Chapter 5 : Chemical Bonds

ionic bonds ( metal + non metal ) transfer electron covalent bonds ( non metal + non metal ) sharing electron

Formation of Compounds

Different elements that chemically bonded together Octet electron arrangement 8 valence electrons Duplet electron arrangement 2 valence electrons Eg : Compound water is hydrogen & oxygen atoms are chemically bonded together

Stability of Noble Gases

Not gain, lose nor share electrons with other atoms. Do not combine with atoms of other elements Chemically unreactive.

Exist as monoatomic.

Ionic Bonds It is a chemical bond formed from the transfer of electrons from metal atoms to nonmetal atoms Metal atoms donate valence electrons to form positive ions (cations, Mb+) and achieve the stable duplet or octet electron arrangement of the noble gases Non-metal atoms receive electrons to form negative ions (anions, Xa-) and achieve the stable duplet or octet electron arrangement of the noble gases Cations and anions are attracted to each other by strong electrostatic force of attraction Example: Metal Sodium Calcium Lithium + + + + Non-metal > bromine chlorine oxygen nitrogen > > > > Ionic compound Sodium bromide Calcium chloride Lithium oxide Aluminium nitride

Aluminium + Metals Group 1

A lithium atom with an electron arrangement of 2.1 achieves stability after it donates one valence electron to form a lithium ion, Li+. The electron arrangement of the lithium ion, Li+, is 2 with stable duplet electron arrangement. A sodium atom with an electron arrangement of 2.8.1 achieves stability after it donates one valence electron to form a sodium ion, Na+. The electron arrangement of the sodium ion, Na+, is 2.8 with stable octet electron arrangement.

A potassium atom with an electron arrangement of 2.8.8.1 achieves stability after it donates one valence electron to form a potassium ion, K+. The electron arrangement of the potassium ion, K+, is 2.8.8 with stable octet electron arrangement. Group 2 A magnesium atom with an electron arrangement of 2.8.2 achieves stability after it donates two valence electrons to form a magnesium ion, Mg2+. The electron arrangement of the magnesium ion, Mg2+, is 2.8 with stable octet electron arrangement. A calcium atom with an electron arrangement of 2.8.8.2 achieves stability after it donates two valence electrons to form a calcium ion, Ca2+. The electron arrangement of the calcium ion, Ca2+, is 2.8.8 with stable octet electron arrangement. Group 13 An aluminium atom with an electron arrangement of 2.8.8.3 achieves stability after itdonates three valence electrons to form an alumium ion, Al3+. The electron arrangement of the aluminium ion, Al3+, is 2.8.8 with stable octet electron arrangement. Non-metal Group 15 A nitrogen atom with an electron arrangement of 2.5 achieves stability after it accepts three valence electrons to form a nitride ion, N3-. The electron arrangement of the nitride ion, N3-, is 2.8 with stable octet electron arrangement. A phosphorus atom with an electron arrangement of 2.8.5 achieves stability after it accepts three valence electrons to form a phosphoride ion, P3-. The electron arrangement of the phosphoride ion, P3-, is 2.8.8 with stable octet electron arrangement. Group 16 An oxygen atom with an electron arrangement of 2.6 achieves stability after it accepts two valence electrons to form a oxide ion, O2-. The electron arrangement of the oxide ion, O2-, is 2.8 with stable octet electron arrangement. A sulphur atom with an electron arrangement of 2.8.6 achieves stability after it accepts two valence electrons to form a sulphide ion, S2-. The electron arrangement of the sulphide ion, S2-, is 2.8.8 with stable octet electron arrangement. Group 17

A fluorine atom with an electron arrangement of 2.7 achieves stability after it accepts one valence electron to form a fluoride ion, F -. The electron arrangement of the fluoride ion, F -, is 2.8 with stable octet electron arrangement. A chlorine atom with an electron arrangement of 2.8.7 achieves stability after it accepts one valence electron to form a chloride ion, Cl -. The electron arrangement of the chloride ion, Cl-, is 2.8.8 with stable octet electron arrangement. Predict the Formula of an Ionic Compound Cation Mb+ Anion XaFormula of an ionic compound formed, MaXb Formulae for ionic compound Metal atom, M Group 1 Group 1 Group 1 Group 2 Group 2 Group 2 Non-metal Ionic atom, X Group 15 Group 16 Group 17 Group 15 Group 16 Group 17 Compound M3X M2X MX M3X2 MX MX2 MX M2X3 MX3

Group 13 Group 15 Group 13 Group 16 Group 13 Group 17

Some common ionic compound Sodium chloride (NaCl) Magnesium oxide (MgO) Calcium sulphide (CaS) Potassium oxide (K2O)

Magnesium fluoride (MgF2) Structure of ionic compounds The oppositely-charged ions, Mb+ and Xa- are attracted to each other by a strong electrostatic force. It form a rigid 3-dimensional lattice structure Formed crystal. Giant ionic lattice. Berry Important Notes: In the diagram of ionic compound, always shows The outermost shells of all ions must achieve a stable duplet or octet electron arrangement. The charge of each ion must be placed outside the bracket. Label the ions. Covalent Bonds It is a chemical bond formed from the sharing of valence electrons between non-metal atoms to achieve the stable duplet of octet electron arrangement. Each shared pair of electrons is as one covalent bond. It produces molecules. Usually the covalent bonds form between non-metal atoms from Group 15, 16 and 17 and sometimes can be formed from Group 14 (carbon and silicon) and hydrogen. Covalent bond can be formed from atoms of the same element and atoms of different elements. Example: Non-metal + Bromine Nitrogen Carbon + + + Non-metal > bromine nitrogen chlorine > > > Covalent compound Bromine (Br2) Nitrogen (N2) Tetrachloromethane

(CCl4) Hydrogen Hydrogen + + oxygen nitrogen > > Water (H2O) Ammonia (NH3)

Types of covalent bond formed: Single bond = one pair of electrons shared between two atoms. Double bond = two pair of electrons shared between two atoms. Triple bond = three pair of electrons shared between two atoms. Non-metal Group 15 A nitrogen atom with an electron arrangement of 2.5 needs three more electrons to achievestable octet electron arrangement after it contribute (through sharing) three valence electrons to another atom (can be from Group 14, 15, 16, 17). A phosphorus atom with an electron arrangement of 2.8.5 need three more electrons to achieve stable octet electron arrangement after it contribute (through sharing) three valence electrons to another atom (can be from Group 14, 15, 16, 17). Group 16 An oxygen atom with an electron arrangement of 2.6 needs two more electrons to achievestable octet electron arrangement after it contribute (through sharing) two valence electronsto another atom (can be from Group 14, 15, 16, 17). A sulphur atom with an electron arrangement of 2.8.6 need two more electrons to achievestable octet electron arrangement after it contribute (through sharing) two valence electronsto another atom (can be from Group 14, 15, 16, 17). Group 17 A fluorine atom with an electron arrangement of 2.7 needs one more electron to achievestable octet electron arrangement after it contribute (through sharing) one valence electronto another atom (can be from Group 14, 15, 16, 17). A chlorine atom with an electron arrangement of 2.8.7 need one more electron to achievestable octet electron arrangement after it contribute (through sharing) one valence electronto another atom (can be from Group 14, 15, 16, 17).

Predict the Formula of a Covalent Compound Non-metal X atom (valence electron is a) Combine with another non-metal Y atom (valence electron is b)

b = simplest ratio (n) and a = simplest ratio (m)

Formula of a covalent compound formed, XnYm Example: The electron arrangement of atom X is 2.8.6 and atom Y has four valence electrons. Which of the following is the formula of the compound formed between X and Y? (A) Y4X (B) Y2X (C) YX (D) YX2 Solution: X has 6 valence electrons, it needs to share 2 electrons to achieve the stable octet electron arrangement. Y has 4 valence electrons, it needs to share 4 electrons to achieve the stable octet electron arrangement. Therefore, the formula of the covalent compound is X4Y2 = Y2X4 = simplest ratio YX2. Answer: D Some common covalent compound Hydrogen molecule, H2 (single bond) Chlorine molecule, Cl2 (single bond) Bromine molecule, Br2 (single bond) Fluorine molecule, F2 (single bond) Water molecule, H2O (single bond) Nitrogen trifluoride molecule, NF3 (single bond) Tetrachoromethane / carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 (single bond)

Ammonia molecule, NH3 (single bond) Oxygen molecule, O2 (double bond) Carbon dioxide molecule, CO2 (double bond) Nitrogen molecule, N2 (triple bond) Ethyne molecule, C2H2 (triple bond) Structure of covalent compounds Can be simple molecular structure or giant molecular structure. The atoms in the molecule are joined together by strong covalent bond but intermolecular forces are weak by weak van der Waals forces. Berry Important Notes: In the diagram of ionic compound, always shows The outermost shells of all atoms must achieve a stable duplet or octet electron arrangement through sharing. The outermost shells of each atom must overlap. Label all atoms clearly. Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Ionic Compound

Ionic Compound ionic bonding is strong electrostatics forces between the oppositelycharged ions

Covalent Compound
Covalent Compound covalent bonding is strong bonding between the atoms in the molecule Ionic Compound Ions Lost or gained Differences Particles Electron Covalent Compound Molecules Shared Strong (Covalent bond) between the atoms in the molecule. Weak forces of attraction between the molecules (van der Waals forces)

Strong electrostatics Forces forces (Ionic bond) between the oppositely-charged ions arranged in a 3D giant crystal lattice Solid High State Melting point

Gases or volatile liquids Low (Simple molecules)High (Giant molecules)

High

Melting point

Low (Simple molecules)High (Giant molecules)

Non-volatile

Volatility

Very volatile (Simple molecules)Non-volatile (Giant molecules)

Dissolve in water and Solubility in polar solvents Do not dissolve in organic solvent water Solubility in

Do not dissolve in water

Dissolve in organic solvent tetrachloromethane and propanone)

organic solvent (ether, alcohol, benzene,

Conduct electricity in Electricity liquid and aqueous solution (positive and negative ions can move freely). Cannot conduct electricity in solid state (fixed position and cannot move freely). conductor

Cannot conduct electricity in any state (no free mobile ions)

Uses of covalent compounds as solvent Ether solvents in the extraction of chemicals from aqueous solution

Alcohol solvents used to make ink and dye because these solvent are volatile Turpentine dissolved paint CFC (chlorofluocarbons) solvents to clean computer circuits board Propanone remove nail varnish