Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
US‐Mexico border fence
By
Tommaso
Esmanech1
1.
Email:
tom_es@yahoo.com
US‐Mexico
border
fence
2
Abstract
In 2005, US Congress has approved the construction of the US‐Mexico border Fence.
The Border fence is a 2 billion dollar project meant to reduce illegal immigration,
drug and army trafficking, and terrorist threats. In spite of promising results from
the San Diego County border fence the results along the 2000 miles of the US‐Mexico
border don’t show a significant slow down of illegal activities on the US‐Mexico
border. Illegal immigration, drug and army trafficking is a global problem that
United
States
can
not
solve
or
slow
down
by
just
raising
a
wall.
US‐Mexico
border
fence
3
In 2005, Congress mandated to the U.S. Homeland Security the construction of the
border fence along the USA‐Mexican border. The border fence is a 2 billion dollar
project; it has a completion date of December 2008 (Skerry, 2007). The border fence
is expected to stop illegal immigration coming through the US‐Mexico border, to
reduce drug and arm trafficking, and to lower the risk of terrorism. American Civil
Liberty Unions have raised the concern that the border fence is just another “Berlin
Wall” (Skerry, 2007); it will not achieve the objective and severely impact the
territory. Despite high expectation for the border fence, today’s results show only a
slow down and not a solution to the problems affecting the US‐Mexican border.
A two thousand miles long border stretching from San Diego, California to
Brownsville, Texas connects United States and Mexico. Though the relation between
the Mexican immigrants and the USA government and immigration law has been
turbulent and continuously changing. Until World War I people from Mexico could
enter in the USA easily and freely. During the Great Depression of 1930’ the US
border was closed, US Government repatriated Mexican decedents in spite of the
fact that half where already US citizens (Amnesty International, ¶17). With the raise
of World War II the border was open again welcoming Mexican workers into the US
workforce to help sustain the US military and industries. Since the 1950s the
acceptance swing has been going on from expelling immigrant to the 1980
immigration amnesty of the Regan administration. The number of unauthorized
immigrants has risen from 8.5 million in 2000 to 11.8 million in 2007 (Hoefer, &
Rytina & Backer, 2008)
US‐Mexico
border
fence
4
Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
(cited from Hoefer, & Rytina & Backer, 2008)
During the probation period of the 1920s, Congress instituted the Border
Patrol with the objective to stop smuggling via the Mexican border. By the 1950 the
Boarder Patrol had shifted to immigration control and officer number has soared
through the years to respond to the increase number of immigrants, projects and
activities. The border patrol has been experiencing a high‐level of turn over,
according to Mark Kricorian, executive director of the Center for Immigration
Studies (cited in United States border control and the Secure Fence Act of 2006,
2007). In consequence the Border Patrol is under staffed to support the current
control plans and it is able to focus only on certain areas, leaving others unattended
(cited in United States border control and the Secure Fence Act of 2006, 2007).
US‐Mexico
border
fence
5
Country
of
birth
of
the
Unauthorized
Immigrant
Population:
January
2007
country
of
birth
2007
Mexico
6,980,000
El
Salvador
540,000
Guatemala
500,000
Philippines
290,000
China
290,000
Honduras
280,000
Others
2,900,000
Source:
U.S.
Department
of
Homeland
Security.
(cited
from
Hoefer,
&
Rytina
&
Backer,
2008)
As a response to illegal activities the border fence was approved looking back
at the results of a similar structure constructed on the US‐Mexican border in San
Diego California. According to the proposal from Congressman Duncan Hunter of the
52nd District of California the San Diego Boarder fence has been able to reduce illegal
alien apprehensions from “202,000 in 1992 to approximately 9,000 in 2004”(Unites
States. House of Representatives, 2005) in addition according to the FBI Crime
Index, “the crime in San Diego Country dropped by 47.3% between 1989 to
2000”(Unites States. House of Representatives, 2005). The report from
Congressman Duncan Hunter states that drive‐throughs in the region have
decreased significantly from about 10 a day to only 4 in 2004(Unites States. House
of representatives, 2005). These encouraging results have convinced the US
Congress to approve the construction of the border fence along the US‐Mexican
boarder.
In spite of the results of the San Diego border fence, the border fence was
never approved and constructed with the sole objective of immigration control
(Skerry, 2007). The border fence is not a militarized structure. In people’s mind the
border
fence
is
like
a
monolithic
wall
stretching
across
the
border.
In
reality
the
US‐Mexico
border
fence
6
fence is constructed in different ways to address the territory and level of reactivity
of the Border Patrol. The border fence is not constructed directly on the line of the
US‐Mexican border, but it is positioned in the US giving officials the space to make
appropriate maintenance (Skerry, 2007). Lee Bargerhuff, part of the United States
Customers and Border Protection, explains that the border fence structure in an
urban area defers to the structure present in rural areas (cited in United States
border control and the Secure Fence Act of 2006, 2007). In urban areas the Border
Patrol has a short reaction time, while in rural areas the officers have over 90
minutes to react and put in place the appropriate plan (cited in United States border
control and the Secure Fence Act of 2006, 2007). Peter Skerry in his book Foreign
Policy explains that the structure is neither a Berlin Wall nor the Israel’s security
fence: in the US‐Mexico border fence there is not a razor wire to stop potential
terrorists from making the climb (2007). In addition Attorney General Janet Reno
explained that the role of the border control resources is not to fix the cause of the
immigration, drug and weapon trafficking, but it is merely to stop from entering
”(cited in United States border control and the Secure Fence Act of 2006, 2007). The
border fence has the objective to reduce the flow of illegally activities going through
the US‐Mexican border, allowing enough time for Border Patrol to react promptly
with appropriate actions.
The increase security from the border fence comes at a significant cost to the
population living along the border and natural reserve areas. American Civil Liberty
Unions, Amensty International, Counties and Naturalists associations have raised
concerns
and
complain
in
regards
to
the
construction
of
the
border
fence.
US‐Mexico
border
fence
7
Naturalists have raised the concern that the border fence will impact wildlife: the
border fence will prevent smooth and natural migration of animals from the US and
Mexico depriving them of their natural habitat and food supply. Matt Skroch,
executive director of the Sky Island Alliance, a non‐profit organization dedicated to
the preservation of natural refuge areas says, “Animals don’t know about borders,
different countries, languages or visa. So anything that prevents the animals from
moving is gonna be a problem”(2006). Antonio N. Zavaleta, vice‐president and
professor of anthropology at the University of Texas branch in Brownsville, raises
the concerns that the border fence will cut across their campus and wonders if the
passport will be necessary to walk from class to class (Blumenthal, 2007). Further
more some Texas county have filed an appeal to the U.S. supreme court to stop the
construction of the border fence since it violates the 10th Amendment of the
enforce laws neither prohibited by nor delegated to the federal government.
Moreover the border fence is negatively impacting Tohono O’odham Nation,
a tribe of 25,000 people, located in the southern Arizona. Tohono O’odham Nation
have complained that their territory, that also stretches in to Mexico, will be cut in
half by the border fence and it is moving the illegal flows right through their
territory (Morse, R. & Lee. M, 2006). The Tohono O’odham Nation primary concern
is that the fence will impact their culture and habitat; tribal pilgrimage for O’odham
festivity are being impacted by the increase number of border enforcement as an
example the St.Francis festival did not take place in October 2007 (Morse, R. & Lee.
M,
2006).
US‐Mexico
border
fence
8
In addition the O’odham community in Mexico, still part of the O’odham Nation
territory, had its electric power cut off. The O’odham Nation opposes the fence; they
have compared it to a knife cutting off mother earth (Morse, R. & Lee. M, 2006).
Contrary to expectations the border fence has not reduced the drug
trafficking through the US‐Mexico border. In fact, Donni R. Marshall, administrator
of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), reveals that the volume of drug
trafficking continues to increase (cited in drug trafficking on southwest border,
2000). Drug is concealed in vehicles crossing the border or simply tossed across the
border fence. Marshall argues that the DEA does not have resources to follow the
small desperate smuggling attempts and that the solution to a drug trafficking is
global and not just on US‐Mexico border (cited in drug trafficking on southwest
border, 2000).
On the other hand, Rachel Canty, Chief Operating Officer of Secure Border
Initiative part of Department of Homelang Security (DHS), without commenting on
the border fence project, provides a different prospective to the border control
efforts. Rachel Canty states that “in order top stop individuals from entering the
United States illegally, we need a legal avenue to entry, such as the Temporary
Worker Program….We need employers to have reasons to want to comply with the
law”(cited in United States border control and the Secure Fence Act of 2006, 2007).
She explains that the ultimate situation would be when employers would sue a
competitor for unfair competition is using illegal immigrants in their workforce
(cited in United States border control and the Secure Fence Act of 2006, 2007). This
way,
she
continues,
the
solution
of
the
problem
would
shift
from
DHS
to
the
US‐Mexico
border
fence
9
community. DHS recognizes that individuals will continue to try to enter in the
United States in search for a better life cited in United States border control and the
Secure Fence Act of 2006, 2007). The United States will not stop immigration but
they would need to facilitate the process in respect of human rights and US laws.
In contrast, Patrick Buchanan (2007) in his book, State of Emergency
presents the death of the Western culture by the invasion of non‐Westerners. The
author argues that the United states have all the right to protect their boarders
because the Mexican government is not taking appropriate steps to slow down the
wave of immigrants. According to Patrick Buchanan the United States have all the
right to protect their borders and guaranteed the United States security, lifestyle
and standard. Buchanan (2007) writes, “It is not American duty to serve as a safety
value for an endless series of failed Mexican regimes”(p.254). Mexican immigrants
make up the majority of illegal immigrants in the United States; they are looking for
an escape from their life situation in a State of Mexico that does not protect them
from corrupted and abusive police and corrupted government. Only by improving
life standards in Mexico the wave of immigrants would decrease. The border fence is
just the last desperate response to a critical situation.
The US‐Mexico border fence is a huge undertaking in terms of taxpayer
dollars and human resources. According to Homeland Security and DEA personnel
the border fence is not the solution to the illegal activities affecting the area. Further
more the construction is affecting the life of US‐Citizen living on the border. The
truth
of
the
matter
is
that
if
the
Mexico
government
would
be
willing
to
sustain
and
US‐Mexico
border
fence
10
guarantee a similar life to the United Stated there will be less people wanting to
cross the United Stated border and live as illegal alien in search of a better life.
It is a chimera to think that just by building a wall all the problems of the US‐Mexico
border would be solved. The border fence is not the solution and the 2‐billion
taxpayer dollars could have been allocated to revitalize the economy or given to
support law enforcement activities.
US‐Mexico
border
fence
11
References
United States border control and the Secure Fence Act of 2006. (Symposium: Holes in
the Fence: Immigration Reform and Border Security in the United States)
p.569(19). Retrieved December 07, 2008, from Academic OneFile via Gale:
http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=AONE
Skerry, P. (Sept-Oct 2006). How not to build a fence: The United States may soon fortify
its border with Mexico. But what about the fence that is already there? A close look
attitudes toward immigration. Foreign Policy, 156. p.64(4). Retrieved December 07,
http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=AONE
Unites States. House of representatives “ Hunter Proposal for Strategic Boarder Fencing.”
15 December 2005.
http://www.house.gov/hunter/news_prior_2006/fence.amendment.html
Buchanan,Patrick J.. (2007). State of Emergency: The Third World Invasion and
http://books.google.com/books
Hoefer, M., Rytina N., Backer C.B. (September 2008). Estimates of the unauthorized
immigrant population Rrsiding in the United States: January 2007. Retrieved from
US‐Mexico
border
fence
12
http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ois_ill_pe_2007.pdf
Blumenthal, Ralph (2007, June 20). Some Texans fear border fence will sever routine of
daily life. The New York Times. Retrieved on December 10, 2008, from
http://www.nytimes.com
Morse, R., Lee. M (2006, December 24). Fence in the sky – Border wall cuts through
native land. New America Media. Retrived on December 09, 2008 from
http://news.newamericamedia.org
Amnesty International (n.d.). Human rights concerns in the border region with Mexico.
Caldwell, A. Alicia (2008, December 10). Texas county files appeal to stop border fence.
Turner, Margo (2000, April 17). Drug trafficking on southwest border. Media Monitors