A SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON UTTAR PRADESH POWER CORPORATION LIMITED 220 KV SUBSTATION SAROJINI NAGAR, LUCKNOW

A Summer training Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology In Electrical & Electronics Engineering By Syed Raza Quamber Rizvi KU Roll No.- 3509552

TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION &RESEARCH INTEGRATEDINSTITUTE (A Constituent College of KURUKSHETRA University) KURUKSHETRA 136118, HARYANA, INDIA JULY- AUGUST 2012

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Summer training has an important role in exposing the real life situation in an industry. It was a great experience for me to work on training at UTTAR PRADESH POWER COOPERATION LIMITED through which I could learn how to work in a professional environment.

I would like to thank the Director of our college Mrs. DIMPLE JUNEJAfor giving this wonderful opportunity in the form of this training that helped me enhance my practical technical skills.

I would take this opportunity to thank Er.S.K.GUPTA,HOD of EEE Dept. for his effort to guide me even though he had so much work load.

Now, I would like to thank the people who guided me and have been a constant source of inspiration throughout the tenure of my summer training.

I am sincerely grateful to Er. MOHD QUAMBER ,Asstt. Er. (T&C) at 220KV substation, SAROJININAGAR LUCKNOW, who rendered me his valuable assistance, constant encouragement and able guidance which made this training actually possible.

I wish my deep sense of gratitude to Er. HANUMAN PRASAD, Asstt. Er.(Operation & Maint.)at 220KV substation,SAROJININAGAR LUCKNOW, whose affectionate guidance has enabled me to complete this training successfully..

Syed Raza Quamber Rizvi

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INTRODUCTION
220 KV /132 KV/ 33KV Substation Sarojininagar, LUCKNOW is the one of oldest and important Substation of U.P.Power Corporation Ltd. commissioned in 1977. This Substation feeds power to almost 40% area of state capital at different voltage levels. Almost 1,75, 000 MWH power exported from this S/S monthly on different voltage levels.

This Substation is situated in Sarojininagar area on Kanpur Road approximately 14 Kms. from Lucknow Junction Railway Station. This Substation has 4 voltage levels namely 220KV, 132 KV, 33KV & 11KV. At 220 KV voltages level this S/S import Power from 2x240MVA T/Fs at 400 KV S/S situated adjacent to this S/S. Also UNCHAHARThermal Power Plant exports power to this S/S and is the major power exporter for this S/S.

At 220 KV Voltage Level there are 5 transmission lines namely 220 KV Gomtinagar, 220KV Rai-Bareli, 220 KV Unnao I, 220Kv Unnao II& 220 KV Hardoi Road.

Also there are 3 nos. Power Transformer having capacity 2x100MVA+1x160 MVA with voltage ratio of 220KV/132KV. They takes power from 220 KV bus and delivers at 132 KV to 132 KV Bus. These transformers are running at 70% loading in normal conditions. At 132 KV Voltage level there are 8 nos. transmission lines which transfer the power at this voltage level to various 132KV S/S namely 132 KV SGPGI, 132 KV TRT, 132 KV Unnao, 132 KV Sandila and 132 KV Railway. Also there are 2x40 MVA T/Fs having voltage ratio 132KV/33KV connected from 132 KV Bus and delivers power to 33 KV bus. . There are 3shifts for the operation purpose of Substation round the clock. Each shift consists of 1 No. Junior Engineer and 2 Nos. Sub Station Operator for data logging and operation of Equipments. Also there is adequate strength of maintenance personnel for attending the fault and its rectification.

The Substation operation is controlled and looked after by Assistant Engineer (Operation), and maintenance is looked after by Assistant Engineer (Maintenance).

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POWER SECTOR OF INDIA

The power sector constitutes the backbone of our economy. Adequate Electrical Power with a high degree of reliability and quality is the key to our economic growth. The economic growth rate of 8-9% on a sustained basis is necessary for India to meet the aspirations of its people for reasonably good quality of life. Development of basic infrastructure is an essential prerequisite to sustain this growth. Keeping in view the central position of power sector in the domain of infrastructure, the government of India has set the objective of providing access to uninterrupted quality power supply at affordable costs to all by the year 2012. The responsibility for translating this version into reality vests with the power sector and particularly the power distribution sector functionaries.

In the last 20 yrs. the Indian power sector has witnessed tremendous growth in size and capacity. Our current installed capacity for power generation exceeds 125,000 MW and

the aim is to increase it to 2, 12,000 MW by the year 2012. However in spite of such massive expansion, the power sector in India has not been able to match the rapidly growing demand for reliable and cost effective supply. Demand for power has continued to grow at a compound annual rate of about 8% and has completely outstripped the supply leading to an ever widening gap. The power sector faces many challenges today in its march towards meeting its goal of power to all.

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DETAILS OF A TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION (ItsEquipments and brief description):

FIGURE:- OVERVIEW OF SUBSTATION

An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricitygeneration, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps. A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the current, while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the current

for domestic and commercial distribution. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. The first substations were connected to only one power station where the generator was housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station Outdoor Substations are used for all voltage levels from 33 to 765 kV. They are built outside cities, usually at points along the cross-country lines of bulk transmission systems. They comprise switchgear like circuit breakers, isolators, instrument transformers, power transformers, surge arrestors and bus bars. The control and protection equipment is housed in central buildings or in small switching bay oriented containers in the switchyard 4|Page

Elements of a substation
Substations generally contain one or more transformers, and have switching, protection and control equipment. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short-circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for protection of branch circuits. Substations do not (usually) have generators, although a power-plant may have a substation nearby. A typical substation will contain line termination structures, high voltage switchgearone or more power transformers low voltage switchgear, surge protection, controls, grounding (earthing) system, and metering. Other devices such as power factor correction capacitors and voltage regulators may also be located at a substation.

Distribution substation:A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the high-voltage main transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a value suitable for local distribution. The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 33kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 0.4 and 11kV depending on the size of the area served and the practices of the local utility. The feeders will then run overhead, along streets (or under streets, in a city) and eventually power the distribution transformers at or near the customer premises.

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Besides changing the voltage, the job of the distribution substation is to isolate faults in either the transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations may also be the points of voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits (several km/miles), voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the line. Complicated distribution substations can be found in the downtown areas of large cities, with high-voltage switching, and switching and backup systems on the low-voltage side. More typical distribution substations have a switch, one transformer, and minimal facilities on the low-voltage side.

FIGURE:- LINE-DIAGRAM OF ANNOTATED POWER FLOW

A typical one-line diagram with annotated power flows. Red boxes represent circuit breakers, grey lines represent three-phase bus and interconnecting conductors, the orange circle represents aelectric generator, the green spiral is an inductor, and the three overlapping blue circles represent a double-wound transformer, with a tertiary winding.

In power engineering, aone-line diagram or single-line diagram is a simplified notation for representing a three-phasepower system. The one-line diagram has its largest application in power flow studiesElectrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformers, capacitors, bus bars, and conductors are shown by standardized schematic symbols. Instead of representing each of three phases with a separate line or terminal, only one conductor is represented. It is a form of block diagramgraphically depicting the paths for power flow 6|Page

between entities of the system. Elements on the diagram do not represent the physical size or location of the electrical equipment, but it is a common convention to organize the diagram with the same left-to-right, top-to-bottom sequence as the switchgear or other apparatus represented. The theory of three-phase power systems tells us that as long as the loadson each of the three phases are balanced, we can consider each phase separately. In power engineering, this assumption is usually true (although an important exception is the asymmetric faultand to consider all three phases requires more effort with very little potential advantage. A one-line diagram is usually used along with other notational simplifications, such as the per-unit system

Elements of a substation in detail:Instrument transformers Purpose:The voltage transformers and current transformers continuously measure the voltage and Current of an electrical system and are responsible to give feedback signals to the relays to enable them to detect abnormal conditions. The values of actual currents in modern Distribution systems vary from a few amperes in households, small industrial/commercial houses, etc. to thousands of amperes in power plants, national grids, etc., which also depend on the operating voltages. Similarly, the voltages in electrical systems vary from few hundreds of volts to many kilo volts. However, it is impossible to have monitoring relays designed and manufactured for each and every distribution system and to match the innumerable voltages and currents being present. Hence the voltage transformers and current transformers are used which enable same types of relays to be used in all types of distribution systems ensuring the selection and cost of relays to be within manageable ranges. The main tasks of instrument transformers are: To transform currents or voltages from usually a high value to a value easy to

handle for relays and instruments. To insulate the relays, metering and instruments from the primary high-voltage

System. 7|Page

To provide possibilities of standardizing the relays and instruments, etc. to a

few rated currents and voltages. Instrument transformers are special versions of transformers in respect of measurement of current and voltages. The theories for instrument transformers are the same as those for transformers in general.

Basic theory of operation:The transformer is one of the high efficient devices in electrical distribution systems, which are used to convert the generated voltages to convenient voltages for the purpose of transmission and consumption. A transformer comprises of two windings viz., primary and secondary coupled through a common magnetic core. When the primary winding is connected to a source and the secondary circuit is left open, the transformer acts as an inductor with minimum current being drawn from the source. At the same time, a voltage will be produced in the secondary open-circuit winding due to the magnetic coupling.

When a load is connected across the secondary terminals, the current will start flowing in the secondary, which will be decided by the load impedance and the open-circuit secondary voltage. A proportionate current is drawn in the primary winding depending upon the turns ratio between primary and secondary. This Principle of transformer operation is used in transfer of voltage and current in a circuit to the required Values for the purpose of standardization.

A voltage transformer is an open-circuited transformer whose primary winding is connected across the main electrical system voltage being monitored. A convenient proportionate voltage is generated in the secondary for monitoring. The most common voltage produced by voltage transformers is 100120 V (as per local country standards) for primary voltages from 11KV to 800 kV or more. However, the current transformer is having its primary winding directly connected in Series with the main circuit carrying the full operating current of the system. An Equivalent current is produced in its secondary, which is made to flow through the relay Coil to get the equivalent measure of the main system current. The standard currents are Invariably 1 A and 5 A universally. 8|Page

Current transformer:

FIGURE:- CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Current Transformer:In electrical engineeringa current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current transformers are also known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the primary circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry.

DESIGN:Like any other transformer, a current transformer has a primary winding, a magnetic core, and a secondary winding. The alternating currentflowing in the primary produces a magnetic field in the core, which then induces current flow in the secondary winding circuit. A primary objective of current transformer design is to ensure that the primary and secondary 9|Page

circuits are efficiently coupled, so that the secondary current bears an accurate relationship to the primary current. The most common design of CT consists of a length of wire wrapped many times around a silicon steel ring passed over the circuit being measured. The CT's primary circuit therefore consists of a single 'turn' of conductor, with a secondary of many hundreds of turns. The primary winding may be a permanent part of the current transformer, with a heavy copper bar to carry current through the magnetic core. Window-type current transformers are also common, which can have circuit cables run through the middle of an opening in the core to provide a single-turn primary winding. When conductors passing through a CT are not centered in the circular (or oval) opening, slight inaccuracies may occur. Shapes and sizes can vary depending on the end user or switchgear manufacture. Typical examples of low voltage single ratio metering current transformers are either ring type or plastic molded case. High-voltage current transformers are mounted on porcelain bushings to insulate them from ground. Some CT configurations slip around the bushing of a highvoltage transformer or circuit breaker, which automatically centers the conductor inside the CT window.

FIGURE:- CONNECTIONS OF THREE-PHASE WIRES

Current transformers used in metering equipmentfor three-phase400 ampere electricity supply The primary circuit is largely unaffected by the insertion of the CT. The rated secondary current is commonly standardized at 1 or 5 amperes. For example, a 4000:5 CT would 10 | P a g e

provide an output current of 5 amperes when the primary was passing 4000 amperes. The secondary winding can be single ratio or multi ratio, with five taps being common for multi ratio CTs. The load, or burden, of the CT should be of low resistance. If the voltage time integral area is higher than the core's design rating, the core goes into saturationtowards the end of each cycle, distorting the waveform and affecting accuracy.

POTENTIAL TRANSRORMER
Voltage transformers:Voltage transformers (VTs) or potential transformers (PTs) are another type of instrument transformer, used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have a precise voltage ratio to accurately step down high voltages so that metering and protective relay equipment can be operated at a lower potential. Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated for 69 or 120 Volts at rated primary voltage, to match the input ratings of protection relays. The transformer winding high-voltage connection points are typically labeled as H1, H2 (sometimes H0 if it is internally grounded) and X1, X2, and sometimes an X3 tap may be present. Sometimes a second isolated winding (Y1, Y2, Y3) may also be available on the same voltage transformer. The high side (primary) may be connected phase to ground or phase to phase. The low side (secondary) is usually phase to ground. The terminal identifications (H1, X1, Y1, etc.) are often referred to as polarity. This applies to current transformers as well. At any instant terminals with the same suffix numeral have the same polarity and phase. Correct identification of terminals and wiring is essential for proper operation of metering and protection relays. While VTs were formerly used for all voltages greater than 240V primary, modern meters eliminate the need VTs for most secondary service voltages. VTs are typically used in circuits where the system voltage level is above 600 V. Modern meters eliminate the need of VT's since the voltage remains constant and it is measured in the incoming supply.

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Capacitive-Coupled Voltage Transformer:The capacitive-coupled voltage transformer (CCVT) is primarily a capacitance voltage divider and electromagnetic VT combined. Developed in the early 1920s, it was used to couple telephone carrier current with the high-voltage transmission lines. The next decade brought a capacitive tap on many high-voltage bushings, extending its use for indication and relaying. To provide sufficient energy, the divider output had to be relatively high, typically 11 kV. This necessitated the need for an electromagnetic VT to step the voltage down to 110 V. A tuning reactor was used to increase energy transfer.

As transmission voltage levels increased, so did the use of CCVTs. Its traditional low cost versus the conventional VT, and the fact that it was nearly impervious to Ferro resonance due to its low flux density, made it an ideal choice.

It proved to be quite stable for protective purposes, but it was not adequate for revenue metering. In fact, the accuracy has been known to drift over time and temperature ranges. This would often warrant the need for routine maintenance. CCVTs are commonly used in 132- to 400-kV systems.

Improvements have been made to better stabilize the output, but their popularity has declined.Another consideration with CCVTs is their transient response.

When a fault reduces the line voltage, the secondary output does not respond instantaneously due to the energy-storing elements. The higher the capacitance, the lower is the magnitude of the transient response.

Another element is the Ferro resonance-suppression circuit, usually on the secondary side of the VT.

There are two types, active and passive. Active circuits, which also contain energy-storing components, add to the transient. Passive circuits have little effect on transients.

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The concern of the transient response is with distance relaying and high-speed line protection. This transient may cause out-of-zone tripping, which is not tolerable.

High-voltage circuit breakers:-

FIGURE:- HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER ON TRANSMISSION LINE

Electrical power transmission networks are protected and controlled by high-voltage breakers. The definition of "high voltage" varies but in power transmission work is usually thought to be 72,500 V or higher, according to a recent definition by the International Electro Technical Commission. High-voltage breakers are nearly always solenoid operated, with current sensing protective relays operated through current transformers. In substation the protection relay scheme can be complex, protecting equipment and busses from various types of overload or ground/earth fault. High-voltage breakers are broadly classified by the medium used to extinguish the arc.

Bulk oil Minimum oil Air blast SF6

Some of the manufacturers are ABB, AREVA, Cutler-Hammer, Mitsubishi Electric, Pennsylvania Breaker,Scheinder electric,Siemens and others.

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Circuit breaker can be classified as "live tank", where the enclosure that contains the breaking mechanism is at line potential, or dead tank with the enclosure at earth potential. High-voltage AC circuit breakers are routinely available with ratings up to 765,000 volts. High-voltage circuit breakers used on transmission systems may be arranged to allow a single pole of a three-phase line to trip, instead of tripping all three poles; for some classes of faults this improves the system stability and availability

Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) high-voltage circuit-breakers:High-voltage circuit-breakers have greatly changed since they were first introduced about 40 years ago, and several interrupting principles have been developed that have contributed successively to a large reduction of the operating energy. These breakers are available for indoor or outdoor applications, the latter being in the form of breaker poles housed in ceramic insulators mounted on a structure. Current interruption in a high-voltage circuit-breaker is obtained by separating two contacts in a medium, such as SF6, having excellent dielectric and arc quenching properties. After contact separation, current is carried through an arc and is interrupted when this arc is cooled by a gas blast of sufficient intensity. Gas blast applied on the arc must be able to cool it rapidly so that gas temperature between the contacts is reduced from 20,000 K to less than 2000 K in a few hundred microseconds, so that it is able to withstand the transient recovery voltagethat is applied across the contacts after current interruption. Sulphur hexafluoride is generally used in present high-voltage circuit-breakers (of rated voltage higher than 33 kV). In the 1980s and 1990s, the pressure necessary to blast the arc was generated mostly by gas heating using arc energy. It is now possible to use low energy spring-loaded mechanisms to drive high-voltage circuit-breakers up to 800 kV.

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Isolator switch:An isolator switch is part of an electrical circuit and is most often found in industrial applications; however they are commonly fitted to domestic extractor fans when used in bathrooms in the UK. Isolator switches may be fitted with the ability for the switch to padlock such that inadvertent operation is not possible. In some designs the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems where both end of the circuit need to be isolated. Major difference between isolator and circuit breakers is that isolator is an off-load device, whereas circuit breaker is an on-load device. Standards in some countries for safety may require either local motor isolators or lockable overloads (which can be padlocked) Basically, in substation, isolators are of three types:1. Tendom isolator. 2. Isolator with earth switches (bus isolator). 3. Line isolator.

Lightening Arresters:Lightening Arresters or Surge Arresters are always connected in Shunt to the equipment to be protected; they provide a low impedance path for the surge current to the ground. Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders so that to prevent the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very dangerous to the instruments used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any damage lightening arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If some lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the earth. In any substation the main important is of protection which is firstly done by these lightening arresters. The lightening arresters are grounded to the ground so that it can pull the lightening

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to the ground. The lightening arresters work with an angle of 30 to 45 making a cone.

FIGURE:- LIGHTING ARRESTERS

Wave trap:1. Wave trap is a parallel tuned inductor - capacitor 'tank' circuit made to be resonant at the desired communication frequency. It is the effort to utilize the same transmission line between two substations for the purpose of communications. At this communication frequencies the tank ckt provides high impedance and does not allow to pass through them & onto the substation bus & into transformers. 2. Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU). This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily teleportation signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals. Line trap also is known as Wave trap. 16 | P a g e

What it does is trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU). This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals. The Line trap offers high impedance to the high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation bus bars. If there were not to be there, then signal loss is more and communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.

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DESIGN INFORMATION OF TRANSFORMER

Principle of operation: Introduction:

Figure 1- Transformer Transformer is a static piece of apparatus which converts electrical energy from one voltage to another. As the system voltage goes up, the techniques to be used for the design, construction, operation & maintenance also becomes more & more critical.

TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION:
The techniques used in the design & construction of high voltage Transformers vary from manufacturer. The transformers used in s/s are of core type construction with windings placed concentric to the core. The active parts of the transformers consist of core & windings.

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CORE:
Core is manufactured from lamination of Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Silicon Steelwhich gives very low specific loss at operating flux densities. Joints of the laminations are designed such that the electromagnetic flux is always in the direction of grain orientation. The core clamping structure is designed such that it takes care of all the force produced in the windings in the event of any short circuit. The core is 3 Phase, 3 limbdesigns.

WINDINGS:
Windings are made from paper insulated copper conductors. Parallel conductors are transposed at regular intervals throughout the winding for ensuring equal flux linkage & current distribution between strands. Disc construction is adopted for the high voltage windings to ensure uniform distribution of impulse voltages. Insulation spacers in the windings are arranged such that oil is directed through the entire windings for ensuring proper cooling. The disposition of windings from core is CORE LV HV Tap.

COOLING:
For ONAN cooling oil flows through the winding and external radiators units attached to the tank by Thermos phonic effect. Radiator cooler units consist of pressed steel sheet radiators mounted directly on the tank. ONAF cooling is achieved by providing adequate number of fans.

TANK & COVER:

Tank & Cover are manufactured by welding steel plates and suitable for withstanding full Vacuum and positive pressure of 1 atmosphere. Cover is bolted to tank at the curb location. Construction of the tank and cover are such that these can be transported By Road /Waterways as per customer specification.

CONSERVATOR:
Conservator is provided to take care of the expansion and contraction of transformer oil which takes place during normal operation of the transformer. A separate compartment in the main conservator is provided for the On Load Tap changer oil. Magnetic

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oil level gauge is fitted on the main conservation which can give alarm in the event of the oil level falling below the pre-set levels due to any reason.

PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE:

A device for oil pressure relief for the transformer tank and cooling system is fitted with a trip relay. The pressure relief device allows for the rapid release of excessive pressure that may be generated in the event of a serious fault. A pressure relief device is a spring loaded device which provides rapid amplification of its actuating force.

GAS & OIL ACTUATED (BUCHHOLZ) RELAY:

Gas & oil actuated relay is fitted in the feed pipe from the expansion vessel to the tank for collection of gas generated in the oil. A pre-set volume of gas collection in the relay, or an oil surge towards the expansion vessel will cause the alarm or trip contacts to operate respectively. In the event of serious oil loss from the transformer, both alarm and trip elements operate. In the pipe connection between On Load Tap changer and its oil expansion vessel an oil surged relay is fitted. This relay operates on the principle of oil surge impinging on a flap causing operation of the mercury switch connected to the trip circuit. Gas actuated alarm switch is eliminated because the gas generated during normal tap changing operation will give unnecessary alarm.

SILICAGEL BREATHER:
Expansion and contraction of oil cause breathing action. Any humidity in the air breathed is absorbed by the silicagel dehydrating breather. An oil seal in the air intake prevents external moisture being absorbed when no breathing occur. The breather container is filled with silicagel crystals. It is arranged such that the air breathed must pass through it. The desiccant is impregnated with cobalt chloride and when the silica gel crystals are fully active, they are deep blue color. If color changes to a whitish pink, they are then saturated with moisture and the container should be replaced by a new reactivated one.

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The amount of silica gel required is dependent upon the quantity of oil in the transformer, the load cycle and the atmospheric conditions on site. The last two conditions are difficult for the transformer manufacturer to access so that a periodic inspection of the indicator should be made for safe operation.

WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATORS:

The winding temperature relay indicates the winding temperature of the transformer and operates the alarm, trip and cooler control contacts. Winding temperature of the transformer indicator consists of a sensor bulb placed in an oil filled pocket in the transformer tank cover. The bulb is connected to the instrument housing by means of two flexible capillary tubes. One capillary is connected to the measuring bellow of the instrument and the other to acompensating bellow. The measuring system is filled with a liquid which changes its volume with rising of temperature. The instrument is provided with a maximum temperature indicator. The heating resistance is fed by a current transformer associated to the loaded winding of the transformer. The increase in the temperature of the resistance is proportionate to that of the winding. The sensor bulb of the instrument is located in the hottest oil of the transformer, therefore, the winding temperature indicates a temperature of hottest oil plus the winding temperature rise above hot oil,i.e. the hotspot temperature.

BUSHINGS :
The winding connection passes from the windings to terminal bushings. Terminal bushing up to 36KV class, are normally of plain porcelain and oil communicating type. Bushings of 52KV class and above are of oil impregnated paper condenser type. The oil inside the condenser bushings will not be communicating with the oil inside the transformer. Oil level gauge is provided on the expansion chambers of the condenser bushings.

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ON LOAD TAP CHANGER:

Transformer is provided with on load tap changer. Tap changing can be designed for changing the taps in following modes:a) Manually from Local Motor Drive unit. b) Manually from Remote. The on load tap changing will be a self contained unit housed in the main transformer tank. This consist of a diverter unit and a selector unit. In selector unit, termination will be made. Since some amount of arching takes place during the switching operation from one tap to other, the oil inside the diverter unit will deteriorate faster..

CONTROL & MONITORING SYSTEM:

Load control and monitoring of the cooler, alarm and trip circuit are provided out at the marshalling box. Local Tap Changer control is provided at the Drive Mechanism.

DESIGN INFORMATION: Instrument list with Functions: SI.

1)

Description
Buchholz Relay

Function
Provided with alarm & trip contacts to protect the transformer from surges and any internal faults.

2)

Oil Surge Relay

Provided with trip contact to transformer and tap changer from any abnormal surges during tap change.

3)

Magnetic Oil Level Gauge (Main Conservator)

To indicate oil level in conservator and give alarm if oil is minimum. To indicate the winding temperature. Provided with contacts to switch ON/OFF cooling fans and also provided with alarm and trip contacts.

4)

Winding Temperature Indicator (WTI)

5)

Oil Temperature Indicator (OTI)

To indicate the top oil temperature. Provided with alarm & trip contacts. To indicate the excessive Pressure in case of fault rapidly and instantaneously.

6)

Pressure Relief Device (PRD)

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List of Alarm & Trip Set Points:

Sr. No
1) 2) 3)

Description

Alarm

Trip

Buchholz Relay Oil Surge Relay Magnetic Oil Level Gauge ( Main Conservator)

Pre-Set Not applicable Pre-Set

Pre-Set Pre-Set Not applicable

4)

Magnetic Oil Level Gauge (OLTC Conservator)

Pre-Set

Not applicable

5)

Winding Temperature Indicator (WTI)

100 C

110 C

6)

Oil Temperature Indicator (OTI)

85 C

95C

7)

Pressure Relief Device

Not applicable

Pre-Set

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TRANSFORMERS
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle. When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, thetransformer is called step up transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
Power transformer Instrument transformer Auto transformer On the basis of working On the basis of structure

POWER TRANSFORMER:

Figure-Power Transformers Types of power transformer: 1 Single phase transformer 2 Three phase transformer

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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:

Fig:- Instrument Transformers

a) Current transformer b) Potential transformer

AUTO TRANSFORMER:

Fig - Auto Transformer

a) Single phase transformer b) Three phase transformer

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ON THE BASIS OF WORKING

1Step down: Converts high voltage into low voltage. 2 Step up: Converts low voltage into high voltage.

ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE

Figure - core type

Figure - Shell type

SPECIFICATION OF C.T. USED IN 220KV SUB STATION, SAROJININAGAR,LUCKNOW

Figure -Current transformer 26 | P a g e

SPECIFICATION:
1

Standard: IS-2785 Highest System Voltage: 145 KFrequency: 50Hz C.T. Current: 25 KA/1Sec. Rated primary current: 800 Ampere

2 3 4

SUBSTATIONS

Figure 4.1View of substation

The present day electrical power system is A.C.i.e. electrical power is generated, transmitted & distributed in the form of the alternating current. The electric power is produced at power plant stations which are located at favorable places generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission 7 distribution. At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of electric supply. This accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. For example; generation voltage (11 KV or 33 KV) at the power station is set up to high voltage (say 220 KV or 132 KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose in the substation.

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Similarly near the consumers localities, the voltage may have to be step down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. The assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power supply is called substation. The two most ways to classify substation are:-

TYPES OF SUBSTATION 1 According to the service requirement:

1 Transformer substation 2 Switch substations 3 Power factor correction substations 4Frequency change substation 5 Converting substation 6 Industrial substations

2 According to the constructional features:

1 Indoor substation 2Outdoor substations 3Underground substations 4Pole mounted substation 1TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION

Figure - Transformer substation 28 | P a g e

They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main component employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed served transformer substations may be classified into:

STEP UP SUBSTATION
The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in transmission of electric power. These are generally located in the power houses and are of outdoor type.

PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage level to 66KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is generally of outdoor type.

SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS
At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV. The 11KV lines runs along the important road of the city. The secondary substations are also of outdoor type.

DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
These substations are located near the consumers localities and step down to 400V, 3-phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two phases is 400V & between any phase and neutral it is 230V.

SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS:

Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does not necessarily result in loss of supply.

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A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.

3A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit. Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows circuit breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit

STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION:

The First Step in designing a Substation is to design an Earthing and Bonding System.

Earthing and Bonding:

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system connection to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order to pass the maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical damage occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation and maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipotent bonding such that there are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation. In designing the substation, three voltages have to be considered these are:

Touch Voltage:
This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the potential at earthedequipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure.

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Step Voltage:
This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with his feet while not touching any other earthed equipment.

Mesh Voltage:
This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the earthinggrid.

Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

Calculations for earth impedances touch and step potentials are based on site measurements of ground resistivity and system fault levels. A grid layout with particular conductors is then analyzed to determine the effective substation earthing resistance, from which the earthing voltage is calculated. In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for substation earth grid calculation purposes. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient margin such that expansion of the system is catered for. To determine the earth resistivity, probe tests are carried out on the site. These tests are best performed in dry weather such that conservative resistivity readings are obtained.

Earthing Materials
Conductors:
Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The copper bars themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square millimeters, and they are laid at a shallow depthof 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In addition to the buried potential earth grid, a separate above ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all metallic substation plant is bonded.

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Connections:
Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered because the heat generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail. Joints are usually bolted, and in this case, theface of the joints should be tinned.

Earthing Rods:
The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the dissipation of earth faultcurrents and further reduce the overall substation earthing resistance. These rods are usually made ofsolid copper, or copper clad steel.

Switchyard FenceEarthing:
The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by different utilities. These are as follows:Extend the substation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The fence is thenbonded to the grid at regular intervals. Place the fence beyond the perimeter ofthe switchyard earthinggrid and bond the fence to its own earthing rod system. This earthing rod system is not coupled to the main substation earthing grid.

CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN:

An ideal conductor should fulfill the following requirements: Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time currents. Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces comprise self weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit forces and atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading. Should be corona free at rated voltage. Should have the minimum number of joints. Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.

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Should be economical. The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel

may be used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion.

In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and these include: Flat surfaced Conductors, StrandedConductors, and Tubular Conductors

Overhead Line Terminations

Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation. Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings Tensioning conductors to ground winches. The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the substation.

The following clearances should be observed:

VOLTAGE LEVEL

MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE

less than 66kV

6.1m

66kV - 110kV

6.4m

110kV - 165kV

6.7m

greater than 165kV

7.0m

Table 1 Clearance in accordance with voltage value

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POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Introduction:

PLCC (POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION)

Reliable & fast communication is necessary for safe efficient & economical power supply. To reduce the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the interconnected grid system in optimum working condition; to coordinate the operation of various generating unit communication network is indispensable for state electricity board.

In state electricity boards, the generating & distribution stations are generally located at a far distance from cities. Where P & T communication provided through long overhead lines in neither reliable nor quick.

As we have available very reliable physical paths viz. the power lines, which interconnected, hence power line carrier communication is found to be most economical and reliable for electricity boards.

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APPLICATIONS:
The PLCC can be used for the following facilities: 1 Telephony 2 Teleprotection 3 Remote control or indication 4 Telemetry 5 Teleprinting

PRINCIPLE OF PLCC:
The principle of PLCC is the simple one: All type of information is modulated on carried wave at frequency 50Hz to 500 KHz. The modulated HF carrier fed into the power line conductor at the sending end and filtered out again at the respective stations. Long earlier system double side band amplitude modulation was more common but the present amplitude modulated system.

Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of energy on the high voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they cannot be directly connected to high voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling equipments have therefore to be employed which will permit the injection of high frequency carrier signal without undue loss and with absolute protection of communication equipments or operating personal from high voltage hazard. Therefore, the coupling equipment essentially comprises the following:

Wave trap or line trap:

Wavetrap is connected in series with power line between the point of connection of coupling capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible impedance to HF carrier. Wave trap stands electromechanically and thermally for short circuit current in the event of fault on the line. On the basis of blocking frequency bank, the wave trap can be following type: ALL WAVE SINGAL FREQUENCY DOUBLE FREQUENCY BROAD BAND

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Coupling capacitor:
The modulated carrier is let into power line through coupling capacitor specially designed to with stand line voltage under all weather condition. The upper end of the coupling capacitor is connected directly to the line and the lower end is connected to the ground through a carrier frequency chock coil or drain coil. Thus coupling capacitor forms the link between the PLCC equipment and power line. The coupling capacitor used in UPSEB is 2200pf capacitance.

The coupling capacitor are designed for outdoor use and hence to withstand normal atmospheric phenomenon such as temperature & humidity changes, rain, snow, anticipated wind load, nominal wire tension etc. at full rated voltage. In some case capacitive voltage transformers (CVT) used as a source of line voltage for metering and protection as also used coupling capacitor for PLCC.

Protective Device of Coarse Voltage Arrester:

This is connected across the primary of the coupling filter i.e. one end is connected to the bottom of the coupling capacitor and other end is earthed. This is provided to protect the coupling filter against line surges. An air gap is provided, where voltage of the order of 1.8 to 2KV as observed across due to lighting etc. on line.

Coupling of Filter:
The coupling filter is inserted between the low voltage terminal of the coupling capacitor and the carrier frequency connection of the carrier terminal. Some time an earth switch is also provided with this unit. This unit mainly performs two functions; firstly it isolates the connection of equipment from the power line. Secondly it serves to match characteristic impedance of the power line to that of the H.F. cable to connection equipments.

H.F. Cable:
H.F. cable normally used to connect the coupling filter to another coupling terminal. The cable is insulated to withstand the test voltage of 4KV. The impedance of this H.F. cable is so as to match with the output of the PLCC terminal and secondary impedance of coupling filter.

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TYPES OF COUPLING:
The following three types of coupling are being used in UPSEB depending on the requirement: Phase to ground coupling Phase to phase coupling Internal coupling

BUSBARS

Figure - Typical representation of bus bars

When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus bars are made up of copper rods operate at constant voltage.

The following are the important bus bars arrangements used at substations: Single bus bar system Single bus bar system with section alisation. Duplicate bus bar system In large stations it is important that break downs and maintenance should interfere as little as possible with continuity of supply to achieve this, duplicate bus bar system is used. 37 | P a g e

Such a system consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar with the help of bus coupler, which consist of the circuit breaker and isolator.

In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator operates under no load condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity. In some cases isolators are used to breaking charging currents or transmission lines.

While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing a circuit the isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on supply side of circuit breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for the purpose of maintenance.

INSULATORS
The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the current to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of insulator is porcelain.

There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator etc.) and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement. For example, post insulator is used for bus bars.

A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to the cap.

Figure - Insulators used in substations 38 | P a g e

With the advantage of power system, the lines and other equipment operate at very high voltage and carry high current. The arrangements of switching along with switches cannot serve the desired function of switchgear in such high capacity circuits. This necessitates employing a more dependable means of control such as is obtain by the use of the circuit breakers. A circuit breaker can make or break a circuit either manually or automatically under all condition as no load, full load and short circuit condition. A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts can be opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of the system, the trip coils of breaker get energized and the moving contacts are pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit. When contacts of a circuit breaker are separated, an arc is struck; the current is thus able to continue. The production of arcs are not only delays the current interruption, but is also generates the heat. Therefore, the main problem is to distinguish the arc within the shortest possible time so that it may not reach a dangerous value. The general way of classification is on the basis of the medium used for arc extinction.

Figure -Circuit breaker arrangements

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Circuit breakers
They can be classified into: 1Oil circuit breaker 2Air-blast circuit breaker 3 Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6) 4 Vacuum circuit breakers

Note:SF6 and Vacuum circuit breaker are being used in 132KV distribution substation. Oil Circuit Breaker

Figure - Oil circuit breaker A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to prevent a restrike of the arc. The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.

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Air blast circuit breaker Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi break constructions, simple assembly, modest maintenance are some of the main features of air blast circuit breakers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver. The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc furnaces, where the breaker operates repeatedly.

Air blast circuit breakers are used for interconnected lines and important lines where rapid operation is desired.

Figure -Air blast circuit breaker

High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/ cm2 stored in the air reservoir. Air is taken from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on the reservoir with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted on the top of the hollow insulator chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three arc extinction chambers to each other in series and the pole to the neighboring equipment. Since there exists a very high voltage between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction chambers assembly is mounted on insulators.

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SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the contacts are opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to flow towards the arc interruption chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to let through these holes.

Figure- SF6 Circuit breaker In such circuit breaker, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc quenching medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The SF6 circuit breakers have been found to a very effective for high power and high voltage service. SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KV, power rating 10 MVA.

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Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Figure - Vacuum circuit breaker

Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and high voltage circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers, vacuum circuit breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing through it, thereby preventing fires, power surges, and other problems which may emerge. These devices have been utilized since the 1920s, and several companies have introduced refinements to make them even safer and more effective.

Rating of 132 KV SF6 circuit breaker:

Breaking current: 50A Making capacity: 80KA Total break time < 60msec Rated short circuit breaking current: Symmetrical: 31.5 KA Asymmetrical: 36.86 KA Rated duration of short circuit current: 3sec Rated nominal current: 1250 A Rated voltage: 145 KV Rated SF6 gas pressure: 6 KG/CC

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METERING AND INDICATION EQUIPMENT RELAY:

Figure - Relay

In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly detected and disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic protective gear. The relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.

The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency, current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the current flowing in the line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy current flow through the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes the trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty section from the rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from the damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the system. Basically relay work on the following two main operating principles:

Electromagnetic attraction relay

2Electromagnetic induction relay

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Relays used in control panel of the substation; DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:

Figure - Differential Relay

A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two or more electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater than the pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section.

OVER CURRENT RELAY:

Figure Overcurrent Relay 45 | P a g e

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined value. The actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer.

These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the either direction. This relay operates when phase to phase fault occurs.

DIRECTIONAL RELAY:

Figure-Directional Relay

This relay operates during earth faults. If one phase touch the earth due to any fault. A directional power relay is so designed that it obtains its operating torque by the interaction of magnetic field derived from both voltage and current source of the circuit it protects. The direction of torque depends upon the current relative to voltage.

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TRIPPING RELAY:

Figure - Tripping Relay This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main relay sense any fault in the system, it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the faulty section from the section.

AUXILIARY RELAY:

Figure-Auxiliary Relay An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.

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MISCELLANOUS EQUIPMENT:
CAPACITOR BANK:

Figure -Capacitor bank The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which increases the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low power factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take lagging currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current, resulting in additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply system from engineering and economical stand point it is important to have power factor as close to unity as possible. In order to improve the power factor come device taking leading power should be connected in parallel with the load. One of the such device can be capacitor bank. The capacitor draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the lagging reactive component of load current.

Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations:

1 2 3 48 | P a g e Supply reactive power Increases terminal voltage Improve power factor

FUSE:Figure Substation Fuse

A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive current through it for sufficient time. It is inserted in series with the circuit under normal operating conditions; the fuse element is at a nature below its melting point. Therefore it carries the normal load current overheating. It is worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both detection and interruption functions.

BUS COUPLER:Figure - bus coupler

The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator. Each

generator and feeder may be connected to either main bus bar or spar bus bar with the help of bus coupler. Repairing, maintenance and testing of feeder circuit or other section can be done by putting them on spar bus bar, thus keeping the main bus bar undisturbed. Bus coupler is a device which is used switch from one bus to

the other without any interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. It is achieved with the help of circuit breaker and isolators.

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PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION:

Transformer protection:
Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed. Therefore chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This provides adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faults.

Conservator and Breather:

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing it above the level of the top of the tank. Breather is connected to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as it spoils the insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil air is drawn in or out through breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride. Silica gel is checked regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.

Marshalling box:
It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and winding of main tank. If temperature of oil or winding exceeds than specified value, relay operates to sound an alarm. If there is further increase in temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to open the circuit breaker controlling the transformer.

Transformer cooling:
When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the removal of heat is called cooling.

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There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:

Air natural cooling:

In a dry type of self cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding air is used for its cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small transformers.

Air blast cooling:

It is similar to that of dry type self-cooled transformers with two addition that continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for better cooling. A fan produces the blast.

Oil natural cooling:

Medium and large rating has their winding and core immersed in oil, which act both as a cooling medium and an insulating medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed to the oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from the bottom of the cooling tank.

Oil blast cooling:

In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of transformers immersed in oil.

Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling:

Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling plant. Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.

Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling:

In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water heat exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat exchanger.

CONCLUSION
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Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life. We are made aware of how the transmission of electricity is done. We too came to know about the various parts of the Substation system.

The Uttar Pradesh Cooperation Limited has got radio communication in microwave range in order to transmit and receive data with various Substations in Uttar Pradesh to get reliable transmission and distribution of electricity.

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References

1. www.wikipedia.com

2. www.yahooanswers.com

3. www.encyclopedia.com

4. www.worldbook.com

5. www.encyclopediadramatica.com/ BOOKS 6. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM By : C.L.WADHWA 7. GENERATION DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
By: C.L.WADHWA

8. MODERN POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS By:D.P.KOTHARI& NAGRATH

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