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Block No. 13, Sector H-8, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.
Submitted by:
Muhammad Hammad Manzoor MBA (HRM) 2nd Semester
Roll No. 508195394 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC) Block 08, Clifton, KARACHI (0321-584 2326, 0322-555 5901)
Computer Application (566) Question No: 01 (a) What are the various types of computers? Differentiate each type.
Answer) Computer
An electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program. Classification of Computers Based on the operational principle of computers, they are categorized as analog, digital and hybrid computers. Operational Principle 1. Analog 2. Digital 3. Hybrid Analog Computers: These are almost extinct today. These are different from a digital computer because an analog computer can perform several mathematical operations simultaneously. It uses continuous variables for mathematical operations and utilizes mechanical or electrical energy. Digital Computers: They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two states, namely bits 0 and 1. They are analogous to states ON and OFF. Data on these computers is represented as a series of 0s and 1s. Digital computers are suitable for complex computation and have higher processing speeds. Hybrid Computers: These computers are a combination of both digital and analog computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process control by conversion of analog signals to digital ones. This was the classification of computers based on their style of functioning. Following is a classification of the different types of computers based on their sizes and processing powers. Processing Power 1. Mainframe 2. Microcomputers
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Computer Application (566) Question No: 01 (b) How Windows Vista is different from previous versions of Windows? Explain in detail. Answer)
Getting started: Microsoft co-founders Paul Allen (left) and Bill Gates
Its the 1970s. At work, we rely on typewriters. If we need to copy a document, we likely use a mimeograph or carbon paper. Few have heard of microcomputers, but two young computer enthusiasts, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, see that personal computing is a path to the future. In 1975, Gates and Allen form a partnership called Microsoft. Like most startups, Microsoft begins small, but has a huge visiona computer on every desktop and in every home. During the next years, Microsoft begins to change the ways we work. Microsoft focused on a new operating systemthe software that manages, or runs, the computer hardware and also serves to bridge the gap between the computer hardware and programs, such as a word processor. Its the foundation on which computer programs can run. They name their new operating system "MS-DOS."
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
windows,
On December 9, 1987 Microsoft releases Windows 2.0 with desktop icons and expanded memory. Windows 2.0 is designed for the Intel 286 processor. When the Intel 386 processor is released, Windows/386 soon follows to take advantage of its extended memory capabilities. Subsequent Windows releases continue to improve the speed, reliability, and usability of the PC.
Windows NT When Windows NT releases on July 27, 1993, Microsoft meets an important milestone: the completion of a project begun in the late 1980s to build an advanced new operating system from scratch. "Windows NT represents nothing less than a fundamental change in the way that companies can address their business computing requirements," Bill Gates says at its release.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
of
age
This is the era of fax/modems, e-mail, the new online world, and dazzling multimedia games and educational software. Windows 95 has built-in Internet support, dial-up networking, and new Plug and Play capabilities that make it easy to install hardware and software. The 32-bit operating system also offers enhanced multimedia capabilities, more powerful features for mobile computing, and integrated networking. Catching the Internet wave In the early 1990s, tech insiders are talking about the Interneta network of networks that has the power to connect computers all over the world. In 1995, Bill Gates delivers a memo titled The Internet Tidal Wave, and declares the Internet as the most important development since the advent of the PC.
Released on June 25, 1998, Windows 98 is the first version of Windows designed specifically for consumers. PCs are common at work and home, and Internet cafes where you can get online are popping up.
Windows Me
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Designed for home computer use, Windows Me offers numerous music, video, and home networking enhancements and reliability improvements compared to previous versions. Windows 2000 Professional Among other improvements, Windows 2000 Professional simplifies hardware installation by adding support for a wide variety of new Plug and Play hardware, including advanced networking and wireless products, USB devices, IEEE 1394 devices, and infrared devices.
Windows Vista is released in 2006 with the strongest security system yet. User Account Control helps prevent potentially harmful software from making changes to your computer. In Windows Vista Ultimate, BitLocker Drive Encryption provides better data protection for your computer, as laptop sales and security needs increase. Windows Vista also features enhancements to Windows Media Player as more and more people come to see their PCs as central locations for digital media. Here you can watch television, view and send photographs, and edit videos.
New or changed features Instant Search (also known as search as you type) : Windows Vista features a new way of searching called Instant Search, which is significantly faster and more in-depth (content-based) than the search features found in any of the previous versions of Windows.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Windows Media Player 11, a major revamp of Microsoft's program for playing and organizing music and video. New features in this version include word wheeling (incremental search or "search as you type"), a new GUI for the media library, photo display and organization, the ability to share music libraries over a network with other Windows Vista machines, Xbox 360integration, and support for other Media Center Extenders. Backup and Restore Center: Includes a backup and restore application that gives users the ability to schedule periodic backups of files on their computer, as well as recovery from previous backups. Backups are incremental, storing only the changes each time, minimizing disk usage. It also features Complete PC Backup (available only in the Ultimate, Business, and Enterprise versions), which backs up an entire computer as an image onto a hard disk or DVD. Complete PC Backup can automatically recreate a machine setup onto new hardware or hard disk in case of any hardware failures. Complete PC Restore can be initiated from within Windows Vista or from the Windows Vista installation CD in the event the PC is so corrupt that it cannot start up normally from the hard disk. Windows Mail: A replacement for Outlook Express that includes a new mail store that improves stability, and features integrated Instant Search. It has the Phishing Filter like IE7 and Junk mail filtering that is enhanced through regular updates via Windows Update.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Windows Mobility Center is a control panel that centralizes the most relevant information related to mobile computing (brightness, sound, battery level / power scheme selection, wireless network, screen orientation, presentation settings, etc.). Windows Meeting Space replaces NetMeeting. Users can share applications (or their entire desktop) with other users on the local network, or over the Internet using peer-to-peer technology (higher versions than Starter and Home Basic can take advantage of hosting capabilities, Starter and Home Basic editions are limited to "join" mode only) Shadow Copy automatically creates daily backup copies of files and folders. Users can also create "shadow copies" by setting a System Protection Point using the System Protection tab in the System control panel. The user can be presented multiple versions of a file throughout a limited history and be allowed to restore,
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Windows Update: Software and security updates have been simplified, now operating solely via a control panel instead of as a web application. Windows Mail's spam filter and Windows Defender's definitions are updated automatically via Windows Update. Users who choose the recommended setting for Automatic Updates will have the latest drivers installed and available when they add a new device. Parental controls: Allows administrators to control which websites, programs and games each Limited user can use and install. This feature is not included in the Business or Enterprise editions of Vista. Windows SideShow: Enables the auxiliary displays on newer laptops or on supported Windows Mobile devices. It is meant to be used to display device gadgets while the computer is on or off. Speech recognition is integrated into Vista. It features a redesigned user interface and configurable command-and-control commands. Unlike the Office 2003 version, which works only in Office and WordPad, Speech Recognition in Windows Vista works for any accessible application. In addition, it currently supports several languages: British and American English, Spanish, French, German, Chinese (Traditional and Simplified) and Japanese. New fonts, including several designed for screen reading, and improved Chinese (Yahei, JhengHei), Japanese (Meiryo) and Korean (Malgun) fonts. Clear Type has also been enhanced and enabled by default. Improved audio controls allow the system-wide volume or volume of individual audio devices and even individual applications to be controlled separately. New audio functionalities such as Room Correction, Bass Management, Speaker Fill and Headphone virtualization have also been incorporated.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Explain the following elements of Microsoft Word screen. Office button Ribbon Ruler Status bar Title bar View Options
iii. iv.
v.
vi.
Answer)
After you click the Office Button , you can also see the new location where you can set your preferences. The Options command that was on the Tools menu has been moved to be under the Office Button . The new location for the Options command is in the lower-right corner under Word Options, Excel Options, Power Point Options, or Access Options. The following shows the location in Microsoft Office Excel 2007.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Ribbon
The Ribbon is designed to help you quickly find the commands that you need to complete a task. Commands are organized in logical groups, which are collected together under tabs. Each tab relates to a type of activity, such as writing or laying out a page. To reduce clutter, some tabs are shown only when needed. For example, the Picture Tools tab is shown only when a picture is selected.
Ruler
The horizontal and vertical rulers in Word are often used to align text, graphics, tables, and other elements in a document. To view the horizontal ruler across the top of your Word document and the vertical ruler along the left edge of your document, you must be in Print Layout view.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
The Title Bar Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar. The Title bar displays the title of the document on which you are currently working. Word names the first new document you open Document1. As you open additional new documents, Word names
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Computer Application (566) Question No: 2 (b) Describe the function of the following spelling and grammar dialog box buttons: i. Autocorrect ii. Change All iii. Ignore Rule iv. Add to Dictionary Answer)
CHECK SPELLING AND GRAMMAR Autocorrect in Microsoft Word Turn on the autocorrect feature in Microsoft Word. From the "Tools" menu, choose "Options." Then, select the "Spelling and Grammar" tab. Select "Check spelling as you type" in the spelling section of the tab. With this option checked, Microsoft Word now underlines any words that might be misspelled with a wavy red line. Right-click on words Microsoft Word points out as potentially misspelled. A menu drops down presenting you with several options of how to deal with the potential misspelling. Note the suggested replacements at the top of the drop down menu. These are the words in Microsoft Word's dictionary closely related to the underlined word. To replace the underlined word with one of the suggestions, left-click the correctly spelled word. Choose "Ignore All" if you want Microsoft Word to stop underlining a particular word. Microsoft Word won't underline this word in the rest of the document, but does underline it in future documents. Add the word to the dictionary if it is correctly spelled and you intend to use it again. Click "Add to Dictionary" and Microsoft Word recognizes it as a correctly spelled word in the future. Click "Autocorrect" and then the correctly spelled word from the menu to have word automatically correct the word in the future. In all future documents, if you make the same spelling mistake, Microsoft Word automatically changes the spelling instead of underlining the word. See and edit a list of your autocorrect words and other autocorrect options by choosing "Autocorrect Options" from the "Tools" menu. Change All
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Computer Application (566) Question No: 3 (a) Using an example, explain how to create and format a table, convert text to a table, and then AutoFormat the table. Answer)
Create a table Microsoft Word offers a number of ways to make a table. The best way depends on how you like to work, and on how simple or complex the table needs to be. 1. Click where you want to create a table.
2. Click Insert Table
on the Standard toolbar. 3. Drag to select the number of rows and columns you want.
The Insert Table button on the standard toolbar gives you a quick way to add a table. You can also do any of the following: Use the Insert Table command Use this procedure to make choices about the table dimensions and format before the table is inserted into a document. 1. Click where you want to create a table.
2. On the Table menu, point to Insert, and then click Table. 3. Under Table size, select the number of columns and rows.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
The dialog box method gives you a few extra options. We'll look at some of these later. There is a third way that you can create a table in Word as well: Draw it. Using the draw method. To use the drawing method, you need to enable the Tables And Borders toolbar by going to View | Toolbars | Tables and Borders.
Formatting your table Just like everything else in Word, your table can be formatted with different fonts, colors, line styles, and more. Changing the line weight, color, and style Most tables have some kind of grid. But in Word, you can keep the table and remove the grid, change the grid line style to some other type, and change the color of the lines altogether. On the toolbar, the four options to the right of the Eraser button handle the line styles in your table.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
After you decide on a line style, weight, and color, you can choose which borders you want to apply the new style to. below shows you an example of what different borders might look like in your table.
Change your line style, weight, and color to match your needs. Changing the alignment in each cell You can also change the position of the text in each individual cell in your table. In some cells, you might want the text centered both horizontally and vertically, while in another cell, you might want the text aligned at the bottom-right corner. This is where the cell alignment options come in
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
The alignment options let you position text in your cell anywhere you like. Using this drop-down list, you can quickly change the position of text in your table. Take a look at Figure to see an example of what you can do. Figure M shows you all of the available alignment options.
This shows you each alignment option in action... along with a couple of unique border styles. Distribute rows and columns Are you a neat freak? Or do you just want to make sure that your table looks professional? One way you can do that is to make sure your rows and columns are sized appropriately. For example, if you're showing monthly budget information, your column widths for each month should look the same rather than being all different sizes. Take a look at Figure to see what I mean. It's actually easy to make your table look neat: Use the Distribute Rows evenly and Distribute Columns Evenly buttons on the toolbar
These buttons make it easy for you to make your rows and columns equal in width.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
The width and height controls provide you with a place to change how tall your rows are and how wide your columns appear. When you move your mouse over one of these controls, it changes into a line with two arrows signifying that if you click and drag the control, you can change the width of a column or height of a row. Convert text to a table
1. Insert separator characters such as commas or tabs to indicate where you
want to divide the text into columns. Use paragraph marks to indicate where you want to begin a new row. For example, in a list with two words on a line, insert a comma or a tab after the first word to create a two-column table. 2. Select the text that you want to convert.
3. On the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click Table, and then click Convert
Text to Table.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
4. In the Convert Text to Table dialog box, under Separate text at, click the
If you don't see the number of columns that you expect, you may be missing a separator character in one or more lines of text. 6. Select any other options that you want. AutoFormat One of Word's most useful table formatting features is AutoFormat, which lets you quickly apply a completely new look and feel to your table with just a couple of clicks. We'll use AutoFormat on the mini-budget table you saw earlier. To get to AutoFormat, either click the AutoFormat button on the Tables And Borders toolbar or choose Table | Table AutoFormat. Either way, you'll see the window shown in .
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Question No. 3 b) How to change one column of text to two columns, format both columns, and insert a column break? Explain.
Answer) Use Columns in Microsoft Word Give your business newsletters, manuals and brochures a designer look by arranging the text in them in a columnar layout. The shorter lines and punchier look of a twocolumn layout maximizes the use of space on the page and aids readability. Benefits of Using Columns When you lay out page text in columns you will generally fit a little more text on the page than if you laid it out so the lines stretch full width of the page. The shorter lines of text are also easier to read, as the reader's eye doesn't need to travel so far across the page before returning to read the next line of text. A document laid out in columns can look more approachable too, as there is white space within the page, which offers readers a place to rest their eyes.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
When you add an image or textbox to a document, you can choose to place it in a column so that it moves with the text in the column or keep it independent of the text so that it remains in place as the rest of the text moves around it. Heres how: click the image or text box and choose Format > Picture or Format >TextBox. From the Layout tab select In line with text to place the image inside the flow of
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Computer Application (566) Question No. 4) Explain the terms used in MS Excel: absolute cell reference, relative cell reference, arithmetic operator, pie chart, data series, constant value, rounding, worksheet grid, sheet tabs, and vertical window split box.
Answer) Absolute Cell Reference In Excel and other spreadsheets, an absolute cell reference identifies the location a cell or group of cells. Cell references are used in formulas, functions, charts , and other Excel commands. An absolute cell reference consists of the column letter and row number surrounded by dollar signs ($). Relative Cell Reference In Excel and other spreadsheets, a relative cell reference identifies the location of a cell or group of cells. Cell references are used in formulas, functions, charts , and other Excel commands. By default, a spreadsheet cell reference is relative. What this means is that as a formula or function is copied and pasted to other cells, the cell references in the formula or function change to reflect the function's new location. Arithmetic Operators An arithmetic operator is the symbol or sign that represents a mathematical operation in an Excel spreadsheet formula. The arithmetic operators used in Excel formulas are similar to the ones we use in math class. Subtraction - minus sign ( - ) Addition - plus sign ( + ) Division - forward slash (/ ) Multiplication - asterisk (* ) Exponentiation - caret (^ ) If more than one operator is used in a formula, there is a specific order of operations that Excel follows in deciding which mathematical operation occurs first. Excel Pie Chart Pie charts, or circle graphs as they are sometimes known, are used to show percentages.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Data Series A data series is a group of related data entries. In a worksheet an individual data series is located in a column or row under a common heading such as Month or Average Temperature. Individual data series are often plotted in charts and graphs. In charts or graphs where multiple data series are plotted each data series is identified by a unique color or pattern.
Constant Values Using the Name tool, you can define a constant, such as a tax rate, that you frequently use in Excel formulas. Go to Insert | Name | Define and type a name TaxRate, for example. In the Refers to area, type the constant value and click on OK. For a 7 percent tax rate, you would enter 0.07. Now you can write a formula like =SalePrice*TaxRate and Excel will use the constant value you defined for TaxRate. ROUND Function The ROUND function is used to reduce a given value to a specific number of decimal places. The syntax for the ROUND function is:
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Gridlines on a worksheet Open a worksheet that contains data or quickly add data to the first four or five columns and rows of a blank worksheet. 2. Click on the Page Layout tab. 3. Check the Print box under Gridlines on the ribbon in order to activate the feature. 4. Check the Print box under Headings in order to activate this feature as well. Click on the print preview button on the Quick Access Toolbar in order to preview your worksheet before printing it. 5. The gridlines appear as dotted lines outlining the cells containing data in print preview. 6. The row numbers and column letters for those cells containing data will also be present along the top and left side of the worksheet in print preview. Excel sheet tab
1.
A sheet tab appears at the bottom of your worksheet. It has the name of the worksheet on it, which can be changed and you can also change its colour. This can be done by right clicking on it and picking the option from the shortcut menu that appears. By clicking a sheet tab, you can make that sheet the active sheet so that you can work on it. You can click on the sheet tab to move its position by dragging on it, or also from the shortcut menu.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Question No. 5) Using the data of a public or private organization in Pakistan, list the steps to design a worksheet for what-if analysis; perform what-if analysis; and then compare that data with a line chart
Answer) WHAT IF ANALYSIS By using what-if analysis tools in Microsoft Office Excel, you can use several different sets of values in one or more formulas to explore all the various results. What if Analysis with data tables Question: I'm thinking of starting a store in the local mall to sell gourmet lemonade. Before opening the store, Im curious about how my profit, revenue, and variable costs will depend on the price I charge and the unit cost. Most worksheet models contain assumptions about certain parameters or inputs to the model. In our lemonade example, the inputs would include:
The price for which a glass of lemonade is sold. The variable cost of producing a glass of lemonade. The sensitivity of demand for lemonade to price charged. The annual fixed cost of running a lemonade stand.
Based on input assumptions, we can compute outputs of interest. For the lemonade example, the outputs of interest might include:
Despite best intentions, assumptions about input values can be in error. For example, our best guess about the variable cost of producing a glass of lemonade might be $0.45, but it's possible that our assumption will be in error. Sensitivity analysis determines how a spreadsheet's outputs vary in response to changes to its inputs. For example, we might want to see how a change in product price affects yearly profit, revenue, and variable cost. A data table in Office Excel 2007 makes it easy to vary one or two inputs and perform a sensitivity analysis. With a one-way data table, you can determine how changing one input will change any number of
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Figure 1 The inputs that change the profitability of a lemonade store Suppose that I want to know how changes in price (for example, from $1.00 through $4.00 in $0.25 increments) affect annual profit, revenue, and variable cost. Because we're changing only one input, a one-way data table will solve our problem. The data table is shown in Figure 2. To set up a one-way data table, begin by listing input values in a column. I listed the prices of interest (ranging from $1.00 through $4.00 in $0.25 increments) in the range C11:C23. Next, I moved over one column and up one row from the list of input values, and there I listed the formulas we want a data table to calculate. I entered the formula for profit in cell D10, the formula for revenue in cell E10, and the formula for variable cost in cell F10. Now select the table range (C10:F23). The table range begins one row above the first input; its last row is the row containing the last input value. The first column in the table range is the column containing the inputs; its last column is the last column containing an output. After selecting the table range, display the Data tab of the Ribbon. In the Data Tools group, click What-If Analysis, and then click Data Table. Now fill in the Data Table dialog box as shown in Figure 3.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Figure 3 Creating a data table As the column input cell, use the cell in which you want the listed inputs that is, the values listed in the first column of the data table range to be assigned. Because the listed inputs are prices, I chose D1 as the column input cell. After clicking OK, Excel creates the one-way data table shown in Figure 4.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Figure 5 A two-way data table showing profit as a function of price and unit variable cost I select the table range (cells H10:O25), and display the Data tab. In the Data Toolsgroup, click What-If Analysis, and then click Data Table. Cell D1 (price) is the column input cell, and cell D3 (unit variable cost) is the row input cell. This ensures that the values in the first column of the table range are used as prices, and the values in the first row of the table range are used as unit variable costs. After clicking OK, we see the two-way data table shown in Figure 5. As an example, in cell K19, when we charge $3.50 and the unit variable cost is $0.40, our annual profit
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
As you change input values in a worksheet, the values calculated by a data table change, too. For example, if we increased fixed cost by $10,000, all profit numbers in the data table would be reduced by $10,000. You can't delete or edit a portion of a data table. If you want to save the values in a data table, select the table range, copy the values, and then rightclick and select Paste Special. Then choose Values from the Paste Special menu. If you take this step, however, changes to your worksheet inputs will no longer cause the data table calculations to update. When setting up a two-way data table, be careful not to mix up your row and column input cells. A mix-up will cause nonsensical results. Most people set their worksheet calculation mode to Automatic. With this setting, any change in your worksheet will cause all your data tables to be recalculated. Usually, you want this, but if your data tables are large, automatic recalculation can be incredibly slow. If the constant recalculation of data tables is slowing your work down, click the Microsoft Office Button, click Excel Options, and then click the Formulas tab. Then select Automatic Except For Data Tables. When Automatic Except For Data Tables is selected, all your data tables recalculate only when you press the F9 (recalculation) key. Alternatively, you can click the Calculation Options button (in the Calculation group on the Formulas tab), and then click Automatic Except For Data Tables.
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
Mrs. SANA AKBAR KHAN Block No. 13, MBA Dept AIOU, Sector H-8 ISLAMABAD. (0519057141)
M. Hammad Manzoor 508195394 # 508, 5th Floor, CTC Continental Trade Centre, Block-08 08, KARACHI. (0321Clifton 584 2326) Computer Application 01 566
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)