Lecture 03

Amplitude Modulation - 2
Chapter 04

Amplitude Modulation: Vestigial Sideband (VSB)

The generation of SSB signals is rather difficult in practice To produce SSB signal from DSB signal ideal filters should be used to split the spectrum in the middle so that the bandwidth of bandpass signal is reduced by one half The generation of DSB signals is simple, but DSB signals require twice the signal bandwidth of SSB q g Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation was designed to provide a compromise between DSB and SSB
18/11/2012 2

Lecture 03

Vestigial Sideband (cont)

In VSB instead of rejecting one sideband completely, we j g p y do a gradual cutoff of one sideband It can be detected with a synchronous detector in conjunction with an appropriate filter at the receiver output If a carrier is sent along the transmission the VSB can transmission, be recovered by an envelope or a rectifier detector

18/11/2012

Vestigial Sideband (cont)

Generation of VSB is done by multiplying m(t) by 2cos(wct) and applying this signal to a filter Hi(w)

18/11/2012

Lecture 03

Vestigial Sideband (cont)

Because the VSB is not a SSB, the bandwidth is 25 to 33% larger only, but it also makes the band-pass filter band pass easier to realize

18/11/2012

Vestigial Sideband (cont)

The VSB signal spectrum is given by

VSB (w) = [M (w + wc ) + M (w wc )]H i (w)

Where Hi(w) is VSB shaping filter, which allows the transmission of one sideband and suppresses the other sideband gradually

18/11/2012

Lecture 03

Vestigial Sideband (cont)

We can recover the message by using synchronous demodulation Multiply the incoming VSB signal by 2cos(wct)

18/11/2012

Vestigial Sideband (cont)

The product e(t) is given by

e(t ) = 2VSB (t ) cos wc t

= [2m(t ) cos wc (t ) hi (t )]2 cos wc (t )

= 4m(t ) cos 2 wc (t ) 2hi (t ) cos wc (t )

= [2m(t ) + 2m(t ) cos 2 wc (t )] 2hi (t ) cos wc (t )

= [2m(t ) 2hi (t ) cos wc (t )] + [2m(t ) cos 2 wc (t ) 2hi (t ) cos wc (t )]

18/11/2012

Lecture 03

The Fourier Transform of e(t)

E (w) = M (w)[H i (w + wc ) + H i (w wc )] +
High Frequency Terms g q y

[M (w + 2wc ) + M (w 2wc )][H i (w + wc ) + H i (w wc )]

Low pass filter will block high frequency component and we will be left with E (w ) M (w ) = [H i (w + wc ) + H i (w wc )]

M (w) = E (w)H o (w)

Where

H o (w ) =

1 , [H i (w + wc ) + H i (w wc )]

w 2B
9

18/11/2012

Spectrum of Hi(w) and Ho(w)

18/11/2012

10

Lecture 03

18/11/2012

11

VSB application in TV

18/11/2012

12

Lecture 03

Linearity of Amplitude Modulation

In all types of AM discussed before, linearity is satisfied k1m1 (t ) + k 2 m2 (t ) produces the modulated signal k11 (t ) + k 2 2 (t ) The modulation system following the superposition theorem of spectra is known as linear modulation system
The theorem states that the sideband spectrum of a multiple tone AM signal is equal to the sum of the sideband spectrum of the individual tone modulation.

18/11/2012

13

Carrier Acquisition
In SC transmissions, we have to generate a carrier with the same frequency and phase that the carrier at the transmitter. Consider the case of DSB-SC where a received signal is

DSB SC (t ) = m(t ) cos c t

and the local carrier is

2 cos[( c + )t + ]
therefore we have errors in frequency and phase
18/11/2012 14

Lecture 03

Carrier Acquisition (cont)

The product of the received signal and the local carrier is

e(t ) = [m(t ) cos c t ] [2 cos(c + )t + ]

= m(t ){cos[( )t + ] + cos(2 c + )t + }

After the LPF we have

eo (t ) = m(t ){cos[( )t + ]}

18/11/2012

15

Carrier Acquisition (cont)

Lets consider two cases. First = 0 In this case eo (t ) = m(t ){cos[ ]} The output is proportional to m(t) because the factor is a constant The output is maximum when =0 and minimum (zero) when =/2 Thus this kind of phenomenon only Thus, attenuates the output without adding distortion Unfortunately delta is not constant. This may occur for example because of variations in the propagation path.
18/11/2012 16

Lecture 03

Carrier Acquisition (cont)

Now consider the second case In this case

= 0, 0

eo (t ) = m(t ) cos( )t

The output is distorted as well, the output is m(t) multiplied by a low frequency oscillation. This beating is catastrophic even for a small frequency

18/11/2012

17

Carrier Acquisition (cont)

To ensure identical carrier frequencies at the emitter and receiver we can use crystal oscillators Other method is to send a carrier or pilot at a reduced level along with the sidebands. Then is filtered at the receiver with a very narrow filter

18/11/2012

18

Lecture 03

Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

The PLL can be used to track the phase and frequency of the carrier component of an incoming signal. It is then useful for synchronous demodulation of AM signals with suppressed carrier or with a pilot PLL has three basic components:
A VCO or Voltage Controlled Oscillator A multiplier, serving as a phase detector or a phase comparator a loop filter H(s)

18/11/2012

19

Phase Locked Loop (cont)

18/11/2012

20

10

Lecture 03

Phase Locked Loop (cont)

PLL works just like feedback system, the signal fed back tends to follow the input signal to minimize the error. The quantity to compare is the phase in this case The VCO oscillates linearly with the input voltage

(t ) = c + ceo (t )
Where c is a constant and wc is the free running frequency of the VCO. This is the one when the input signal is zero
18/11/2012 21

PLL Operation
Let the input to the PLL be A sin ( c t + i ) Let the output of VCO be B cos( c t + o ) The multiplier output x(t) will be

x(t ) = AB sin( c t + i ) cos( c t + o )

= AB [sin( i o ) + sin( 2 c t + i + o )] 2

18/11/2012

22

11

Lecture 03

PLL Operation (cont)

The filter is a low pass narrow filter therefore the error signal is
eo (t ) =
=

AB [sin( i o )] 2
AB sin( e ) 2

Where e is the phase error, which is linear for small error

18/11/2012 23

PLL Operation (cont)

We have two cases: Input frequency changes or phase changes If input frequency is increased, the input changes to

A sin (( c + k )t + i )

= A sin ct + i

Where i = kt + i Thus the increase in frequency causes i to increase thereby increasing e which in turn increases input voltage to the VCO
18/11/2012 24

12

Lecture 03

PLL Operation (cont)

The VCO increases the frequency because the input voltage increased to match the increase in the input frequency If the input frequency decreases the same reasoning applies The PLL tracks the input sinusoid. The two signals are said to be phase coherent or in phase lock

18/11/2012

25

PLL Operation (cont)

A PLL tracks the incoming frequency only over a finite range of frequency shift. This range is called the hold-in hold in or locks range The frequency range over which the input will cause the loop to lock is called the Pull-in or Capture range

18/11/2012

26

13

Lecture 03

Carrier Acquisition in DSB-SC

Si Signal Squaring Method lS i M th d Costas Loop

18/11/2012

27

Signal Squaring Method

This method is explained in the following block diagram
x(t ) = [m(t ) cos wc t ] =
2

1 2 1 m (t ) + m 2 (t ) cos 2 wc t 2 2

The squarer output will be

x(t ) = [m(t ) cos wc t ] =

2

1 2 1 m (t ) + m 2 (t ) cos 2wct 2 2

Now m2(t) is a non negative signal and therefore has non zero average value in contrast to m(t)
18/11/2012 28

14

Lecture 03

Signal Squaring Method (cont)

Let the average value, which is the dc component of m2(t)/2, be k then 1 2 m (t ) = k + (t ) 2

Where t is a zero mean baseband signal minus its dc component

()

x(t ) =

1 2 1 m (t ) + m 2 (t ) cos 2 wc t 2 2

=
18/11/2012

1 2 m (t ) + k cos 2wc t + (t ) cos 2 wc t 2

29

Costas Loop

18/11/2012

30

15

Lecture 03

Superhetrodyne AM Receiver

18/11/2012

31

Why IF
At very high frequencies, signal processing circuitry performs poorly It is difficult to build amplifiers, filters, and detectors that can be tuned to different frequencies It is also used to improve frequency selectivity

18/11/2012

32

16

Lecture 03

Announcement
Sec 4.8 (Superheterodine) AM receivers & 4.9 (Television) Self t d 4 9 (T l i i ) S lf study Submit Project Abstract in First Class Next Week Another Quiz from complete AM portion can be taken any time un-announced SECOND OHT is Approaching
18/11/2012 33

17