CDPD Service

Liu ShuPing Feng Yue

Content
Content........................................................................................................... 1 Abstract.......................................................................................................... 3 1 Current Situation Of Mobile Data Communications ................................ 3 1.1Circuit-switched cellular technology ................................................... 3 1.2 Packet-switched cellular technology .................................................. 3 1.3 Cellular Digital Packet Data technology.............................................. 4 1.4 Key Point: What is CDPD?................................................................... 4 2 History Of CDPD ......................................................................................... 4 2.1 The History of the AMPS...................................................................... 4 2.2 The history of CDPD............................................................................. 6 2.3 The History of CS-CDPD. ..................................................................... 7 3 Features of CDPD ...................................................................................... 7 3.1 Number Of Users Allowed .................................................................. 7 3.2 CDPD Packet Switched Transmission............................................... 8 3.3 Channel Hopping................................................................................. 8 3.4 TCP/IP Based ....................................................................................... 9 3.5 Dedicated Channels ............................................................................ 9 3.6 Base Station Broadcast Parameters................................................ 10 3.7 CDPD Transmission Rate ................................................................. 10 3.8 Encryption and security.................................................................... 10 3.9 Access control and congestion ....................................................... 10 3.10 CDPD Availability In North America................................................ 11 4 CDPD Network Components .................................................................. 11 4.1 MDBS (Mobile Data Base Station)..................................................... 12 4.2 A Interface - Air Interface ................................................................... 12 4.3 MDIS (Mobile Date Intermediate System) ......................................... 13 4.4 IS (Intermediate System).................................................................... 14 4.5 CDPD ES.............................................................................................. 14 4.6 E Interface ........................................................................................... 17 5 CDPD Network Service ........................................................................... 17 6 Comparison with GPRS In Chinese Operators Points View ................ 19 7 Attractiveness And Problems Of CDPC In America Market At The Service Beginning ......... 22 8 Business Of CDPD In American Market ................................................. 24 8.1 The CDPD Business Of AT&T............................................................ 24 8.2 The CDPD Business In Latin America .............................................. 26 9 CDPD Applications................................................................................. 27 10 CDPD In Chinese Market........................................................................ 29 10.1 Development History Of CDPD In China Mainland ........................ 29 10.3 Development History Of CDPD In China Hong Kong .................... 30 10.4 The Relation Between CDPD And Other PLMN Network In China In Expected Future.. 31 10.5 Data Networks Entering Before CDPD In Chinese Market. ........... 33 10.6 CDPD Service License In China ...................................................... 34 10.7 Impact Of WTO To CDPD Service ................................................... 34 10.8 Current CDPD Operators In China .................................................. 35 10.9 China CDPD Forum. ........................................................................ 36 10.10 CDPD Equipments Vendors In Chinese Market .......................... 37 11 Application Of Wireless ATM on CDPD In China ................................. 40 12 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 44 1

13 Abbreviation........................................................................................... 44 14 References: ............................................................................................. 44

Abstract
This paper mainly talks about the CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) technology which is popular in North America, Latin America and Asian Pacific countries. In our essay, it is more about what I understand this system, its perspective, development, business case, solution, comparison with other current technologies. The technical detail should be also included here, because to a certain extent its advantages and disadvantage are related with its technical aspects. In my opinion, a technologys success is the factors combination of market driven and technology driven both. In our essay, I mean all these aspects should be specially woven with the contents what I am talking here. 1 Current Situation Of Mobile Data Communications Currently, mobile data communication services have developed significantly. Now, mobile data communication services are realized by several switching technologies. The most popular network technologies used are:

1.1

Circuit-switched cellular technology It carries data transmission through communication channels

transparently provided by the existing mobile phone networks, such as TACS, AMPS, GSM, CDMA. Data transmission is realized by special cellular modems among traditional cellular phone networks. The advantages are coverage and application choices. However, the disadvantages are lower transmission reliability and channel usage.

1.2

Packet-switched cellular technology Each data grams are encapsulated and sent packets individually. Each user terminal is equipped with a modem, by getting access into a packet-switching network via the dedicated base station. It can access the main host, database on the network, call for another terminal in the network. Packet switched has high transmission reliability, but its transmission transmission. speed is lower compared with circuit switched

1.3

Cellular Digital Packet Data technology Device for processing data packets is equipped with conventional cellular phone networks, and share the network resource with the analog system, so that cellular network provides data services and voice services simultaneously.

1.4

Key Point: What is CDPD? CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) is a wide-area network enabling the transmission of packet data across the cellular networks. A CDPD network is designed to operate as an extension of existing TCP/IP data communication network via wireless means. It is a packet switch digital data service built on the top of AMPS, CDPD obtains an idle 30KHz channel and transmits data frames at 19.2kbps. CDPD was standardized for data transmission over wireless cellular telephone networks, such as those using the analogy AMPS system widely available in North America.

CDPD shares the same radio frequency channel with AMPS cellular network on the air interface. Its own infrastructure for piggyback transmission over AMPS is required, which can separate its data transmission and AMPS speech transmission. Obviously, we can get the conclusion, this CDPD was totally invented for America. When manufactures invested they did not think CDPD from points of view multi compatibility and international telecommunication systems.

2 History Of CDPD
2.1 The History of the AMPS. Before we talk about the history CDPD, it is necessary to review the history of the AMPS which is the mother of CDPD. AMPS is an analogy standard, which means that one speech service connection occupies

one radio frequency bandwidth, but not time. In England AMPSs twin brother is called TACS. It is MCS-L1 Japan. AMPS was the result of extensive research by the pioneering Bell Labs in 1960s and 1970s.

Only until 1983, the AMPS network was widely implemented in North America, even though it was originally developed in the 1960s. Its first commercial service were available in 1983, then spread over most middle and big city in America within a few years, after the FCC bureau in USA allocated spectrum of the 800 MHz, issued licenses for the AMPS system in Chicago and Washington, D.C.

Why 800 MHz? It was a compromise. It was also why CDPD uses this band.

Lower frequencies had been occupied by FM and TV systems. Higher frequencies were deemed too unreliable (information loss due to weather conditions, multi path fading, etc.) with existing technology that time.

AMPS was the first widespread wireless mobile telephone system, getting rid off the cumbersome and power interferencing transmitters and receivers in the network coverage area with a constellation of dozens or hundreds of small transceivers. AMPS runs at very low power compared with previous analogy wireless systems which were mainly dedicated small scale network.

AMPS has been remarkably successful. In the 1960s, Bell Lab was already satisfied with one million expected subscribers in North America by the year 2000. However, the true number exceeds 50 million. AMPS, an analogy system, is the oldest North American public mobile telephony technology. AMPS cellular networks will continue to play an important wireless role for years coming. With vast investment on the AMPS, it will be so difficult for AMPS operators to throw it away.

At the same time, AMPS faces hard competition from other more advanced digital mobile system like GSM and CDMA.

2.2

The history of CDPD. Based on AMPS (Advanced Phone System) invented by Bell labs, CDPD is developing. We could say, without AMPS, we do not need to mention CDPD.

In 1991, CDPD patents were filed by 3 IBMers (Miller, Moore, Pate, IBM Boca Raton).

In 1992 North American companies, AT&T, MGcaw, BAM, SW Bell, North Telecom, Ameritech provided 1000,000us$ each as a fund to process a offer packet data service. In 1993, the first version of standard of CDPD came into view. In 1994, in America, the first CDPD experimental network run. The second season same year, the telecommunication giants, wireless and radio branch of AT&T announced they were founding on plan of CDPD service which is totally customized in United States and also covered the whole area at as soon as possible. Following that, most American countries select CDPD to offer packet data service.

The CDPD Forum was founded in April 1994 to provide a more structured way for companies involved in CDPD to work together. The CDPD Forum was responsible for the CDPD standardization specification release. The forum did contribute a lot for the development of CDPD, especially the compatibility between different manufactures. According the statistical records from the CDPD forum, there are about 50 metropolitans areas in America providing this service by the top 39 biggest operators, totally about 21 manufactures have signed alliance of CDPD with agreements of promising to provide compatible equipment.

With significant needs of the wireless data business, a more international organization, Wireless Data Forum was born. It is dedicated to promoting the benefits of wireless data to end user communities, the telecommunications industry, the media, and the information technology industry. Wireless Data Forum takes place of CDPD Forum, which embraces all wireless data technologies, related matters, and a wider variety of members.

2.3

The History of CS-CDPD. CS-CDPD is an enhanced version wireless data service of CDPD developed in 1995 by GTE and the CDPD Forum (now called the Wireless Data Forum) and released publicly in February of 1997. It allows carriers to extend their CDPD coverage to anywhere cellular phone service is available. Stemming from the need to fill in current gaps in CDPD networks today, this new service was implemented to provide a mobile data communications system that uses cellular phone circuits and works with the CDPD network.

Currently GTE is the only cellular carrier in America to offer a fully deployed CS-CDPD network. GTE began this roll-out in the Indiana area but now provides American nationwide coverage through a 1800 number. Markets and Applications of CS-CDPD should be met to those requiring a large amounts of data, with the conditions that setup time is not an issue, and seamless cellular data access is needed across several geographical areas. CS-CDPD offers a solution to areas lacking CDPD coverage. Rather than deploying further CDPD base stations to expand coverage areas, carriers can make use of their existing circuit-switched cellular infrastructures.

3 Features of CDPD
3.1 Number Of Users Allowed The CDPD system data link has a maximum capacity it can support. Because the air link is the factor of limiting the resource of the network. So 7

the 19.2 kbps maximum throughput of CDPD limits the number of frames sent over the channel. CDPD radio data link can support dynamic number of users. 3.2 CDPD Packet Switched Transmission We know CDPD operates over AMPS analogy cellular telephone network. Its almost equal competitors of European standard are HSCDS, EDGE and GPRS, especially the latter. CDPD is fully digital, which uses the GMSK modulation to encode data. As AMPS voice call service has, the radio frequency used is 824-894 MHz. Actually the main theory behind of additional revenue earned is that CDPD uses the short blank spaces between the AMPS voice calls, which results in improving the resource efficiency. CDPD users send the data packet oriented on radio channels within a sector, when they are not currently used by the AMPS voice call. So we can say CDPD provides a packet switched technology. Unlike the circuit switched service, CDPD service reuses the unused voice channel by hopping technology. 3.3 Channel hopping On the air link, CDPD uses the idle capacity by the configuration of sniff and hop. Two types of hopping come. Planned channels hopping: It occurs at a given time that the CDPD specifies. CDPD network management function configures Base Station to use a specific channel only for a given period and then it must capture another radio channel in a round-robin fashion. It is also the BSs task to direct the users modem to the new channel to be used for CDPD activity. Forced channels hopping: When a cellular activity voice activity is detected on a channel that it is currently used for CDPD service. The CDPD BS will change to another frequency channel where there is no CDPD speech service is using. This is helpful to avoid the interference between the CDPD and AMPS speech service. CDPD system uses

both hopping. However, even the hopping is in progress, like other modern mobile service, it is transparent to the users. Otherwise, the CDPD service will be unbearable for the mobile users. 3.4 TCP/IP Based At the beginning when the mobile wireless data services enter into the market. Most of them (like ARDIS and Mobitex /RAX ) have their own proprietary protocols differing from each other. That time, probably it is easier for them to develop their technology under their technical system. But from nowadays opinion, it is not so wise to be isolated from the generally admitted standards. For example, ARDIS uses standard non-compatible from TCP/IP. It goes without saying that it needs protocol translation which costs extra hardware, cost, slow speed and less reliability, when connecting to the Internet. Todays one character of the wireless data service is Internet oriented. CDPD service is pretty clever in this sense because it is targeted to connect to the internet. So TCP/IP based system is the best choice for CDPD no matter in market term or technical term. This is also part of the success of reason of CDPD in market. 3.5 Dedicated Channels CDPD was originally targeted to infrequent services like telemetry and credit authorized applications, because it does not need that much resource with limited amount of users expectation. At the beginning, the most CDPD system carried the traffic with normal speech service priority. With expansion of the CDPD service in business, quickly it became obviously shared channels are not enough in busy period. So the CDPD system reserves some channels in CDPD cells to serve for the specified data traffic. Those are dedicated channels. Even though, many people think it was just a technical transition, I think it is a sign of the success of CDPD service since it has been launched to the market. The very fast increasing revenue of this service can at most verify that the decision was so wise, even though the latter channel arrangement

results in the money loss in AMPS speech service. From another aspect, it also proves the increasing needs of wireless data. 3.6 Base Station Broadcast Parameters All the CDPD Base Stations broadcast parameters regularly in order that all the CDPD devices could know the necessary information. It can help them to find all channels available in the visiting cells and neighbor cells, hand over and channels hopping. The idea behind is like GSM, the broadcasting parameters include Threshold and threshold limits. Available channel lists. Evaluation frequency. Signal strength change values. 3.7 CDPD Transmission Rate CDPD raw transmission rate is 19.2kbps. However, if error control overhead is not considered, the actual throughput is only 12kbps on a so called clean and lightly loaded channel. In order to increase the throughput, it also compresses protocol overhead. Actually reason of compressing the protocol over head is also because part of CDPD users needs. CDPD does not need the TCP/IP conversion for Internet connectivity. Further, it even compresses the IP protocol overhead, increasing the throughput make the frequency bandwidth efficiency higher. 3.8 Encryption and security CDPD is publicly used, so all data transferred between CDPD modem and MD-IS (Mobile Data Intermediate System) must be encrypted by RSA algorithms. However, the data beyond the MD-IS is not encrypted, they are like normal internet traffic unless the end users require that. 3.9 Access control and congestion

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CDPD uses the DSMA-CD (digital sense multiple access, collision detect) as its access control and congestion means. It is like the normal Ethernet CSMA-CD (carriers sense multiple access, collision detect). Before a device sends its data, it will sense to see whether the channel is busy. If not busy, the device will send the data. However, If another device does it at approximately, a data collision will occur. So the sending device needs to wait a random time to try again. The CDPD defines MAC (Media Access Control) protocol which manages the function of DSMA-CD. In order to avoid that a device occupies a channel for too long time, the MDBS can set a maximum time for a device accessing to a channel, in general for single CDPD transmission, it can only hold a radio channel for 1 second. CDPD can allow a maximum of 64 blocks or 385 bits each in a single transmission. For the flexibility of transmission, the actual limit is set by a parameter controlled by MDBS. 3.10 CDPD Availability In North America Since we can say North America is the birthplace of CDPD service, it is available for the majority of population in North America. Even though there is no single nationwide CDPD service there, most major metropolitan areas are covered and the roaming agreements are made between operators.

4 CDPD Network Components

CDPD operates as an overlay on top of the AMPS network. Thus for implementing the CDPD, only 4 main subsystems in the CDPD network, ES, MDBS, MD-IS, and IS are needed. The CDPD backbone network is Figure 1.

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Fig.1 4.1 MDBS (Mobile Data Base Station) Mobile Data Base Station, it connects internet to M-ES. So we can say it provides function of relaying. It is responsible for air interface control, radio frequency management and automatic radio hopping. From logic point of view, a MDBS connects many M-ES on a particular channel on a given time, which is called Channel Stream. It is a point to multi-points connection. Within each cell, a Channel Stream is uniquely identified by the Channel Stream Identifier (CSI). Here, we need to talk the up link and down link. CDPD is full duplex, so it can support two directions at the same time. On down link channels, the MDBS sends the data to all M-ES listening on the channels. However, on up link channels, the MDBS can serve for several M-ES depending on the data traffic and QOS specified. 4.2 A Interface - Air Interface The interface between the Mobile End Station and cell site equipment MDBS. In general, it is possible to adopt the system capacity, also it is possible put more components as system capacity needs to be enlarged. Also it

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provides the function of wireless diversity in order to improve the Radio Reception. I think this is quite same as the GSM system and TACS system which also use the diversity for compensating the Raleigh Fading. And this tricky is also chosen by the other data service based GSM system. So compared with them, in this sense, CDPD does not have advantages. 4.3 MDIS (Mobile Date Intermediate System) It uses the powerful computers and internetworking technology to deal with requests from the CDPD network also connected with other MDIS. It includes two functional parts of Packet Server and Admin Server. The Admin Server can select the Centralized Control or Decentralized Control, it is up to the operator. So we can say it is very flexible. This is also one reason that can be attractive to the operators implementing this service. in the Decentralized Control, Admin Server and Packet Server are controlled by their own processes automatically, using the twice-backing up (in certain countries called redundant equipment. Most new coming technicians just think this will provide reliability, actually they only answer one point of the question. It also can offer the capability of service uninterruption during the update of the Software. Now in general, the Admin Server and Packet Server are based the foundation of the TCP/IP or OSI reference model. MDIS controls the MDBS using high speed of 64kbps dedicated channel, the geographical factor of the each cell will be used to decide which MDIS it belongs to. All these are quite like the GSM system, except CDPD does not have some elements which can match the BSC. In the GSM system, the BSC will care the radio exchange, setting up the radio channels for the traffic and for signaling to MSC. In CDPD, it integrates this function to the MDIS whose function can partially match the MSC in the GSM system. It results in bringing more load to the MDIS and also it is not easy to use same concept like the LAI which we can be found in the GSM system. Some books do not agree there are MSC typed elements existing in the CDPD, but in my opinion I think the MDIS should take same responsibility

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as MSC in the GSM system. MDBS hold the role between the M-ES and MDIS. MDIS is the only network element which knows the M-ES mobility in the system, it means MDIS uses a specific protocol-MNLP to exchange the location information in order to find the accurate location of the M-ES in the network. 4.4 IS (Intermediate System) CDPD is an IP based system. CDPD backbone network is construed by the IS. Actually they are the routers. It provides the connectionless data grams service. According to the IP address, it can provide the function of addressing. Mainly the IS uses the protocol specified by network layer. Network layer functions provided within the CDPD network is used to communicate with each other. When the data grams are transmitted, there must be a path determined, if interconnected elements called IS. So we can easily recognize that a IS is a router, to a certain extent. 4.5 CDPD ES Not in a strict sense, CDPD subscribers use two kinds of ES (End System), Mobile End System (M-ES) and Fixed End System (F-ES) to access CDPD network. In order to manage easily, the CDPD system separates them. M-ES is somehow like a wireless portable PC which can travel from one cell to another, communicate with CDPD network via MDBS. No matter M-ES or M-FS, when they send or receive data, Network Entity Identifier (NEI) is their global unique identity. The CDPD specification in essence permits any M-ES to transmit at one of eight power levels. Device known as Class I is allowed to transmit from level 7 (lowest power, 6mW) to level (highest power, 4000mW). However, many modems are not capable of transmitting at the highest level, eg.1 or 0. The class III in general can only transmit at level 2.

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Differing from a normal cellular handset, CDPD terminal transmitting power is controlled by the MDBS. M-ES sets the transmitting power by applying a formula defined in the CDPD specification. In our paper we just want to introduce the CDPD service on surface, so deep explanation is not necessary. F-ES Fixed End Systems: Traditional external data applications. Simply speaking the F-ES is whatever network environment/resource the user is attempting to make available to mobile access via CDPD. External F-ES are administered by CDPD subscribers. Internal F-ES are administered by the CDPD operators such as AT&T. The F-ES could be the directory services database. It is important to realize that the F-ES is not required to be aware of mobility issues in any way whatsoever. As such, an F-ES should be able to connect to a CDPD network with absolutely no modifications. In general, the CDPD subscribers are nomadic. Their CDPD terminals are call Mobile End System (M-ES). CDPD services are widely used, which can be implemented for personal Internet surf, remote measurement, wireless credit card payment. Different M-ES match CDPD wide applications. However, it is not so implement each function of the service one kind of terminal. M-ES manufactures category 3 types of M-ES which can cover all the CDPD applications. The 3 types of M-ES are categorized on their physical ports. PCMCIA Port Type: Mainly for Notebook with PCMCIA slots. As in Figure 2.

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Figure 2 RS-232(DB-9) Port Type: Mainly for normal PC, Single Chip Machine with serial port. As in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Dedicated Terminal Type: It integrates the computer with wireless modem, like wireless POS. As in Figure 4.

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Figure 4 The former two types CDPD M-ES need to connect wireless modem when CDPD service is accessed. The latter one does not need so. 4.6 E Interface External Interface: The interface connecting a non-CDPD network with a CDPD network. Typicall, a leased line connects a User's fixed end system (F-ES) to a CDPD service provider.

5 CDPD Network Service

CDPD includes a number of mechanisms to manage the air link and provide the data service over it. The mechanisms are Media Access Control (MAC), Mobile Data Link Protocol (MDLP) and Sub network Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP). The service includes Compression of packet header and the information transmitted to reduce time used over air link. Allow the connection of many users on the same cellular radio channel at the same time. Error correction of data while sent to over the air link. Encryption of data while transmitted over the air link. Tracking movements of users from one cell to another cell.

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Delivery of properly-sequenced data between user applications over air link. Multicast air link: A company can periodically broadcast latest information to companys employees, like the ambulance of medical service on road. Above mentioned are the services characterized over the air link. However, the other part of the CDPD network also provides a certain services. Domain Name Server: Nowadays, CDPD provides service to access the Internet. It has its own web address translating mechanism both to simplify the Internet access for clients and to allow incoming packets to find the proper destination. Subscriber Location Service: Even not so accurate as the GPS, still this service from CDPD is accurate enough to track delivery vehicles for more efficient dispatching. Mobility Management Service: The CDPD can provide Mobility Management Service which can track the location of each CDPD subscriber and let the home MDIS know where is the current position of the CDPD subscribers. Like the other cellular voice service, roaming is allowable in the CDPD network. In general, each CDPD subscriber has a home sub domain. Quite often it is a city. Subscriber can travel from a home sub domain registered to a new area. The CDPD networks mobility management service handles the routing of the packets for the visiting M-ES. If the CDPD subscribers operator has roaming agreement with another operator, the CDPD subscribers roaming area is even larger. In sum, Mobility Management Service can maintain the current location information of the CDPD subscriber. For the subscriber, there is a seamless data connection for them as they are roaming in serving areas. However, all this is transparent to the CDPD subscribers.

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Network Management Services: They are administrative service for network operator and do not involve the subscribers. It provides the possibilities to network operator to maintain its own network. The services include: Configuration Management of CDPD network components which allows the distance control. Fault Management to detect, isolate and correct operations in the CDPD network. Performance Management to evaluate and report. Security Management to detect and prevent authorized subscribers access to the network resource. Account Service: Provides information how the CDPD network resource is being in use. Accounting service can let the operators know statistics about Protocol Data Units (PDU). Authentication Service: It is used to verify the subscribers accessing to the network who they say they are. CDPD must be registered on the network before the communication starts.

6 Comparison with GPRS In Chinese Operators Points View

From the above, we can CDPD has lot of advantages. However, its advantages do not seem as advantages any more because other mobile network also has. Even this paper, we are mainly talking about the CDPD service business. However, we must admit that technical limitation compared with other service also limits CDPDs expansion in business market. That is because for achieving subscribers aims, it must be technically advanced enough. For a certain time, maybe even now, CDPD is a winner in North America, Latin and Southern America, even some Asian Pacific countries. Still it meets several powerful competitors, GPRS, EDGE and HSCDS, especially after the GPRS standard has been formulated. We examine them in the

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situation of CDPD, but more we would like to emphasize the GPRS. Now these 4 standards have been completed already. They are collectively called the 2.5G, even actually the EDGE belongs to the 3G. HSCSD is High Speed Circuit Switched Data on the principle of circuit switch, it is the first data rate extension of GSM for higher data rate need, also latter can be put on the IS-136. Its maximum rate is about 57.6 kbps, because it uses the 4 time slots of 14.4kbps each. GPRS is based on the principle of packet switch technology. So the physical channel is only assigned when the there is data needed to be transmitted and physical channel is shared by several users. EDGE is enhanced data rate for GSM evolution which is also the extension of HSCSD and GPRS, so the standardized rate of it is about 384kbps, the basic principle behind it is that EDGE tries to avoid the limitation of physical channel, so it can put more bit for one slot. Here we can see all these are better than CDPD, among them GPRS is standing on the same line as CDPD and is the most possible substitute of CDPD. Now we come further about comparison between the GPRS and CDPD. CDPD was standardized early than the GPRS, this is its advantage in market. GPRS is based on the GSM network which has shown that it is more potential world wide. CDPD is based on the AMPS/TDMA, DT- AMPS uses the 800MHz and GPRS can use the (900/1800MHz), so it is dual band used. GPRS is a new GSM data business, which can be implemented by adding some nodes in the existing GSM network to pursue the packets switching functions. The GPRS targeted users are those who require seamless high rate mobile data business, eg. Mail, the Internet surf, video transmission. We can see that still GPRS and CDPD overlap in many subscribers needs. They are potential competitors. The maximum rate of GPRS is 171.2kbps (21.4kbps per channel) and CDPD is about 19.2 kbps, so GPRS is much faster.

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The capacity, GPRS (Nokia), at the initiated phase, a MSC can connect with one SGSN with the output and input about 16 Mbps(50 thousand subscribers). The capacity can be lifted up to about 48Mbps(150 thousand subscribers) if each MSC is combined with a SGSN. However, lets examine the CDPD (Lucent), one MD-IS consists one AS and 8PS, so total output is about 6.4Mbps. Ericsson SGSN system capacity it is larger than Nokias. Obviously the GPRS has much more larger capacity than CDPD. Even we take the enlarged capacity of CDPD, still one SGSN can be 2.5 times larger than the 1AS. It is easy for both CDPD and GPRS to enlarge capacity. About reuse factor, GPRS is 12, CDPD is 13 with omni directional antenna. The radio bandwidth is about 200KHz in GPRS, the CDPD is about 30KHz, so this results the better quality and faster rate for the GPRS. Each carrier frequency can take 8 slots at most. However, CDPD can not. This results the GPRS can use the 1-8 slots but this is not fortunate for CDPD. Both use the GMSK modulation method. GPRS uses the negotiating way to assign the channel. But CDPD uses the DSMA/CD. So GPRS is more flexible. Both use the FEC (forward error correction) encoding. GPRS uses the convolution code CS-1 and CS-2. CDPD uses the Reed-Solomon. CDPD and GPRS use the ARQ at the same time. Both have the authentication and ciphering. Power control is used for both. The GPRS can offer the connectionless (for IP) and connection-oriented (X.25) in the PTP. They are carried through the GTP tunnel by the TCP/IP and UDP/IP. GPRS widely supports protocols of IP, X.25. So it is easy to connect with X.25 and Internet network. However, CDPD can only offer the connectionless service. On market, this is an obvious disadvantage of CDPD.

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Both GPRS and CDPD are based on TCP/IP. However, one advantage of GPRS is that it supports both IPv4 and IPv6. CDPD can not. GPRS has the QOS level based on the levels of, priority, delay, reliability, input/output, however, CDPD does not have the QOS level. CDPD can not provide as more choice to subscribers as GPRS can. GPRS shares the channel of voice, so it is more efficient. Theoretically CDPD does also like this. However, in real implementation, operators need to assign dedicated channels for the CDPD service. The GPRS data business subscribers amount is limited by the network capacity. However, CDPD data business subscribers amount is fixed at 15000/PS. Delay for both GPRS and CDPD is small. Both GPRS and CDPD Charge the subscribers on the packets. Both GPRS and CDPD support roaming. CDPD terminals have big advantage on price compared with GPRS terminals now. CDPD was introduced in 1992. It has been so mature, compared with GPRS and has many applications. Before the CDPD was born, all the wireless operator can only use dedicated network. Based on Chinese operators experience, to subscribe a new user, it costs about 200 Euros. Cost for each new GPRS subscriber is largely influenced by the network scale. Lets turn to the CDPD. At the initial phase of CDPD network, cost for each new subscriber is about 300-350 Euros. However, with the enlargement of the CDPD network, the cost will be significantly reduced even lower than the GPRS.

7 Attractiveness And Problems Of CDPC In America Market At The Service Beginning

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Attractiveness: When carriers first announced intentions in 1992 to deploy a Cellular Digital Packet Data service, market reaction was enthusiastic. The primary reason: Unlike other wireless data networks that use proprietary networking protocols, CDPD would use industrystandard TCP/IP protocols. These protocols, already the foundation of the Internet, were rapidly being adopted by corporations for enterprise networks. CDPD promised numerous benefits. Customers could use existing TCP/IP applications over wireless connections; they could more easily connect to their servers at the back end; they could readily develop new wireless applications; and they would have a wireless connection to the Internet. Problems: However, as developers and potential customers learned more about the technology and its deployment, they discovered some complications. For instance, it quickly became clear that nationwide coverage would require a large number of cellular carriers to work together, many of whom are normally competitors. This, combined with the in born difficulty of communicating data reliably over radio links, delayed deployment. Meanwhile, software developers learned that their "off-the-shelf" TCP/IP applications would not work well over CDPD without being optimized. If existing TCP/IP applications are supposed to work over CDPD, subscribers might run into problems of cost, reliability and performance if developers don't optimize their applications for wireless. Anyone with a cellular telephone knows that wireless data communications that time can be expensive, and wireless data is no different. A typical charge for CDPD service was about 8 cents per KB, which equates to $80 per MB. Carriers offered volume discounts, but even at half or a quarter of that rate, users don't want to receive large e-mail attachments. Users must have control over

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what their application transmits and receives. Subscribers shouldn't have to worry about reliable connections, and CDPD uses innovative measures to communicate data reliably between clients and servers. However, the radio environment is delicate, and if a user is out of range of the base station signal can reach, the radio connection can suddenly be lost. Many existing applications designed for stable LAN environments may falter when subjected to intermittent connections between mobile client and server.

8 Business Of CDPD In American Market

8.1 The CDPD Business Of AT&T

Figure 5

AT&T is a global telecommunication operator giant. Especially its telecommunication service penetrated the whole America and some Asian Pacific countries. It is a three-time winner of the Malcolm Baldrige

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National Quality Award in the U.S., and winner of Japan's Deming Prize and Taiwan's National Quality Award. In the Latin America Region AT&T employs more than 10,000 people, most of whom are local country citizens. Its telecommunication networks cover the whole America, especially the backbone networks. From this we can imagine how big advantages AT&T runs the CDPD service in the American Market. Also because of its characteristics of TRUST, it can monopolizes the biggest telecommunication service market-United States. Refer the figure 5 please . Like other American operators, AT&T offered far fewer enhanced services than their European colleagues, because American market is a big enough pie for them. AT&Ts one biggest throw of enhanced services came from CDPD service. Bell Atlantic Mobile and AT&T Wireless Services are also two of the biggest operators to deploy CDPD, and both of them were confident with growing their CDPD subscribers amount. AT&T introduced its first CDPD service just before it launched other digital system service. Digital system service eclipsed the CDPD service. That means, AT&Ts CDPD service also faces hard competition from its same father. It did not enter the market at a very suitable time. While that is true for the business customers. Most subscribers don't care the system technology as long as they are satisfied with the offered service quality. As a result, a large portion of CDPD users are in the vertical markets. It was also believed that cost had prevented CDPD from appealing to the mass market at the beginning. CDPD service demand there was significantly growing, because that time among 18 months BAM saw customers double and usage quadruple. About a third of all AT&T CDPD customers use the Pocketnet service, which is a phone with a browser and built-in modem, which is the one type of M-ES previously. The next third of AT&T's CDPD customers use CDPD modems with their laptops. The final third come from reseller channels and are mainly users of wireless point of sale applications. Also the increasing growth rates of the traditional voice networks did not hamper 25

the growth of CDPD use, because other networks have just as hard a time getting into a national network and the ubiquity of the network is far more of a limiting factor to adoption than is the throughput. 8.2 The CDPD Business In Latin America Tele2000 was the first operator running the CDPD service in Latin America, jointly with AT&T. The CDPD system is the first data business installation in Latin America, which enabled the subscribers to send data over the network from laptop computers and other devices, such as wireless credit card verification terminals, using a new digital wireless data communications system from AT&T. CDPD system let Tele2000 offer customers the new digital data communications services without redesigning its existing network. Because the Latin American counties are not as rich as the United States, this relatively economic CDPD service solution is a very optimised choice for them. Note we should know it was just relatively cheaper that time. Network Systems network wireless systems group had provided CDPD service almost covering the whole Latin America. Investigation showed CDPD system gaveTele2000 the capability to answer its subscribers' demands for on-the-road access to corporate data bases. It will enable customers to increase their productivity and reduce their costs. It seems Latin America people prefer this kind of mobile office solution. Tele2000 is providing the CDPD service in Latin America countries now still. It integrates AT&T CDPD system with the AT&T AUTOPLEX System 1000 and Series II cell sites. When used with the Series II base station, AT&T's CDPD system uses existing Series II Linear Amplifier Circuits to improve the quality of data transmission. Equipment costs are also reduced because the customer does not need to purchase new circuits. AT&T cell sites use one platform -the 5ESS-2000 Switch -that supports wireless voice and data transmission standards. From this we can get a conclusion, the CDPD service success in the Latin America countries are

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mainly because its economy factors which will later transplant to the local CDPD subscribers.

9 CDPD Applications
Transportation. Some companies, such as lorry transportation companies, express post companies and taxi companies, they can establish communication between their dispatchers and the moving cars, so as to carry out real-time control and real-time management of their cars with mobile packet exchange network. By doing this, they can raise the service quality, optimize the load distribution and the mailing lines and the economic benefits of these companies will be greatly increased. Public security. With the mobile data communication, the public security personnel can contact remote databases at any time to get the information concerned about the cars and lorries, the criminals and finger marks. Their working efficiency will be raised greatly. Since 1999, China Ministry Of Public Security introduced the CDPD Public Safety System. Some patrolling policemen are equipped with a CDPD mobile notebook. So in every place when needed, the police can use it to verify the suspected persons identity and search related information of the missing car. Police can access a very detailed and real life updated database which record all information the police need. However, before, it needed several hours to check information by the conventional means of voice communication. Commerce. With the progress of commerce electronicization and the development of the gold card project, the credit card attestation system and the automatic drawing machine will be developed greatly. The mobile terminals of this kind of systems are easy to be erected and convenient to be used, so they can be used easily in sports meetings and commodity fairs. Also the wireless ATM realized over CDPD is coming. CDPD implemented in commerce fields has several advantages listed below.

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Firstly, its easy to install, the commercial party doesnt have to apply for a telephone line or other lines, thus, the trouble in wiring can be avoided, and the shop will have much less trouble in adjusting the layout.

Secondly, its high speed. Though the speed of CDPD in air communication access is only 19.2Kbps, much slower than the speed of ordinary wire-dial-up Modem which is 33.6k, it can achieve a much quicker speed than dial-up Modem in application of commercial transaction with credit card. The main reason lies in the short time required by CDPD Modem before

communication which merely lasts one second; however, the wire dial-up Modem needs 20 to 45 seconds.

Thirdly, its very safe and reliable. Generally, people consider it unsafe to use wireless, because they think anyone can get the communication signal transmitted in air and the matter that the mobile phone is stealthily used often happens. But for CDPD, you dont have to worry at all. CDPD adopts strong encryption algorithm, and different passwords are used in two

communication accesses, even if someone gets the data, he can never decrypt it. In addition, dynamic password management is adopted, so, the password for registration of each time is different, which can avoid burning and stealing.

Besides, CDPD may save much money for you, and its monthly communication expense is pretty low. Also, you neednt pay for any line and wiring, etc. Comparing with X.25, DDN and other communication methods, the investment for the facility is much less.

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Weather, hydrology system. The personnel who work in the weather and hydrological system can collect the data about weather and hydrology at any time, remote measuring the calamities and giving an alarm. They can do this kind of work from far away. This is also called read time monitor, which is a technology widely used in traffic, security, industry control and etc. Monitor of this kind, however, is currently limited in a very small range. For example, security monitor of buildings only pay attention to things about property, therefore its unnecessary to publish the information. But for information the public wants to know, for instance, the information of traffic, the current project can not deal with it ideally Of course, the last one is the private data transmission over the CDPD network.

10 CDPD In Chinese Market

10.1 Development History Of CDPD In China Mainland Phase 1st: In 1995, the Chinese Department Of Post And Telecommunication made the feasibility of the CDPD service in China. Phase 2nd: At the beginning of 1996. A CDPD experimental network was built in ShangHai. American company Lucent Ltd. provided the equipments for free. Phase 3rd: After almost 2-year experiment of CDPD network, at the end of 1997, the Department Of Post And Telecommunication decided to adopt CDPD technology to build the Chinese Public Wireless Data Network. And the CDPD network equipments are mainly from Lucent. Phase 4th: Before the end of 1999, five provinces had already starts the CDPD business. Phase 5th: CDPD service expands in China gradually. The long term aim is to cover the whole country.

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Here we need to mention that CDPD is another public network after China Digital Data Network, China Packet Network, and China Frame Relay Network. So it plays pretty important role in Chinese telecommunication market, even it faces hard competition from GPRS and so on. 10.3 Development History Of CDPD In China Hong Kong Hong Kong has its special position in China. In this case, Hong Kongs telecommunication market has its autonomy. Now a mobile online company named M499.com invested 10 to 20 million U.S. dollars to provide wireless data services in Hong Kong for grabbing the narrow-band market before the emerging of the third generation mobile communication system. Most Hong Kong CDPD subscribers pay services such as email checking. With this service, they could read the text on a web page, with no picture or animation. In this process, wireless mobile users can access web sites and webmasters need not to make any new web pages specified for the CDPD access subscribers. M499.com currently provides its products Minstrel for Palm internet connection and AirCard from Sierra Wireless, a wireless internet connection device for lap-top computers. They are offering wireless data services in Hong Kong now. Next step is to discuss with other huge local telecommunication companies for cooperation. The president of M499.com announced that, the company can achieve a good result if they get only 20% of 200,000 Palm users in Hong Kong. The company will charge a monthly fee of 300 to 500 HK dollars for each user. Furthermore, M499.com has entered into a cooperation agreement with China Telecom in mainland China. The service is now operating in Beijing and GuangZhou. It is a joint venture with JinWang FeiHuan in Beijing, having about 500 institutional clients there, and they are working in a cooperation form in Guangzhou, getting about 1,000 users.

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The company is preparing for wireless data services in Shanghai and other cities. He disclosed that the company will invest about 20 million U.S. dollars in Hong Kong, Beijing and Guangdong respectively, and 30 to 40 million U.S. dollars in Shanghai. 10.4 The Relation Between CDPD And Other PLMN Network In China In Expected Future The relation between CDPD and GSM network. Now the HSCSD is based on GSM which still uses the circuit switch technology. It is not suitable for applications which are characterized paroxysmal, continuous like measurement and monitoring. However the HSCSDs advantage is its transmission of large amount data. This is the lack of CDPD. The relation between CDPD and CDMA. It is not difficult to interconnect with CDMA, and there is an idea of building CDPD and CDMA networks together. In future, it can be realized that smooth connection between CDPD CDMA. The relation between CDPD and Mobitex. Mobitex is a technology from Ericsson AB. It works between 410MHz and 430MHz (Base Station Transmitter: 421.0-429.5MHz, Base Station Receiver: 411.0419.5MHz). The channel bandwidth is 12.5 KHz and rate is 8Kpbs. Very obviously, its rate is too slow, not suitable for applications of public data network. The relation between CDPD and wireless network and wireless access in. CDPD is better than conventional wireless local network which is standardized by IEEE.802, spread spectrum, 2Mbps and covering area is 2km. If used for Point to Point, speed will reach about 512kbps and covering area is about 30-50km, also can use Point to Multi Point. However, the transmission of conventional wireless local network, no matter in which case, must be fixed points to fixed points. However, one CDPD basic characteristic is mobile. There is a significant evolution of the conventional wireless network. The IEEE

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802.11b and IEEE802.11a have come. They have much faster rate, and much wider bandwidth. Wi-Fi is pretty hot in China now. China Mobile supplies a public access wireless LAN solution to integrate with its existing cellular GPRS network. The initial system will be able to support 350,000 WLAN users. From this figure, we can easily imagine that the CDPD really faces big challenge in Chinese market. Partially it is because there are limited amount of money in the operators hand. If they are attracted to another service provision, the amount of the money for investing in the CDPD service must be cut. Also, there is another big disadvantage for CDPD service. Now Wi-Fi is such a hot topic that a lot of potential subscribers already forget what was promised by the 3G system. The relation between the CDPD and WAP in Chinese market. For a certain while, WAP was hot point in Chinese media. That time, WAP was also a very big potential competitor to CDPD for the private subscribers who mainly use it to check emails, and monitor the stock info. However, later, WAP lose this game in Chinese market. I do not think it was because WAPs technical disadvantage. Why WAP lost this competition even it most people think CDPD is a old fashion service. WAP prices was higher, about 5 Euro cents per minute in Chinese market, almost 3 times more expensive, compared with CDPD service. Low rate. We know WAP still uses the GSM network to transmit its data. However, because of the basic characteristic of GSM, congestion of WAP is very often. Most subscribers think WAP service waste their time and money. There is few content which is available for WAP. This is a in born weakness for WAP. However, CDPD can provide normal wireless data access to the Internet.

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8 6 4 2 0
94 95 93 96 97 98 99 00 01 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 02

GPRS

CDPD

DataTAC and Mobitex

Figure 6 10.5 Data Networks Entering Before CDPD In Chinese Market. Before the international standard of CDPD worked out, some large communication equipment manufacturers had already developed their own mobile packet exchange network and put into the Chinese market to meet the needs of the market and the customers. Refer the figure 6 please. The major products are the following: DataTAC system: From MOTOROLA. The protocol of the wireless link is the patented technology (RD-LAP) of MOTOROLA. The whole network can be linked to computers, public packet data network, as well as to LAN through the protocols X.25, TCP/IP. The working frequency range of the DataTAC system is 806-825 MHz or 410-470 MHz. It supports the transmission ratio of 19.2Kbps or 9.6Kbps. Mobitex system: it is developed and produced by Ericsson. The patented technology has been adopted as its communication specification based on ISO model. Mobitex business association is responsible for the modification and standardization of the protocol. At present, two frequency ranges are used. They are 450 MHz and 900 MHz, respectively supporting two transmission ratios, 1.2Kbps and 8Kbps.

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No matter DataTAC or Mobitex, neither of them have advantages, compared with CDPD. So now, it seldom hear the DataTAC. However, Mobitex still struggle in Chinese market, targeting the small scale special data network customer. 10.6 CDPD Service License In China China mainland has special political and economic society system. That results in the reason, the any telecommunication service licensing is pretty different from the licensing procedure in western countries. Chinese telecommunication service licensing is more like a government action. In other words, the government plays a very important role in this sense. Chinese government would like to see a view of diverse market and nationalized market. Especially in 1997, 6 years ago, government made the key decision of the introducing CDPD into the Chinese market. The responsible government in China is called China Information Ministry, which was called China Post And Telecommunication Ministry before. In this sense, it is difficult to see any telecommunication service license auction in China. When CDPD service launched into China, the China Post And Telecommunication Ministry pointed a certain operators to provide this service. There was one reason behind. Even though in 1997, there had already been several telecommunication service operators in China market, they were tightly connected with the China Post And Telecommunication Ministry because of their state own in born characteristics. 10.7 Impact Of WTO To CDPD Service Actually there is no really direct influence of WTO (World Trade Organization) agreement to CDPD service. However, before, because of Chinese special Plan Economy system, it was almost impossible for the foreign capital invested in public Telecommunication Service.

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So Joining the WTO also provides more possibility of expanding the CDPD service market. Foreign operators, like AT&T, MCI from United States can build their own CDPD network and provide the service in China. According to the WTO agreement, Telecommunication Chapter, China will firmly stick to the policy of opening to the outside world as the country's full membership in the WTO approaches. China takes an active approach in participating in the economic globalization of the world. In bilateral negotiations about the Telecommunication Service access to Chinese market with members of the WTO, China has given up demands in technology transfer and foreign exchange balance and localization. So this will be a very good opportunity for foreign operators to invest in China market. American operators, China TaiWan operators, they have very rich experience of running the CDPD service. Also their local area economy is not so nice, so it is pretty wise they can earn more in new blossom market-China mainland. In addition, China's decision to sharply reduce its telecommunication service tariffs, to remove a large number of tariff trade barriers, and to gradually open its service market, is aimed at cutting the cost of competition for enterprises, and therefore is favorable to Chinese subscribers. This decision is not only beneficial to the Chinese local telecommunication operators, also to foreign operators. To a certain extent, it encourages the Chinese telecommunication service more diverse. 10.8 Current CDPD Operators In China As we already mentioned, when CDPD launched into China in 1997. Government pointed several operators to carry this service. They are:

China Telecom. China Telecom Corporation is a super-large stateowned enterprise formed according to the state telecom structural reform plan. The corporation has 21 businesses at the provincial level, holding 70% of the national trunk line transmission network

35

assets owned by former China Telecom. The new China Telecom is subordinated to the central government. China Telecom is an authorized investor by the State Council and a pilot state holding company. China Telecom has a total of 158 billion RMB (e.g.20 billion Euros) registered capital. CDPD is one service the China Telecom provides. Because China Telecom has massive sale channels and a lot of in born advantage, it can take many advantages in front of other operators, even facing AT&T and Vodofone this kind of huge telecommunication giant.

Another CDPD operator in China is Shang Hai P&T Mobile Data Communication Co. Ltd. It was founded in 1996, and a branch company of Shang Hai Post And Telecommunication Bureau. The registered capital is 3 million Euros. It runs the CDPD service mainly within Shang Hai local area. Most of the equipment are from Lucent. Shang Hai P&T Mobile Data Communication Co. Ltd provides the service including wireless POS, wireless stock, mobile office, remote measurement, and real life monitor and so on.

10.9 China CDPD Forum. In order to strength Chinese CDPD industry, the Forum was founded in 1998. Members of the forum: System suppliers, service providers, terminal producers, system integrators and software builders in China local market. Purpose of the forum: Making Chinese wireless data industry more creative. Aiming for working together for the development of CDPD network in China. To expand CDPD market and make CDPD network technology popular. Promoting and strengthening the cooperation and exchange in latest technology, operating management and other fields. 36 Chinese CDPD

Cultivate seek and probe new applications on CDPD technology. Provide better and compatible service to the CDPD subscribers

10.10 CDPD Equipments Vendors In Chinese Market China Hewlett-Packard. Ltd. It mainly provides the HP CDPD handset. Jornada Palm 545/548 Pocket PC is the first mobile computer based on the OS WinCE in Chinese version. It can let ordinary Chinese people to access the CDPD service through this Jornada.

Lucent China, Ltd. It is one of the biggest CDPD network vendor besides Ericsson AB. It is also the CDPD industry leader. The first Chinese CDPD network use was implemented based on Lucents equipments.

Novatel Wireless. Novatel Wireless, Inc. is a leader in CDPD equipments. Its headquartered is in San Diego, California. The company was founded in 1996. Novatel Wireless offers a broad CDPD product line that provides secure, reliable, wireless data communications. These products enable wireless CDPD access to the Internet, email, and corporate LANs as well as providing enabling technology for vertical applications such as POS, ATM, AVL, Telemetry and other applications requiring wide-area networking. All of these products are based on the CDPD wireless WAN network that provides secure data

communications at 19.2 kbps.

Ericsson AB. A world-leading supplier in telecommunications equipment, Ericsson works closely with customers to provide comprehensive CDPD network solutions in China, often supplying everything from CDPD M-ES to the completed CDPD network infrastructures. In China more subscribers make and receive CDPD 37

data stream on Ericsson CDPD wireless mobile systems than on any other.

SUN. Ltd. To manage the complexity of this wireless network, Ericsson choses Solstice Enterprise Manager and CMIP-based solutions from SUN. Ltd as the foundation for the company's new CDPD Network Management System (NMS). The system leverages the Sun Solaris operating system running on Sun Ultra servers. The Ericsson NMS allows wireless network operators to monitor, administer and manage all components of the CDPD network including remote base stations. Z-COM is global CDPD solution provider dedicated to research, design, development, and manufacturing of wireless data solutions for broadband wireless Internet access as well as various mobile data applications. Headquartered in Science-Based Industrial Park of Hsinchu, Taiwan, It is a very important CDPD equipment vendor in Chinese mainland market. One important reason is its relatively cheaper price and better after sale service. After all China mainland and China Taiwan have same culture background and language. It is easier to make business in Chinese market with these advantages.

Nanjing Southern Telecom (NST): A subsidiary company of Nanjing Postel communications Co., LTD, was formed in 1992 NST is a high-new technology company specializing in designing, producing, marketing and servicing of multimedia and CDPD data

communication products as well as CDPD network integration.

Sierra Wireless is a global leading manufacture in providing CDPD data communications hardware and software products. The CDPD products designed by Sierra Wireless are recognized as unique, offering differentiated and reliable solutions, backed by world-class support. Because Sierra Wireless is an CDPD industry leader in wireless data connectivity, Sierra Wireless makes a wide range of 38

devices that support both CDPD technology. One famous CDPD product of Sierra Wireless is the Aircard. Its Aircard holds the reputation in CDPD subscribers mind equal to NOKIA in GSM world. Even AirCard is just small wireless modem used in the CDPD M-ES, it is used so widely and conveniently in many CDPD applications. So we need to talk about it here. Because it is more practical for almost every private CDPD subscriber. Sierra Wireless AirCard 300 PC Card modems plugs directly into industry-standard PC Card slots in notebook and handheld computers. They allow easy wireless access to the Internet for any supported portable computer in areas with CDPD coverage. The AirCard 300 is a CDPD-only modem, available as two models: one that supports handheld computers (such as Pocket PC devices with PC Card slots), and another that supports both handhelds and notebooks. As Figure 7.

Figure 7

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The AirCard 350 uses enhanced version of the technology used in AirCard 300 with a more rugged antenna and support for the AirBooster 350 3-watt RF amplifier, for areas with poor coverage (the two together are known as the AirCombo 350). This modem is primarily intended for public safety and field service.

11 Application Of Wireless ATM on CDPD In China

Now wireless ATM becomes more and more popular in China. It is a part of the Golden Card project which is support by Chinese government and several state-own banks. This Wireless ATM can deal 3 requests, which does reduce the customers waiting time and maintenance fee for Wireless ATM machines is acceptable. It can meet the special requirements in exhibition, sports games and so on. A real example is here. The current ATM system of China Bank is the production of America DieBold Company, and its operating system is taken charge by IBM. The whole system is controlled by ES-9000 host, and its network complies with Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) protocol. The following figure is the ATM system network linking map of China Bank. Refer the figure 6. Wire modems are taken place by wireless modems, and the data will not transmit through telephone line or data special line. The business can be acted by using ATM, if the ATM system locates in the service area of CDPD and the connection between ATM with CDPD modem and network host is built. Refer the figure 8.

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Cisco 2500

CDPD

airlink

Wecpoint HOST

ATM

Network Linking
The transmission speed must satisfy the requirement of Bank, and the highest speed of each wireless data terminal can reach 14.4kbps, which is suitable for middle and small amount of data transmission. Data quality, the transmission must be reliable with error frequency less than 10e-6. By using CDPD, the error frequency is less than 10e-9. Since the forward error-correction and auto feedback resending techniques are applied, and the quality of user data can be guaranteed. On time-lag, the average transmission time-lag of negative channel is less than or equal to 200ms, and that of positive channel is less than or equal to 120ms. The response time changes to 3-4 seconds after using wireless ATM, and the waiting time of

 ' $# )(%&%"!

CDPD

CDPD

serial

DDN

Cisco 2500

serial
DLINK

Wireless ATM Network Linking Map

Figure 8.

4''' AC@39 89' 1& '766 4 AC@39 89 1& '76 4' AB@39 89' 1& '766 &&&&B91111 &&&&9''3333####663333 5555 4 A @3 8 1& '76
WecServer

CDPD

4321 ))0

         

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customer is hardly affected, because the response time of wire ATM of China Bank is 2-3 seconds. Behind Principle How does it work? If one draws 1000RMB cash from ATM. Firstly, he will be requested to key in his password into ATM machine. Then ATM machine will encapsulate data into TCP/IP packets and make encryption of it, then send the data to WECPOINT through RS-232 interface. In WECPOINT, the data will be encrypted again, then be sent to MDBS of CDPD network over air link. After rearranged by MDIS (CDPD exchange centre), the data packets will be sent to the WECPOINT sever of Bank LAN through DDN line passing its inner router. The WECSEVER sever will convert the data packets into SDLC data packets, and encrypt them, then transmit them to the host through modem. After dealing with the data, the host will send the verification information to WECSERVER server. WECSEVER will cut the head of SDLC data packets, and encapsulate TCP head and send them to MDIS of CDPD network through router. After that, the exchange system moves data to mobile terminal WECPOINT, then the WECPOINT deals with the data and send them to ATM machine. After receiving verification information of password, the functional menus including query, draw money, etc, will appear. A wireless ATM money drawing operation includes four steps: password verification, balance querying, drawing money, and confirming operation. And the data transmission in each step is done abiding to above course. After confirming operation. Several concerned points of bank In the example above. China Bank needs to be careful of two factors of security and reliability of the whole wireless ATM system The Security Mechanism of CDPD Network The security is an important issue considered all the way by researchers, and it is not a common point, because wireless network technique was developed initially for military. Since the transmission media of wireless network is air, and the frequency band, which the signal can cross, is very wide and similar to noise, others cannot filch

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the signal without exact awareness about frequency and decrypting parameter of network. Encryption is necessary in wireless network, and all wireless networks can be encrypted. The filchers can get nothing without password, although they have received the signal. And they can decrypt the data even though they steal and move all the devices. As to CDPD system, all kinds of function have been configured on user authorized log in. The system can set user logon scope, and manage logon events. After logon, the user can use CDPD system, so, only the authorized user can manage the MES dynamically. Statistics will be done by system when MES logon every time, and the user log in with poor paying situation will be refused. The authorizing logon management of system can safeguard user rights and interests, and can improve the feeling of security for the user. CDPD has strong ability to keep secret for user. Besides of strict logon method listed above and NEI management, the system allow user improve secrecy by using IP address, PASSWORD, and terminal encryption, just like that on wire system. In addition, the system can define one special security area and one special security users list to improve the security of that special users. It is tailored service which are more attractive. There are some original points of CDPD system on the transmission channel from MES to MDIS, such as, using RC4 encrypting arithmetic, different password between positive and negative channel, and centralized control of passwords. The

passwords are controlled by exchange center, which checks the old password and updates the new password onetime automatically once a MES log on, and dynamic management comes to be true. To the more, it supports the upgrade of encrypting arithmetic. On wireless channel, the security can be improved once more through frequency hopping transmission controlled by code. More consideration about reliability of ATM has been done by the code design of WECSERVER. Accordingly, the course of drawing money can be divided into four steps, such as, password verification, balance querying, drawing money, and confirmation of finishing operation. If 43

interruption happens after one user has confirmed his drawing money operation and the data have been sent back to the ATM after dealing with by the host, the user cannot get money, but the bank has deduct money from his account. This situation is unwilling. WECSERVER has provided resolution of providing reliability.

12 Conclusion

The future of CDPD. As mentioned before, CDPD is meant to be an transition solution until the CDMA2000 is really realized in North America. Meanwhile, CDPD technology can play an important role in the future telephone system. So still CDPD will be active for quite certain while. It also faces the big competition from GPRS now. CDPD probably will lost part of the telecommunication pie of private users. However, its life will be longer in the professional networks. CDPD is a good system, but it is a little bit of out of date now. Even in its birth place, United States, more and more its previously loyal subscribers turn to other data service. Still, within expected 3 or 5 years, it will not disappear in my opinion.

13 Abbreviation
CDMA AMPS CDPD MDBS MDIS M-ES F-ES WTO AT&T HSCSD Code Division Multiple Access Advanced Mobile Phone System Cellular Digital Packet Data Mobile Data Base Station Mobile Data Intermediate System Mobile End System Fix End System World Trade Organization American Telephony And Telepost High Speed Circuit Switched Data. 44

14 References:
1. http://www.novatelwireless.com/company/cdpd.html 2. http://www.soloist.com/press.htm 3. http://cdpd.szptt.net.cn/wlyy/yysl.htm 4. http://www.allsmart.com/cdpd/cdpd1.htm 5. http://www.rysavy.com/Articles/cdpd.htm 6. http://www.wlanforum.com.cn/sub.html?id=124 7. http://asp.7i24.com/coolwym/txxt/2wxwl.htm 8. http://www.spforum.net/shichang/page_5_2002121901.htm 9. Introduction And Principle Of CDPD, BeiJing, China, 5th edition. 1999. Chinese Version. 10. CDPD Network. BeiJing, China, 1st edition, 1995.

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