International Journal for Research and Development in Engineering (IJRDE) www.ijrde.com Vol.1: Issue.

2, October-November 2012 pp- 28-36

ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF PWM CONTROLLED BUCK-BOOST AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

R.Ithaya1,V.Ponselvan2 (Dept of Electrical and Electronics, Udaya school of engineering,India) Email :r.ithaya11@gmail.com 2 (Dept of Electrical and Electronics, Udaya school of engineering,India) Email :vponselvan@gmail.com
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I. INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT AC voltage regulation is the important part of power conversion methods. There are some types of AC/AC converter which regulate the input voltage and input current to a lower or higher output voltage. An ideal transformer is widely used in the voltage regulation control fields such as power system, motor speed control and so on. The winding ratio is changed by the servo motor or by manual regulation, and it has very low regulation speed. There are also some other researches which use thyristor phase controlled circuit for voltage regulation. These converters have been used as a softstarter and a speed regulator of pumps and fans. Even though it has a higher regulating speed than winding transformer, the low input power factor and the large amount of the loworder harmonic current are the major problems. The size of the passive filter becomes larger. Furthermore, these shortcomings affect the power quality. The reactive and harmonic currents generated by the thyristor

Thyristor controlled method in AC voltage regulator has very low dynamic response and discharge large amount of harmonic components. PWM Controlled Buck-Boost AC Voltage Regulator can efficiently and economically be used in low and medium power applications in the advantage of design simplicity with operation reliability in a clear withstand of naturally commutated schemes. It has very fast response speed, low harmonics component distortion and high power factor. This paper propose a voltage controller with output peak voltage and reference as feedback signal and adopts PID control strategy to regulate the output voltage. In this paper, simulation of PWM Controlled Buck-Boost AC Voltage Regulator is presented using PSIM software. The waveforms of input and output voltage and current, the power factor characteristics are discussed and verified. Keywords - Boost Converter, AC voltage regulator, PID controller, Pulse width modulation, Potential transformer

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commutation also produce extra power loss on the transmission lines. These problems can be solved by using high switching frequency AC chopper. A Chopper type voltage transformer adopts PWM control techniques and the above problems are improved when it is operated in chopping mode. The input voltage is chopped into segments and the output voltage is regulated by changing the duty ratio of the control signal. The advantages are nearly sinusoidal input-output currents/voltage waveforms, improved power factor, reduced harmonic current, a fast response speed and a smaller input filter size. It can protect sensitive equipment such as a computer or communication equipment; it can also be used to solve power quality problems caused by line voltage sags and swells. In order to reduce the power loss, researches have been conducted to reduce the number of the switching devices. Three switches and four switches AC chopper were discussed in previously presented papers. Different working principles have also been presented to ensure the safety of the converter. The switching patterns are critical and an alternate path has to be established in dead time. DC regenerative snubber capacitor is used to realize the safe commutation and enhance efficiency. Although there are various researches that focus on the topology of the AC chopper converter, little attention has been given to the theoretical analysis of the input power factor. In addition, because most of the previous proposed control methods are open loop control, voltage regulation performance is restrained. To solve the problems caused by the input voltage

Vol.1: Issue.2, October-November 2012 pp- 28-36

fluctuation, the output voltage closed loop feedback control system is proposed for a better dynamic performance. The remainder of this paper is divided into four sections. First, the circuit description and working principles are discussed in section II. Then, the theoretical analysis method of the input power factor and output voltage are presented is section III. Based on the theoretical analysis, the output voltage controller design is shown in section IV. Digital simulation is conducted in section V to test the proposed analysis method and the voltage controller performance. II. CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION The proposed circuit has the following characteristic: it can operate directly from the single-phase line and regulate the output voltage higher or lower steplessly. Furthermore, the input voltage phase synchronous circuit is unnecessary in this scheme. As a result, the circuit is simplified and the cost is reduced. The input filter, consisting of inductor Li and capacitor Ci, absorbs the harmonic currents. The switches S1 and S2 are bi-directional. The used bi-directional switch module is composed of two insulated gate bipolar transistors IGBT. This bi-directional switch structure make the two IGBT share the common the driver circuit, thus the circuit hardware design is simplified. The used IGBT has inner anti-parallel diode which provide. Freewheeling currents path when the reverse voltage is encountered. The inductor L is used to store and transfer the energy to the output side. The switch S1 is used periodically to connect and

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disconnect the inductor L to the supply, i.e., it regulates the power delivered to the inductor L. The switch S2 provides a freewheeling path for the inductor current to discharge the stored energy of the inductance L when the switch S1 is turned off. These switches are contro controlled by PWM signals with constant duty ratio. C1, C2 and R1, R2 are the snubber capacitors and resistors respectively. The snubber circuits are connected in parallel with the bi-directional switches. The directional output filter capacitor reduces the output voltage ripple.

Vol.1: Issue.2, October-November 2012 pp- 28-36 November

of the control signals. The operation is divided into three modes: active mode, freewheeling mode and dead-time mode.

Fig. 2. Switching patterns of the PWM signals

Fig. 1. Buck boost AC voltage regulator.

The switches S1 and S2 work in complementary mode. Because the output voltage polarity is reversed with the input voltage polarity, the switches S1 and S2 cannot be turned on simultaneously. For the sake of safe commutation, the switching dead dead-time is necessary. Furthermore, in this circuit, the switching patterns of the controlled switches are not decided by the polarity of the voltage or the currents. The voltage or current polarity detection is unnecessary. The switching pattern

The active mode is defined when the switch S1 is turned on. During the active mode, the inductor current is forced to flow through the voltage source via the modulated switch S1 during its on-state periods and the inductor state storages the energy. The freewheeling mode is defined when the modulated switch S1 is turned off. The inductor current paths can be formed by the direction of the load current. In freewheeling mode, the load current freewheels and the inductor L discharges the energy through the switch S2 with the help of its body diodes according to the direction of the load current. Finally, the dead-time mode is dead defined when the switches S1 and S2 are both turned off. The dead-time td is short, only time about several microseconds. The snubber circuits can absorb the bidirectional turn-off turn spike energy due to line stray inductance.

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International Journal for Research and Development in Engineering (IJRDE) www.ijrde.com Vol.1: Issue.2, October-November 2012 pp- 28-36 November

Fig. 3. PWM pattern signal.

III. ANALYSIS To facilitate the analytical procedure, the following assumptions are made: First, all components are assumed ideal. In addition, because the switching frequency fs are much higher than the line frequency f, the high frequency input harmonic currents can be absorbed by small input filter. The input power factor is assumed not to be affected by the input filter. In the switching period, the input voltage ui and the output voltage uo are considered to be constant. When ui>0, the waveforms of inductor voltage uL and current iL. The inductor voltage uL is ui during the active mode or uo during the freewheeling mode. In dead dead-time mode, the inductor voltage uL is ui or -uo according to the direction of iL.

Fig. 4. Waveforms of the inductor voltage uL and current iL aveforms

In ideal condition, the inductor voltage of uL can be expressed as follows: uL(t)=Dui(t)(1D)uO(t) ) (1)

Where ui(t) and uO(t) are the average AC input voltage and output voltage during the switching period, respectively, and D is the duty ratio. Because the switching frequency is much higher than the line frequency ii(t)=DiL io(t)=(1-D)iL(t) (2) (3)

Where iL(t) is the average inductor current during the switching period. The inductor current produces the output current during the freewheeling mode, and the inductor current is caused by the input current during the active mode The PID controller is used as which the derivative part is also included along with the alo integral part since the gain values increases when PID is considered rather than the PI controller.

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International Journal for Research and Development in Engineering (IJRDE) www.ijrde.com Vol.1: Issue.2, October-November 2012 pp- 28-36 November
u=ur-uf (4)

The controller output is duty ratio D. When the input voltage fluctuation happens, the detected output peak-voltage uf needs to be voltage regulated to a constant reference value ur with fast response speed. The proportionalproportional integral (PI) controller satisfying these performance requirements is used as follows.

D=Kpu+Kiu dt u
Fig. 5. PWM controlled buck boost AC voltage regulator .

(5)

IV. VOLTAGE CONTROLLER Voltage sags or swells are caused by the disturbances or faults in power systems. The input voltage fluctuation also affects the output voltage. From the output voltage can be regulated by the duty ratio of the PWM control signals. The voltage controller, which uses the output peak-voltage as the feedback signal, is voltage designed to keep the stability of the output voltage in case of input voltage fluctuation. Where uf is the detected output peak peak-voltage and ur is the reference value of output peak peakvoltage. The output peak-voltage is detected by voltage the circuit with diodes rectifier, capacitor and resistor. When the input voltage decreases, the capacitor discharges through the resistor, and when increased, the capacitor is charged directly. The controller input u is expressed as:

Where kp and ki are proportional and integral gains respectively. The integral part of the designed controller makes the steady-state steady output voltage error zero. V. SIMULATION RESULTS To show the feasibility of the proposed analysis method and control strategy, the simulation model of the proposed voltage regulator is setup using PSIM software. The parameters are as follows: Ui=220V, R1=R2=10K, Cs1=Cs2=0.1F, L=4mH, Li=200H, L Ci=10F, CO=20F, f=50Hz, RL=100, td=0.5s. When the load is pure resistive RL=100 and the duty ratio D=0.4, the waveforms of the input voltage, input current, output voltage, output current and inductor current are shown in Fig. 4. According to the diagram, the simulation t results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. The chopper type AC voltage regulator has a high input power factor and can reach the unit power factor in working zone. zone

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International Journal for Research and Development in Engineering (IJRDE) www.ijrde.com Vol.1: Issue.2, October-November 2012 pp- 28-36 November
given to the detector. The voltage is regulated by neglecting the error and controlled using the PID controller and this signal is given to the comparator with the sawtooth waveform to generate the PWM signal for the Buck-Boost AC Buck converter.

Fig. 6. Waveforms of input voltage, input current, output voltage, output current and inductor current when D=0.4 Fig. 7. Peak voltage waveform

The input current is almost in phase with the input voltage. Unlike the thyristor phase controlled converter, the output voltage wave is sinusoidal and the harmonics are highly reduced. The Fig. 7 shows the peak voltage waveform of the given circuit. The input of this peak voltage detector is from the output of buck buckboost chopper type AC voltage regulator. The output filter capacitor Co reduces the output ripple and is regulated through the i isolation transformer to the peak voltage detector. The detected peak voltage is given to the error detector. The error detector transistor conducts when the sense transistor saturates indicating that the input voltage and output voltage have come within a predetermined n voltage of one another. The reference v voltage is

The switches S1 and S2 in the buck boost AC voltage regulator works by the input of PWM signal produced by the control circuit. The comparator that compares the sawtooth waveform and the reference voltage is shown first and followed by that the produced PWM signal is shown in the Fig. 8.

Fig. 8. Switching patters of PWM signals .

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The peak voltage signal is given to the PID controller and the signal is controlled and gi given to the comparator. The comparator compares the regulated signal and sawtooth signal to produce PWM signal. In this graph the PWM signal is noted as Sg1 and the inverted signal to the switch is noted as Sg2.The PWM signal produced is directly given to the S1 and the he PWM signal is inverted using a not gate and given to the switch S2. The input current is almost in phase with the input voltage. Unlike the thyristor phase controlled converter, the output voltage wave is sinusoidal and the harmonics are h highly reduced. This input supply voltage is given to the buck-boost chopper type AC voltage boost regulator for operation. It is noticed that to input power supply and the output power supply will be in phase considered to the current and voltage .

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Figure 10 shows the simulation results of the output voltage when voltage sags or swells of 20% in the input voltage occur. The voltage controller can regulate the output voltage and o suppress the voltage fluctuation with fast speed. According to Fig. 11, when the output peak voltage is 100V, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of output voltage is only 1.62%. The output voltage has little harmonic components.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 9.The input voltage and current waveforms PWM controlled nput Buck-Boost AC voltage regulator.

Fig. 10. (a)Waveforms of output voltage voltage sags of 20% in the aveforms input voltage (b) voltage swells of 20% in the input voltage

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International Journal for Research and Development in Engineering (IJRDE) www.ijrde.com Vol.1: Issue.2, October-November 2012 pp- 28-36
VI. CONCLUSION With duty ratio ranging from 0.2 to 0.7, the theoretical analysis according to (10) and the simulation results of input power factor are shown in Figure 11. The theoretical analysis according to (9) and simulation results of output voltage root-mean- square (rms) value are shown in Fig. 12. The PWM Controlled Buck-Boost AC Voltage Regulator has many advantages compared to the thyristor phase controlled voltage regulator. The analysis method of the input power factor is presented. Compared with other voltage regulator, the input current is in a sinusoidal waveform with less harmonic components. The output voltage control system is designed using PID control method and the peak-voltage detector. The simulation results show that the voltage controller has a good dynamic performance when input voltage swells or sags occur. The PWM Controlled Buck-Boost AC Voltage Regulator can improve the power factor and reduce the power loss caused by the reactive and harmonic currents. In addition, it has significant meaning in protecting the voltage sensitive load against the line voltage swells and sags. REFERENCES
[1] J.H. Kim, B.D. Min, and B.H. Kwon, A PWM BuckBoost AC Chopper Solving the Commutation Problem, IEEE Transactions On Industrial [2] Jin Nan, Tang Hou-jun, Lin Wei, Analysis and Control of BuckBoost Chopper Type AC Voltage Regulator, IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics Vol.36, No.1, pp.33-38, 2009 [3] N.A. Ahmed, Kenji Amei and Masaaki Sakui, Improved Circuit of AC Choppers for Single-Phase System, Proceedings of the IEEE Conference PCCON, vol.2, pp. 907-912,2010. [4] Nabil A. Ahmed, Kenji Amei, and Masaaki Sakui, A New Configuration of Single-Phase Symmetrical PWM AC Chopper Voltage Controller, IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 942-952, 2008. Fig. 12. Variation of output voltage under different duty ratio [5] Shinichiro Fujikura, Akiteru Ueda, and Akihiro Torii, Analysis of a Three-Phase Buck-Boost AC Chopper Controlled in Two Phases, Power Conversion Conference, pp.824-830, 2007

Fig. 11. Variation of input power factor under different duty ratio

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[6] Shinyama T, Ueda A, and Torii A, AC chopper using four switches, Proceedings of Power Conversion conference, pp. 1056-1060, 2002 [7] Veszpremi K, Hunyar M., New application fields of the PWM IGBT AC chopper, Eighth International Conference of Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives, pp. 46-51, 2000 [8] Balci M.E., Hocaoglu M.H. Effects of Source Voltage Harmonic Distortion on Power Factor Compensation in Triac Controlled AC Chopper Circuits, International conference on PEDS, Vol. 2, pp. 1199 1204, Nov., 2005 [9] B.H. Kwon, Gang Youl Jeong, Novel Line Conditioner with Voltage Up/Down Capability, IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics, Vol.49, No.5, pp.1110-1119, 2002 [10] B.H. Kwon, J.H.Youm, J.H. Choi, Automatic voltage regulator with fast dynamic speed, IEEE Proceedings of Electrical Power Application. Vol.146, No.2, pp.201-207, 1999

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