000 4999
4999 4998
4998 5.000
‹ Each router examines the destination address and forwards packet
5000
5000 4999
4999 5.001
5000
5000 5.002 towards the next router closest to the destination network
» Routers maintain a table of “next hops” to all networks
‹ Packet-switching: store and forward behavior ‹ Routers maintain no per-connection state
» 1,500 bit packets, 1 packet forwarded every 1 ms
41 43
 The Architecture of the Internet
Discussion Question The Internet as a network of networks Local
ISP
Regional ISP
‹ What are two ways of multiplexing in a circuit- ‹ The Internet is roughly National
NationalBackbone
BackboneProvider
Provider
switched network? hierarchical
NAP NAP
‹ National/international
‹ What are some differences between packet- National
NationalBackbone
BackboneProvider
Provider
backbone providers
switching and circuit-switching? Regional ISP
(NBPs) at “the root”
Local
» MCI, Sprint, Level3, Qwest, ... ISP
‹ What is the advantage of packet-switching over
‹ NBPs interconnect (“peer”) with each other privately,
message-switching? or at public Network Access Point (NAPs)
‹ Regional ISPs connect into NBPs
‹ Local ISPs connect into regional ISPs

44 45
A Whirlwind Introduction to the Internet
Overview CS312 Spring 2009
Internet Concepts
‹ What’s the Internet
» What’s a protocol? local ISP

‹ Network structure
» Network edge
regional ISP
» Access networks and physical media
» Network core Questions?
‹ Performance: loss and delay
‹ Protocol layering
‹ Networks under attack! company
network

To Be Continued…
46 Old Dominion University – Chris Boyle – Computer Science Department 47