AE4451/ z;.

i" l'\
Fall200e
Problem Set #5: Ramjets and Turbojets - Solutions
1. Ideal Ramjet
T
a
=250 [(
Given: Missile propelled by ramjet
Pa=40 kPa
using JP-8 fuel. maximum
u
temperature of 2100 K.
MW
air
= 28.8; c
p
=1200 J/kgK
Find: a) maximum u that missile could achieve in level flight
b) U
e
at this maximum operating flight speed
Assume: flow through the ramjet and around the missile is ideal (inviscid, variable
area inlets and nozzles. no shocks, etc.);
air is a thermally and calorically perfect gas.
Analysis:
a) U
max
A vehicle will keep accelerating until the thrust produced equals the drag
from Newton's Law 'C-D=d(mramietU)/dt
T
Since this vehicle has no drag (part of assumptions), the
ramjet will accelerate until no thrust is produced. For our
perfect ramjet, the thrust will go to zero when no fuel is
added. When no fuel is added, the flow is slowed down in
the diffuser then expanded back to the
ambient pressure (e@u
max
).
The only reason fuel could not be added, is that the air has
already reached its maximum temperature without adding
fuel. Therefore, from the energy equation
02@um..
02
.1
e
a .
e Umax
s
=12110m1S I
b) lIe,max
Since no fuel is added, air is expanded back to the original velocity, Le., Ue=U (and
note that the specific thrust =[1+f]u
e
-u=O)
, I U
e
=2110mls I
Implications: The maximum operating temperature represents a significant limitation
on the maximum operating speed of ramjets.
04
Problem Set #4: Ramjets and Turbojets Solutions
1. Ideal Ramjet
Ta""250 K
Given: Missile propelled by ramjet
pa=40 kPa
using JP-8 fuel, maximum
temperature of 2100 K.
u
MW
air
= 28.8; c
p
=1200 J/kgK
Find: a) maximum u that missile could achieve in level flight
b) U
e
at this maximum operating flight speed
Assume: flow through the ramjet and around the missile is ideal (inviscid, variable
area inlets and nozzles, no shocks, etc.);
air is a thermally and calorically perfect gas.
Analysis:
a) Umax
A vehicle will keep accelerating until the thrust produced equals the drag
from Newton's Law -c-D=d(mramjetu)/dt
T
Since this vehicle has no drag (part of assumptions), the
ramjet will accelerate until no thrust is produced. For our
perfect ramjet, the thrust will go to zero when no fuel is
added. When no fuel is added, the flow is slowed down in
the diffuser then expanded back to the
ambient pressure (e@u
max
).
The only reason fuel could not be added, is that the air has
already reached its maximum temperature without adding
fuel. Therefore, from the energy equation
02@u"",.
02
e
a
e Um.ax
s
Ullin. =J2.1200JjkgK(2100-250)K =12110mIS I
b) Ue,max.
Since no fuel is added, air is expanded back to the original velocity, i.e., Ue=U (and
note that the specific thrust =[1 +f]ue-u=O)
I u" = 2110ml s I .tftIr
Implications: The maximum operating temperature represents a significant limitation
on the maximum operating speed of ramjets.
04
2. Ideal Ramjet vs. Turbojet Perlormance
Given: Turbojet and ramjet flying at M=1.5, T
a
=205 K, Pa=11.6kPa
Tu rbojet Tmax=1400 K, Prc=12
Ramjet: Tmax=2500K
Find: a} TSFC of these two engines
b) specific thrust of the two engines
Assume: No aerodynamic losses (all processes reversible and Pe=Pa)
Heating value fuel 45 MJ/kg
Fluid passing through engine always has the properties of air and is
thermally perfect with constant properties (y=1.4, c
p
=1.0 kJ/kgK) constant
throughout engines Ramjet

Analysis:
M
u
a} TSFG, from the definition
T
a
mf
Pa
Pe
t tlma
Turbojet
For our engines, with Pe=Pa, the specific thrust is
M
given by
u u
e
tlma f)ue- u
T
a T
e
Pa
Pe
therefore, TSFC (
1+f Ie
SO we need to find u,/and U
e
for our engines. The flight velocity is the same for both
engines; the fuel-air ratio and exit velocity will be different for each.
u
u M 1.S = 430.S
ml
kgK Is
u
e
T
e
RAMJET
T
04
1 Tmax
From the class notes, we have
T04 ITo - ( 1+ y; 1M 2)
--------'-------- and with
f =
6.h
r
/ C pTa ---: T
04
ITa
02
T
o4
=T
max
we get:
e
f = 2S00K/20SK - (1 +0.2(1 .S)2 ) _---_---------J>
s
4S X 10
3
kJ/(1 kJ X 20SJ -'2S00K/20SK
kg kgK
--
From the notes for an ideal ramjet,
TSFC
From the equation above,
TSFC= 0.051S =S.S7xl0-s_l_1000kgmls2
[(1+0.0SIS)1248-430.S]mls mls kN
= 0 . 0 5 S 7 ~
kNs
T
TURBOJET
i
Tmax
From the class notes for the turbojet
without afterburner, we have
T
04
/T
03
-1
f =---"-'----
fJ.h
r
/ CpT
03
- T
04
/T
03
again with T
04
= TmaA =1400K for the
turbojet). Now we need to find the
temperature exiting the compressor (T
03
)'
For the isentropic compression assumed,
04
03
02
a
s
y-l
= T
02
( P03 J1 with the diffuser exit stagnation temperature given by T
03
P02
y -1 2J 0.4
T
02
=T 1+--M =20SKl.4S=297.3K, so T
03
= 297.3K(12)1.4 =604.7K
a
(
2
"'*'
Inserti ng these val ues into the equation for/above, we get /=0.0182.
From the notes for a perfect (100% efficient) nozzle with no afterburner,
u, ~ 2c
p
T.{-(::5fj.
so we need to find the temperature and pressure entering the nozzle (or exiting
the turbine). To do this we examine the turbine and compressor work
We =W
t
macp (T
o3
- ToJ= rna (1 + f)c p (T
o5
- T
o4
)
and solving for the turbine exit temperature, we get
(T
o3
T
a2
)
T
05
= T
04
- (1 +f)
= 1400K _ 604.7K - 297.3K
1+0.01 82
::: 1098K
To find the pressure exiting the turbine, we use the isentropic relation, and the
fact that our reversible combustor has no stagnation pressure loss,
Then we use the compressor's pressure ratio and the isentropic external
compression to find the pressure exiting the compressor,
P
o
3 ::: P02 Pre
y
::: Pa (1 + Y;1 M
2
)Y-I Pre
Combining these we get,
Inserting this back into our equation for the nozzle exit velocity, we find
u = 2c J J=1116 m .
e
l Pos \ kgK 2.31 s
TSFC
From the TSFC equation, we then have for the turbojet,
,..;-----.......
TSFC = 0.0182 =
[(1+0.0182)1116-430.s]mls kNs
TSFCllIrbojet 0.0258
So in comparison we find ----= =0.44.
TSFCramjet 0.0587
b) Specific Thrust
Comparing the specific thrusts,
'r/malllrbOjet = (1+0.0182)1116-430.5 =0.80.
'rIma '1 (1+0.0518)1248-430.5
rallye
Implications: The turbojet is 2.3 times more efficient than the ramjet at these
conditions, but the turbojet only supplies 80% of the ramjet's specific
thrust. Therefore, it would take a larger turbojet to supply the necessary
th rust. .,w
3. Turbine Cooling with Bleed Air
Given: compressor air bleed used to cool a turbine, with b=fraction of compressor
air passing through turbine blades.
- Find: a) stagnation temperature at the exit of the turbine after bleed reinjection
T
06
=T
06
(Tmax, T
03
, b,f, compressor power/mass flowrate, Cpt).
b) P06= P06(b, f, P05, T0:JT05, T06/T05, P03'/P05, y,).
Assume: gas is calorically perfect; mixing of the bleed air and turbine exhaust
occurs reversibly, mixing is adiabatic
Analysis:
@ ""
Simplified schematic of
turbojet with bleed air
mixing with turbine
exhaust
This is essentially the same problem as Problem Set #2, problem #4a. Instead of
mixing two flows into a single nozzle, we are now mixing the turbine exhaust and the
bleed air. The only major difference is that you also have to determine the
temperature entering th e "mixer" from the tu rbine (i.e., T05). Th is is given by
Then following Problem Set #2, you will get
(1 + f -b)T
05
+bT
03
T - ------------=-
06 - 1+ f
b b Ylm Ylm
P06 = Po 5 [p~
3
J1+f [ To sJ1+f Y1m -1 [ To
6
JY1m -1
Pas T
03
ToS
where Ylm is the specific heat ratio in the region where the two flows mix.