Heat Chap07 073

Chapter 7 External Forced Convection
7-63

Special Topic: Thermal Insulation

7-73C Thermal insulation is a material that is used primarily to provide resistance to heat flow. It differs
from other kinds of insulators in that the purpose of an electrical insulator is to halt the flow of electric
current, and the purpose of a sound insulator is to slow down the propagation of sound waves.

7-74C In cold surfaces such as chilled water lines, refrigerated trucks, and air conditioning ducts,
insulation saves energy since the source of coldness is refrigeration that requires energy input. In this
case heat is transferred from the surroundings to the cold surfaces, and the refrigeration unit must now work
harder and longer to make up for this heat gain and thus it must consume more electrical energy.

7-75C The R-value of insulation is the thermal resistance of the insulating material per unit surface area.
For flat insulation the R-value is obtained by simply dividing the thickness of the insulation by its thermal
conductivity. That is, R-value = L/k. Doubling the thickness L doubles the R-value of flat insulation.

7-76C The R-value of an insulation represents the thermal resistance of insulation per unit surface area (or
per unit length in the case of pipe insulation).

7-77C Superinsulations are obtained by using layers of highly reflective sheets separated by glass fibers in
an evacuated space. Radiation between two surfaces is inversely proportional to the number of sheets used
and thus heat loss by radiation will be very low by using this highly reflective sheets. Evacuating the space
between the layers forms a vacuum which minimize conduction or convection through the air space.

7-78C Yes, hair or any other cover reduces heat loss from the head, and thus serves as insulation for the
head. The insulating ability of hair or feathers is most visible in birds and hairy animals.

7-79C The primary reasons for insulating are energy conservation, personnel protection and comfort,
maintaining process temperature, reducing temperature variation and fluctuations, condensation and
corrosion prevention, fire protection, freezing protection, and reducing noise and vibration.

7-80C The optimum thickness of insulation is the thickness that corresponds to a minimum combined cost
of insulation and heat lost. The cost of insulation increases roughly linearly with thickness while the cost of
heat lost decreases exponentially. The total cost, which is the sum of the two, decreases first, reaches a
minimum, and then increases. The thickness that corresponds to the minimum total cost is the optimum
thickness of insulation, and this is the recommended thickness of insulation to be installed.
7-64
7-81 The thickness of flat R-8 insulation in SI units is to be determined when the thermal conductivity of the
material is known.
Assumptions Thermal properties are constant.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the insulating material is given to be k = 0.04 W/mC.
Analysis The thickness of flat R-8 insulation (in m
2
.C/W) is determined
from the definition of R-value to be
R
L
k
L R k
value value
2
m . C/ W)(0.04 W/ m. C) = = = = (8 0.32 m

7-82E The thickness of flat R-20 insulation in English units is to be determined when the thermal
conductivity of the material is known.
Assumptions Thermal properties are constant.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the insulating material is given to be k = 0.02 Btu/hftF.
Analysis The thickness of flat R-20 insulation (in hft
2
F/Btu) is determined
from the definition of R-value to be
ft 0.4 = = = = F) Btu/h.ft. 2 F/Btu)(0.0 . h.ft 20 (
2
value value
k R L
k
L
R

R-8
L
R-20
L
7-65
7-83 A steam pipe is to be covered with enough insulation to reduce the exposed surface temperature to
30C . The thickness of insulation that needs to be installed is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the centerline and no variation in the axial
direction. 3 Thermal properties are constant. 4 The thermal contact resistance at the interface is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 52 W/mC for cast iron pipe and k = 0.038
W/mC for fiberglass insulation.
Analysis The thermal resistance network for this problem involves 4 resistances in series. The inner radius
of the pipe is r
1
= 2.0 cm and the outer radius of the pipe and thus the inner radius of insulation is r
2
= 2.3
cm. Letting r
3
represent the outer radius of insulation, the areas of the surfaces exposed to convection for a
L = 1 m long section of the pipe become

A r L
A r L r r r
1 1
3 3 3 3 3
2 2 0 02
2 2 2
= =
= =
t t
t t t
( . m)(1 m) = 0.1257 m
(1 m) = m ( in m)
2
2

Then the individual thermal resistances are determined to be
C/W 9944 . 0
) m C)(0.1257 . W/m (80
1 1
2 2
1
conv,1
=
= = =
A h
R R
i
i

C/W 00043 . 0
) m C)(1 W/m. (52 2
) 02 . 0 / 023 . 0 ln(
2
) / ln(
1
1 2
pipe 1
=
= = =
t t L k
r r
R R
R R
r r
k L
r
r
2
3 2
2
3
3
2
0023
4188 0023 = = =
=
insulation
2 (0.038 W/ m. C)(1 m
C/ W
ln( / ) ln( / . )
)
. ln( / . )
t t

R R
h A r r
o
o
= = =
=
conv,2
2 2
1
(22 W/ m . C)(2 m
C/ W
1 1
1382
3 3 3
t ) .

Noting that all resistances are in series, the total resistance is
C/W ) 2 . 138 /( 1 ) 023 . 0 / ln( 188 . 4 00043 . 0 09944 . 0
3 3 2 1 total
+ + + = + + + = r r R R R R R
o i

Then the steady rate of heat loss from the steam becomes

C/W ] ) 2 . 138 /( 1 ) 023 . 0 / ln( 188 . 4 00043 . 0 09944 . 0 [
C ) 22 110 (
3 3 total
+ + +

=
=
r r R
T T
Q
o i

Noting that the outer surface temperature of insulation is specified to be 30C, the rate of heat loss can also
be expressed as

( )
Q
T T
R r
r
o
o
=

=

=
3
3
3
30 22
1106
C
1/ (138.2 ) C/ W

Setting the two relations above equal to each other and solving for r
3
gives r
3
= 0.0362 m. Then the
minimum thickness of fiberglass insulation required is
t = r
3
- r
2
= 0.0362 - 0.0230 = 0.0132 m = 1.32 cm

Therefore, insulating the pipe with at least 1.32 cm thick fiberglass insulation will ensure that the outer
surface temperature of the pipe will be at 30C or below.

R
i
T
i

R
insulation
R
o
T
o

R
pipe
T
1
T
2
T
3

7-66
7-84 "!PROBLEM 7-84"

"GIVEN"
T_i=110 "[C]"
T_o=22 "[C]"
k_pipe=52 "[W/m-C]"
r_1=0.02 "[m]"
t_pipe=0.003 "[m]"
"T_s_max=30 [C], parameter to be varied"
h_i=80 "[W/m^2-C]"
h_o=22 "[W/m^2-C]"
k_ins=0.038 "[W/m-C]"

"ANALYSIS"
L=1 "[m], 1 m long section of the pipe is considered"
A_i=2*pi*r_1*L
A_o=2*pi*r_3*L
r_3=r_2+t_ins*Convert(cm, m) "t_ins is in cm"
r_2=r_1+t_pipe
R_conv_i=1/(h_i*A_i)
R_pipe=ln(r_2/r_1)/(2*pi*k_pipe*L)
R_ins=ln(r_3/r_2)/(2*pi*k_ins*L)
R_conv_o=1/(h_o*A_o)
R_total=R_conv_i+R_pipe+R_ins+R_conv_o
Q_dot=(T_i-T_o)/R_total
Q_dot=(T_s_max-T_o)/R_conv_o

T
s, max
[C] t
ins
[cm]
24 4.45
26 2.489
28 1.733
30 1.319
32 1.055
34 0.871
36 0.7342
38 0.6285
40 0.5441
42 0.4751
44 0.4176
46 0.3688
48 0.327

7-67
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
T
s,max
[C]
t
i
n
s

[
c
m
]

7-68
7-85 A cylindrical oven is to be insulated to reduce heat losses. The optimum thickness of insulation and the
amount of money saved per year are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer through the insulation is one-dimensional.
3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4 The thermal contact resistance at the interface is negligible. 5 The
surface temperature of the furnace and the heat transfer coefficient remain constant. 6 The surfaces of the
cylindrical oven can be treated as plain surfaces since its diameter is greater than 1 m.
Properties The thermal conductivity of insulation is given to be k = 0.038 W/mC.
Analysis We treat the surfaces of this cylindrical furnace as plain surfaces since its diameter is
greater than 1 m, and disregard the curvature effects. The exposed surface area of the furnace is

2 2 2
side base
m 69 . 70 m) m)(6 5 . 1 ( 2 m) 5 . 1 ( 2 2 2 2 = + = + = + = t t t t rL r A A A
o

The rate of heat loss from the furnace before the insulation is installed is
W 133,600 = C ) 27 90 )( m C)(70.69 . W/m 30 ( ) (
2 2
= =

T T A h Q
s o o

Noting that the plant operates 5280 = 4160 h/yr, the annual heat lost
from the furnace is
Q Q t = =
( . A 1336 kJ / s)(4160 3600 s / yr) = 2.001 10 kJ / yr

9

The efficiency of the furnace is given to be 78 percent. Therefore, to generate this
much heat, the furnace must consume energy (in the form of natural gas) at a rate of
Q Q
in oven
9 9
2.001 10 kJ / yr) / 0.78 = 2.565 10 kJ / yr = 24,314 therms / yr = = / ( q
since 1 therm = 105,500 kJ. Then the annual fuel cost of this furnace before insulation becomes
Annual Cost Q Unit cost therm/ yr)($0.50/ therm) =$12,157/ yr
in
= = ( , 24 314
We expect the surface temperature of the furnace to increase, and the heat transfer coefficient to decrease
somewhat when insulation is installed. We assume these two effects to counteract each other. Then the rate
of heat loss for 1-cm thick insulation becomes
W 021 , 15
C . W/m 30
1
C W/m. 038 . 0
m 01 . 0
C ) 27 90 )( m 69 . 70 (
1
) (
2
2
ins
ins
conv ins total
ins
=

=
+
=
+
=

o
s o s s
h k
t
T T A
R R
T T
R
T T
Q

Also, the total amount of heat loss from the furnace per year and the amount and cost of energy
consumption of the furnace become
Q Q t
Q Q
ins ins
8
in,ins ins oven
8 8
in,ins
kJ / s)(4160 3600 s / yr) = 2.249 10 kJ / yr
10 kJ / yr) / 0.78 = 2.884 10 kJ / yr = 2734 therms
Annual Cost Q Unit cost therm/ yr)($0.50/ therm) = $1367 / yr
= =
= =
= =
( .
/ ( .
(
A 15021
2 249
2734
q
Cost savings = Energy cost w/o insulation - Energy cost w/insulation = 12,157 - 1367 = $10,790/yr
The unit cost of insulation is given to be $10/m
2
per cm thickness, plus $30/m
2
for labor. Then the total cost
of insulation becomes
Insulation Cost Unit cost)(Surface area) =[($10/ cm)(1 cm) +$30/ m m ) = $2828
2 2
= ( ]( . 7069
R
o
T

R
insulation
T
s

7-69

To determine the thickness of insulation whose cost is equal to annual energy savings, we repeat the
calculations above for 2, 3, . . . . 15 cm thick insulations, and list the results in the table below.

Insulation
thickness
Rate of heat loss
W
Cost of heat lost
$/yr
Cost savings
$/yr
Insulation cost
$
0 cm 133,600 12,157 0 0
1 cm 15,021 1367 10,790 2828
5 cm 3301 300 11,850 3535
10 cm 1671 152 12,005 9189
11 cm 1521 138 12,019 9897
12 cm 1396 127 12,030 10,604
13 cm 1289 117 12,040 11,310
14 cm 1198 109 12,048 12,017
15 cm 1119 102 12,055 12,724

Therefore, the thickest insulation that will pay for itself in one year is the one whose thickness is 14 cm.
7-70
7-86 A cylindrical oven is to be insulated to reduce heat losses. The optimum thickness of insulation and the
amount of money saved per year are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer through the insulation is one-dimensional.
3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4 The thermal contact resistance at the interface is negligible. 5 The
surface temperature of the furnace and the heat transfer coefficient remain constant. 6 The surfaces of the
cylindrical oven can be treated as plain surfaces since its diameter is greater than 1 m.
Properties The thermal conductivity of insulation is given to be k = 0.038 W/mC.
Analysis We treat the surfaces of this cylindrical furnace as plain surfaces since its diameter is
greater than 1 m, and disregard the curvature effects. The exposed surface area of the furnace is

2 2 2
side base
m 69 . 70 m) m)(6 5 . 1 ( 2 m) 5 . 1 ( 2 2 2 2 = + = + = + = t t t t rL r A A A
o

The rate of heat loss from the furnace before the insulation is installed is
W 101,794 = C ) 27 75 )( m C)(70.69 . W/m 30 ( ) (
2 2
= =

T T A h Q
s o o

Noting that the plant operates 5280 = 4160 h/yr, the annual heat lost from
the furnace is
Q Q t = =
( . A 101794 kJ / s)(4160 3600 s / yr) =1.524 10 kJ / yr

9

The efficiency of the furnace is given to be 78 percent. Therefore, to generate this
much heat, the furnace must consume energy (in the form of natural gas) at a rate of
Q Q
in oven
9 9
10 kJ / yr) / 0.78 =1.954 10 kJ / yr =18,526 therms / yr = = / ( . q 1524
since 1 therm = 105,500 kJ. Then the annual fuel cost of this furnace before insulation becomes
Annual Cost Q Unit cost therm/ yr)($0.50/ therm) =$9,263/ yr
in
= = ( , 18526
We expect the surface temperature of the furnace to increase, and the heat transfer coefficient to decrease
somewhat when insulation is installed. We assume these two effects to counteract each other. Then the rate
of heat loss for 1-cm thick insulation becomes
W 445 , 11
C . W/m 30
1
C W/m. 038 . 0
m 01 . 0
C ) 27 75 )( m 69 . 70 (
1
) (
2
2
ins
ins
conv ins total
ins
=

=
+
=
+
=

o
s o s s
h k
t
T T A
R R
T T
R
T T
Q

Also, the total amount of heat loss from the furnace per year and the amount and cost of energy
consumption of the furnace become
Q Q t
Q Q
Q
ins ins
8
in,ins ins oven
8 8
in,ins
kJ / s)(4160 3600 s / yr) =1.714 10 kJ / yr
10 kJ / yr) / 0.78 = 2.197 10 kJ / yr = 2082 therms
Annual Cost Unit cost therm/ yr)($0.50/ therm) = $1041/ yr
= =
= =
= =
( .
/ ( .
(
A 11445
1714
2082
q
Cost savings = Energy cost w/o insulation - Energy cost w/insulation = 9263 - 1041 = $8222/yr
The unit cost of insulation is given to be $10/m
2
per cm thickness, plus $30/m
2
for labor. Then the total cost
of insulation becomes
Insulation Cost Unit cost)(Surface area) =[($10/ cm)(1 cm) +$30/ m m ) = $2828
2 2
= ( ]( . 7069
R
o
T

R
insulation
T
s

7-71

To determine the thickness of insulation whose cost is equal to annual energy savings, we repeat the
calculations above for 2, 3, . . . . 15 cm thick insulations, and list the results in the table below.

Insulation
Thickness
Rate of heat loss
W
Cost of heat lost
$/yr
Cost savings
$/yr
Insulation cost
$
0 cm 101,794 9263 0 0
1 cm 11,445 1041 8222 2828
5 cm 2515 228 9035 3535
9 cm 1413 129 9134 8483
10 cm 1273 116 9147 9189
11 cm 1159 105 9158 9897
12 cm 1064 97 9166 10,604
Therefore, the thickest insulation that will pay for itself in one year is the one whose thickness is 9 cm. The
10-cm thick insulation will come very close to paying for itself in one year.
7-72
7-87E Steam is flowing through an insulated steel pipe, and it is proposed to add another 1-in thick layer
of fiberglass insulation on top of the existing one to reduce the heat losses further and to save energy and
money. It is to be determined if the new insulation will pay for itself within 2 years.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
direction. 3 Thermal properties are constant. 4 The heat transfer coefficients remain constant. 5 The thermal
contact resistance at the interface is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 8.7 Btu/hftF for steel pipe and k = 0.020
Btu/hftF for fiberglass insulation.
Analysis The inner radius of the pipe is r
1
= 1.75 in, the outer radius of the pipe is r
2
= 2 in, and the outer
radii of the existing and proposed insulation layers are r
3
= 3 in and 4 in, respectively. Considering a unit
pipe length of L = 1 ft, the individual thermal resistances are determined to be
R R
h A h r L
i
i i
= = = =
=
conv,1
2
1
(30 Btu / h. ft . F)[2 (1.75/ 12 ft)(1 ft)
h. F/ Btu
1 1
2
00364
1 1
( ) ]
.
t t

R R
r r
k L
1
2 1
1
2
2 175
000244 = = =
=
pipe
2 (8.7 Btu / h. ft. F)(1 ft
h. F/ Btu
ln( / ) ln( / . )
)
.
t t

Current Case:
R
r r
k L
insulation
ins
2 (0.020 Btu / h. ft. F)(1 ft
h. F/ Btu = =
=
ln( / ) ln( / )
)
.
3 2
2
3 2
3227
t t

R R
h A h r
o
o o
= = = =
=
conv,2
2
1
(5 Btu / h. ft . F)[2 ft)(1 ft
h. F/ Btu
1 1
2 3 12
01273
3 3
( ) ( / )]
.
t t

( )
. . . . ) .
. Q
T
R
T T
R R R R
i o
i o
current
total pipe ins
F
( h F/ Btu
Btu / h = =

+ + +
=

+ + +
=
A 400 60
00364 000244 3227 01273
1002
Proposed Case:
R
r r
k L
ins
insulation
2 (0.020 Btu / h. ft. F)(1 ft
h. F/ Btu = =
=
ln( / ) ln( / )
)
.
3 2
2
4 2
5516
t t

R R
h A h r
o
o o
= = = =
=
conv,2
2
1
(5 Btu / h. ft . F)[2 ft)(1 ft
h. F/ Btu
1 1
2 4 12
00955
3 3
( ) ( / )]
.
t t


( )
. . . . ) .
. Q
T
R
T T
R R R R
i o
i o
prop
total pipe ins
F
( h F/ Btu
Btu / h = =

+ + +
=

+ + +
=
A 400 60
00364 000244 5516 00955
602
Therefore, the amount of energy and money saved by the additional insulation per year are
yr / 504 . 3 $ ) Btu 1000 / 01 . 0 )($ Btu/yr 400 , 350 ( ) cost Unit ( = saved Money
Btu/yr 400 , 350 ) h/yr 8760 )( Btu/h 0 . 40 (
Btu/h 0 . 40 2 . 60 2 . 100
saved
saved saved
current prop saved
= =
= = A =
= = =
Q
t Q Q
Q Q Q

or $7.01 per 2 years, which is barely more than the $7.0 minimum required. But the criteria is satisfied, and
the proposed additional insulation is justified.
R
i
T
i

R
insulation
R
o
T
o

R
pipe
T
1
T
2
T
3

7-73
7-88 The plumbing system of a plant involves some section of a plastic pipe exposed to the ambient air.
The pipe is to be insulated with adequate fiber glass insulation to prevent freezing of water in the pipe. The
thickness of insulation that will protect the water from freezing under worst conditions is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is transient, but can be treated as steady at average conditions. 2 Heat transfer
direction. 3 Thermal properties are constant. 4 The water in the pipe is stationary, and its initial temperature
is 15C. 5 The thermal contact resistance at the interface is negligible. 6 The convection resistance inside
the pipe is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 0.16 W/mC for plastic pipe and k = 0.035
W/mC for fiberglass insulation. The density and specific heat of water are to be = 1000 kg/m
3
and C
p
=
4.18 kJ/kg.C (Table A-15).
1
= 3.0 cm and the outer radius of the pipe and thus the inner
radius of insulation is r
2
= 3.3 cm. We let r
3
represent the outer radius of insulation. Considering a 1-m
section of the pipe, the amount of heat that must be transferred from the water as it cools from 15 to 0C is
determined to be

kJ 177.3 = C 0) - C)(15 kJ/kg. kg)(4.18 827 . 2 (
kg 827 . 2 m)] (1 m) (0.03 )[ kg/m 1000 ( ) (
total
2 3 2
1
= A =
= = = =
T mC Q
L r V m
p
t t

Then the average rate of heat transfer during 60 h becomes

,
(
. Q
Q
t
ave
total
J
s)
W = =
=
A
177 300
60 3600
0821
The individual thermal resistances are
R R
r r
k L
1
2 1
2
0033 003
00948 = = =
=
pipe
pipe
2 (0.16 W/ m. C)(1 m
C/ W
ln( / ) ln( . / . )
)
.
t t

R
r r
k L
r
r
insulation
2 (0.035 W/ m. C)(1 m
C/ W = =
=
ln( / ) ln( / . )
)
. ln( / . )
3 2
2
3
3
2
0033
455 0033
t t

R R
h A r r
o
o
= = =
=
conv
2 2
1
(30 W/ m . C)(2 m
C/ W
1 1
1885
3 3 3
t ) .

Then the rate of average heat transfer from the water can be expressed as

[ . ( )]
. . ln( / . ) / ( . )
.
,
Q
T T
R r r
r
i ave o
=

=

+ +
=
total
0.821 W
C
[ ] C/ W
m
75 10
00948 455 0033 1 1885
350
3 3
3

Therefore, the minimum thickness of fiberglass needed to protect the pipe from freezing is

t = r
3
- r
2
= 3.50 - 0.033 = 3.467 m

which is too large. Installing such a thick insulation is not practical, however, and thus other freeze
protection methods should be considered.

R
i
~ 0
T
i

R
insulation
R
o
T
o

R
pipe
T
1
T
2
T
3

7-74
7-89 The plumbing system of a plant involves some section of a plastic pipe exposed to the ambient air. The
pipe is to be insulated with adequate fiber glass insulation to prevent freezing of water in the pipe. The
thickness of insulation that will protect the water from freezing more than 20% under worst conditions is to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is transient, but can be treated as steady at average conditions. 2 Heat transfer
direction. 3 Thermal properties are constant. 4 The water in the pipe is stationary, and its initial temperature
is 15C. 5 The thermal contact resistance at the interface is negligible. 6 The convection resistance inside
the pipe is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 0.16 W/mC for plastic pipe and k = 0.035
W/mC for fiberglass insulation. The density and specific heat of water are to be = 1000 kg/m
3
and C
p
=
4.18 kJ/kg.C (Table A-15).
1
= 3.0 cm and the outer radius of the pipe and thus the inner radius
of insulation is r
2
= 3.3 cm. We let r
3
represent the outer radius of insulation. The latent heat of freezing of
water is 33.7 kJ/kg. Considering a 1-m section of the pipe, the amount of heat that must be transferred from
the water as it cools from 15 to 0C is determined to be

kJ 0 . 366 7 . 188 3 . 177
kJ 7 . 188 ) kJ/kg 7 . 333 )( kg 827 . 2 ( 2 . 0 2 . 0
kJ 177.3 = C 0) - C)(15 kJ/kg. kg)(4.18 827 . 2 (
kg 827 . 2 m)] (1 m) (0.03 )[ kg/m 1000 ( ) (
freezing cooling total
freezing
total
2 3 2
1
= + = + =
= = =
= A =
= = = =
Q Q Q
mh Q
T mC Q
L r V m
if
p
t t

Then the average rate of heat transfer during 60 h becomes

,
(
. Q
Q
t
ave
total
J
s)
W = =
=
A
366 000
60 3600
1694
The individual thermal resistances are
R R
r r
k L
1
2 1
2
0033 003
00948 = = =
=
pipe
pipe
2 (0.16 W/ m. C)(1 m
C/ W
ln( / ) ln( . / . )
)
.
t t

R
r r
k L
r
r
insulation
2 (0.035 W/ m. C)(1 m
C/ W = =
=
ln( / ) ln( / . )
)
. ln( / . )
3 2
2
3
3
2
0033
455 0033
t t

R R
h A r r
o
o
= = =
=
conv
2 2
1
(30 W/ m . C)(2 m
C/ W
1 1
1885
3 3 3
t ) .

Then the rate of average heat transfer from the water can be expressed as

[ . ( )]
. . ln( / . ) / ( . )
.
,
Q
T T
R r r
r
i ave o
=

=

+ +
=
total
1.694 W
C
[ ] C/ W
m
75 10
00948 455 0033 1 1885
0312
3 3
3

Therefore, the minimum thickness of fiberglass needed to protect the pipe from freezing is

t = r
3
- r
2
= 0.312 - 0.033 = 0.279 m

which is too large. Installing such a thick insulation is not practical, however, and thus other freeze
protection methods should be considered.
R
i
~ 0
T
i

R
insulation
R
o
T
o

R
pipe
T
1
T
2
T
3

7-75

Review Problems

7-90 Wind is blowing parallel to the walls of a house. The rate of heat loss from the wall is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Re
cr
= 510
5
. 3
Radiation effects are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties Assuming a film temperature of T
f
= 10C for the
outdoors, the properties of air are evaluated to be (Table A-15)

7336 . 0 Pr
/s m 10 426 . 1
C W/m. 02439 . 0
2 5 -
=
=
=
u
k

Analysis Air flows along 8-m side. The Reynolds number in this case is

| |
6
2 5
10 792 . 7
/s m 10 426 . 1
m) (8 m/s ) 3600 / 1000 50 (
Re =
= =

u
L V
L

which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have combined laminar and turbulent flow.
Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient is determined to be

| |
C . W/m 78 . 30 ) 096 , 10 (
m 8
C W/m. 02439 . 0
096 , 10 ) 7336 . 0 ( 871 ) 10 792 . 7 ( 037 . 0 Pr ) 871 Re 037 . 0 (
2
3 / 1 8 . 0 6 3 / 1 8 . 0 0
=
= =
= = = =
Nu
L
k
h
k
L h
Nu
o
L

The thermal resistances are

2
m 24 = m) m)(8 3 ( = = wL A
s

C/W 0014 . 0
) m C)(24 . W/m 78 . 30 (
1 1
C/W 1408 . 0
m 24
C/W . m 38 . 3 ) 38 . 3 (
C/W 0052 . 0
) m C)(24 . W/m 8 (
1 1
2 2
2
2
2 2
=
= =
=
=
=
= =
s o
o
s
value
insulation
s i
i
A h
R
A
R
R
A h
R

Then the total thermal resistance and the heat transfer rate through the wall are determined from

W 122.1 =
=
= + + = + + =

C/W 1474 . 0
C ) 4 22 (
C/W 1474 . 0 0014 . 0 1408 . 0 0052 . 0
2 1
total
o insulation i total
R
T T
Q
R R R R

R
i
R
insulation
R
o
T
1
T
2

Air
V
= 50 km/h
T
2
= 4C
L = 8 m

WALL
T
1
= 22C
7-76
7-91 A car travels at a velocity of 60 km/h. The rate of heat transfer from the bottom surface of the hot
automotive engine block is to be determined for two cases.
cr
= 510
5
. 3 Air is
an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm. 5 The flow is turbulent over the entire
surface because of the constant agitation of the engine block. 6 The bottom surface of the engine is a flat
surface.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of
(T
s
+ T
)/2 = (75+5)/2 = 40C are (Table A-15)

7255 . 0 Pr
/s m 10 702 . 1
C W/m. 02662 . 0
2 5 -
=
=
=
u
k

Analysis The Reynolds number is

| |
5
2 5
10 855 . 6
/s m 10 702 . 1
m) (0.7 m/s ) 3600 / 1000 60 (
Re =
=
u
=

L V
L

which is less than the critical Reynolds number. But we will assume
turbulent flow because of the constant agitation of the engine block.

C . W/m 97 . 58 ) 1551 (
m 7 . 0
C W/m. 02662 . 0
1551 ) 7255 . 0 ( ) 10 855 . 6 ( 037 . 0 Pr Re 037 . 0
2
3 / 1 8 . 0 5 3 / 1 8 . 0
=
= =
= = = =
Nu
L
k
h
k
hL
Nu
L

| | W 1734 = C 5) - (75 m) m)(0.7 (0.6 C) . W/m 97 . 58 ( ) (
2
= =
s s conv
T T hA Q

The heat loss by radiation is then determined from Stefan-Boltzman law to be

| | W 181 K) 273 + (10 K) 273 + (75 ) .K W/m 10 (5.67 ) m 7 . 0 )( m 6 . 0 )( 92 . 0 (
) (
4 4 4 2 -8
4 4
= =
=
surr s s rad
T T A Q o c

Then the total rate of heat loss from the bottom surface of the engine block becomes
W 1915 = + = + = 181 1734
rad conv total
Q Q Q

The gunk will introduce an additional resistance to heat dissipation from the engine. The total heat transfer
rate in this case can be calculated from
W 1668 =
m) 0.7 m 6 . 0 )( C W/m. 3 (
) m 002 . 0 (
m)] m)(0.7 C)[(0.6 . W/m 97 . 58 (
1
C 5) - (75
1
2

+
=
+
=

s s
s
kA
L
hA
T T
Q

The decrease in the heat transfer rate is
1734-1668 = 66 W
Ts = 75C
c = 0.92
Air
V
= 60 km/h
T
= 5C
L = 0.7 m

Engine block
Ts = 10C
7-77
7-92E A minivan is traveling at 60 mph. The rate of heat transfer to the van is to be determined.
cr
= 510
5
. 3
Radiation effects are negligible. 4 Air flow is turbulent because of the intense vibrations involved. 5 Air is
an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties Assuming a film temperature of T
f
= 80F, the
properties of air are evaluated to be (Table A-15E)

7290 . 0 Pr
/s ft 10 1697 . 0
F Btu/h.ft. 01481 . 0
2 3 -
=
=
=
u
k

Analysis Air flows along 11 ft long side. The Reynolds number in this case is

6
2 3
10 704 . 5
/s ft 10 1697 . 0
ft) (11 ] ft/s ) 3600 / 5280 60 [(
Re =
=
u
=

L V
L

which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. The air flow is assumed to be entirely turbulent because
of the intense vibrations involved. Then the Nusselt number and the heat transfer coefficient are determined
to be

F . Btu/h.ft 39 . 11 ) 8461 (
ft 11
F Btu/h.ft. 01481 . 0
8461 ) 7290 . 0 ( ) 10 704 . 5 ( 037 . 0 Pr Re 037 . 0
2
3 / 1 8 . 0 6 3 / 1 8 . 0
=
= =
= = = =
Nu
L
k
h
k
L h
Nu
o
L
o

| |
2
ft 8 . 240 ft) ft)(11 6 ( + ft) ft)(11 2 . 3 ( + ft) ft)(6 2 . 3 ( 2 = =
s
A

F/Btu h. 0004 . 0
) ft F)(240.8 . Btu/h.ft 39 . 11 (
1 1
F/Btu h. 0125 . 0
) ft (240.8
F/Btu . h.ft 3 ) 3 (
F/Btu h. 0035 . 0
) ft F)(240.8 . Btu/h.ft 2 . 1 (
1 1
2 2
2
2
2 2
=
= =
=
=
=
= =
s o
o
s
value
insulation
s i
i
A h
R
A
R
R
A h
R

Then the total thermal resistance and the heat transfer rate into the minivan are determined to be

Btu/h 1220 =
=
= + + = + + =

F/Btu h. 0164 . 0
F ) 70 90 (
F/Btu h. 0164 . 0 0004 . 0 0125 . 0 0035 . 0
2 1
total
o insulation i total
R
T T
Q
R R R R

Air
V
= 60 mph
T
= 50F
L = 11 ft

Minivan
R
i
R
insulation
R
o
T
1
T
2

7-78
7-93 Wind is blowing parallel to the walls of a house with windows. The rate of heat loss through the
window is to be determined.
cr
= 510
5
. 3
Radiation effects are negligible. 4 Air flow is turbulent because of the intense vibrations involved. 5 The
minivan is modeled as a rectangular box. 6 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 6 The pressure of air
is 1 atm.
Properties Assuming a film temperature of 5C, the properties
of air at 1 atm and this temperature are evaluated to be (Table
A-15)

7350 . 0 Pr
/s m 10 382 . 1
C W/m. 02401 . 0
2 5 -
=
=
=
u
k

Analysis Air flows along 1.2 m side. The Reynolds number in this case is

| |
6
2 5
10 447 . 1
/s m 10 382 . 1
m) (1.2 m/s ) 3600 / 1000 60 (
Re =
= =

u
L V
L

which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have combined laminar and turbulent flow.
Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient is determined to be

| |
C . W/m 93 . 40 ) 2046 (
m 2 . 1
C W/m. 02401 . 0
2046 ) 7350 . 0 ( 871 ) 10 447 . 1 ( 037 . 0 Pr ) 871 Re 037 . 0 (
2
3 / 1 8 . 0 6 3 / 1 8 . 0
=
= =
= = = =
Nu
L
k
h
k
hL
Nu
L


2
m 5.4 = m) m)(1.5 2 . 1 ( 3 =
s
A

C/W 0045 . 0
) m C)(5.4 . W/m 93 . 40 (
1 1
C/W 0012 . 0
) m C)(5.4 W/m. (0.78
m 005 . 0
C/W 0231 . 0
) m C)(5.4 . W/m 8 (
1 1
2 2
,
2
2 2
,
=
= =
=
= =
=
= =
s o
o conv
s
cond
s i
i conv
A h
R
kA
L
R
A h
R

Then the total thermal resistance and the heat transfer rate through the 3 windows become

W 833.3 =
=
= + + = + + =

C/W 0288 . 0
C )] 2 ( 22 [
C/W 0288 . 0 0045 . 0 0012 . 0 0231 . 0
2 1
, ,
total
o conv cond i conv total
R
T T
Q
R R R R

Air
V
= 60 km/h
T
2
= -2C
L = 1.2 m

WINDOW
T
1
= 22C
7-79
7-94 A fan is blowing air over the entire body of a person. The average temperature of the outer surface of
the person is to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 3 The
pressure of air is 1 atm. 4 The average human body can be treated as a 30-cm-diameter cylinder with an
exposed surface area of 1.7 m
2
.
Properties We assume the film temperature to be 35C. The
properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)

7268 . 0 Pr
/s m 10 655 . 1
C W/m. 02625 . 0
2 5 -
=
=
=
u
k


4
2 5
10 063 . 9
/s m 10 655 . 1
m) m/s)(0.3 (5
Re =
=
u
=

D V

The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is

( ) | |
( ) | |
6 . 203
000 , 282
10 063 . 9
1
7268 . 0 / 4 . 0 1
) 7268 . 0 ( ) 10 063 . 9 ( 62 . 0
3 . 0
000 , 282
Re
1
Pr / 4 . 0 1
Pr Re 62 . 0
3 . 0
5 / 4
8 / 5
4
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 5 . 0 4
5 / 4
8 / 5
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 5 . 0
=
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
+

+ =
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+ = =
k
hD
Nu

Then
C . W/m 02 . 18 ) 6 . 203 (
m 3 . 0
C W/m. 02655 . 0
2
=
= = Nu
D
k
h
Considering that there is heat generation in that person's body at a rate of 90 W and body gains heat by
radiation from the surrounding surfaces, an energy balance can be written as

Q Q Q
generated radiation convection
+ =
Substituting values with proper units and then application of trial & error method yields the average
temperature of the outer surface of the person.

C 36.2 K 309.2 = =
+ = + +
= +

s
s s
s s s surr s
T
T T
T T hA T T A
)] 273 32 ( )[ 7 . 1 )( 02 . 18 ( ] ) 273 40 )[( 10 67 . 5 )( 7 . 1 )( 9 . 0 ( 90
) ( ) ( W 90
4 4 8
4 4
o c

V
= 5 m/s
T
= 32C
Person, T
s

90 W
c = 0.9
D = 0.3 m

7-80
7-95 The heat generated by four transistors mounted on a thin vertical plate is dissipated by air blown over
the plate on both surfaces. The temperature of the aluminum plate is to be determined.
cr
= 510
5
. 3
Radiation effects are negligible. 4 The entire plate is nearly isothermal. 5 The exposed surface area of the
transistor is taken to be equal to its base area. 6 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 7 The pressure
of air is 1 atm.
Properties Assuming a film temperature of 40C, the
properties of air are evaluated to be (Table A-15)

7255 . 0 Pr
/s m 10 702 . 1
C W/m. 02662 . 0
2 5 -
=
= u
= k

Analysis The Reynolds number in this case is

| |
4
2 5
10 386 . 5
/s m 10 702 . 1
m) (0.22 m/s ) 60 / 250 (
Re =
=
u
=

L V
L

which is smaller than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have laminar flow. Using the proper relation
for Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient is determined to be

C . W/m 75 . 16 ) 5 . 138 (
m 22 . 0
C W/m. 02662 . 0
5 . 138 ) 7255 . 0 ( ) 10 386 . 5 ( 664 . 0 Pr Re 664 . 0
2
3 / 1 5 . 0 4 3 / 1 5 . 0
=
= =
= = = =
Nu
L
k
h
k
hL
Nu
L

The temperature of aluminum plate then becomes
C 50.0 =
+ = + = =

] ) m 22 . 0 ( 2 )[ C . W/m 75 . 16 (
W ) 12 4 (
C 20 ) (
2 2
s
s s s
hA
Q
T T T T hA Q

Discussion In reality, the heat transfer coefficient will be higher since the transistors will cause turbulence
in the air.

T
s

12 W
V
= 250 m/min
T
= 20C
L= 22 cm

7-81
7-96 A spherical tank used to store iced water is subjected to winds. The rate of heat transfer to the iced
water and the amount of ice that melts during a 24-h period are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Thermal resistance of the tank is negligible. 3 Radiation
effects are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm pressure and the free stream temperature of 30C are (Table A-15)

7282 . 0 Pr
kg/m.s 10 729 . 1
kg/m.s 10 872 . 1
/s m 10 608 . 1
C W/m. 02588 . 0
5
C 0 @
,
5
2 5 -
=
=
=
=
=
s
k

u

Analysis (a) The Reynolds number is

| |
6
2 5
10 304 . 1
/s m 10 608 . 1
m) (3.02 m/s 1000/3600) (25
Re =
=
u
=

D V

The Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is determined from

| |
| | 1056
10 729 . 1
10 872 . 1
) 7282 . 0 ( ) 10 304 . 1 ( 06 . 0 ) 10 304 . 1 ( 4 . 0 2
Pr Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 2
4 / 1
5
5
4 . 0 3 / 2 6 5 . 0 6
4 / 1
4 . 0 3 / 2 5 . 0
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = =
s
k
hD
Nu

and C . W/m 05 . 9 ) 1056 (
m 02 . 3
C W/m. 02588 . 0
2
=
= = Nu
D
k
h
The rate of heat transfer to the iced water is
W 7779 = = = =

C ) 0 30 ( ] m) (3.02 C)[ . W/m 05 . 9 ( ) )( ( ) (
2 2 2
t t T T D h T T hA Q
s s s

(b) The amount of heat transfer during a 24-hour period is
kJ 079 , 672 s) 3600 kJ/s)(24 779 . 7 ( = = A = t Q Q

Then the amount of ice that melts during this period becomes
kg 2014 = = = =
kJ/kg 7 . 333
kJ 079 , 672
if
if
h
Q
m mh Q
1 cm
Iced water
Di = 3 m
0C
Q

T
s
= 0C
V
= 25 km/h
T
= 30C
7-82
7-97 A spherical tank used to store iced water is subjected to winds. The rate of heat transfer to the iced
water and the amount of ice that melts during a 24-h period are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 7 The
pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm pressure and the free stream temperature of 30C are (Table A-15)
kg/m.s 10 872 . 1
/s m 10 608 . 1
C W/m. 02588 . 0
5
2 5 -
=
=
=
u
k

7282 . 0 Pr
kg/m.s 10 729 . 1
5
C 0 @
,
=
=

Analysis (a) The Reynolds number is

| |
6
2 5
10 304 . 1
/s m 10 608 . 1
m) (3.02 m/s 1000/3600) (25
Re =
=
u
=

D V

The Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is determined from

| |
| | 1056
10 729 . 1
10 872 . 1
) 7282 . 0 ( ) 10 304 . 1 ( 06 . 0 ) 10 304 . 1 ( 4 . 0 2
Pr Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 2
4 / 1
5
5
4 . 0 3 / 2 6 5 . 0 6
4 / 1
4 . 0 3 / 2 5 . 0
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = =
s
k
hD
Nu

and C . W/m 05 . 9 ) 1056 (
m 02 . 3
C W/m. 02588 . 0
2
=
= = Nu
D
k
h
In steady operation, heat transfer through the tank by conduction is equal to the heat transfer from the outer
surface of the tank by convection and radiation. Therefore,

( ) ( )
, ,
, ,
Q Q Q
Q
T T
R
h A T T A T T
s out s in
sphere
o o surr s out o surr s out
= =
=

= +
through tank from tank, conv+rad
c o
4 4

where C/W 10 342 . 2
m) m)(1.50 C)(1.51 W/m. 15 ( 4
m ) 50 . 1 51 . 1 (
4
5
2 1
1 2
=
=

t t r kr
r r
R
sphere

2 2 2
m 28.65 m) 02 . 3 ( = = = t tD A
o

Substituting,
] K) 273 ( K) 273 15 )[( .K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 65 . 28 )( 9 . 0 (
C ) )(30 m C)(28.65 . W/m 05 . 9 (
C/W 10 34 . 2
C 0
4
,
4 4 2 8 2
,
2 2
5
,
+ + +
=

=
out s
out s
out s
T
T
T
Q

whose solution is
kW 9.63 = = = W 9630 and C 23 . 0 Q T
s

(b) The amount of heat transfer during a 24-hour period is
kJ 032 , 832 s) 3600 kJ/s)(24 63 . 9 ( = = A = t Q Q

Then the amount of ice that melts during this period becomes
kg 2493 = = = =
kJ/kg 7 . 333
kJ 032 , 832
if
if
h
Q
m mh Q
1 cm
Iced water
Di = 3 m
0C
T
s, out

V
= 25 km/h
T
= 30C
0C
7-83
7-98E A cylindrical transistor mounted on a circuit board is cooled by air flowing over it. The maximum
power rating of the transistor is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature
of F 150 2 / ) 120 180 ( = + =
f
T are (Table A-15)

7188 . 0 Pr
/s ft 10 210 . 0
F Btu/h.ft. 01646 . 0
2 3 -
=
= u
= k

5 . 727
/s ft 10 210 . 0
ft) /12 ft/s)(0.22 (500/60
Re
2 3
=
=
u
=

D V

The Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is

( ) | |
( ) | |
72 . 13
000 , 282
5 . 727
1
7188 . 0 / 4 . 0 1
) 7188 . 0 ( ) 5 . 727 ( 62 . 0
3 . 0
000 , 282
Re
1
Pr / 4 . 0 1
Pr Re 62 . 0
3 . 0
5 / 4
8 / 5
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 5 . 0
5 / 4
8 / 5
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 5 . 0
=
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+ =
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+ = =
k
hD
Nu

and F . Btu/h.ft 32 . 12 ) 72 . 13 (
ft) 12 / 22 . 0 (
F Btu/h.ft. 01646 . 0
2
=
= = Nu
D
k
h
Then the amount of power this transistor can dissipate safely becomes

( )
| |
Btu/h) 3.412 = W (1
C ) 120 180 ( ft) 2 ft)(0.25/1 (0.22/12 F) . Btu/h.ft 32 . 12 (
) ( ) (
2
W 0.26 = Btu/h 0.887 =
=
= =

t
t T T DL h T T hA Q
s s s

Air
500 ft/min
120F
Power
transistor
D = 0.22 in

Heat Chap07 073

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Chapter 7 External Forced Convection

( . A 1336 kJ / s)(4160 3600 s / yr) = 2.001 10 kJ / yr

( . A 101794 kJ / s)(4160 3600 s / yr) =1.524 10 kJ / yr

)/2 = (75+5)/2 = 40C are (Table A-15)

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