Chapter 1: Introduction Now a days people prefer to travel in Train instead of Bus, accordingly there ar e a lot of changes in the

way of using transport systems. More and more trains are aiding for the transportation systems. There are so many different types of trains local, fast, super fast, passenger, goods trains etc. and there so many m ultiple routes. Although the time table is perfect it is not at all possible to maintain it. At the same time the probability of Train to train collision is inc reasing, Collision of train to other vehicles at unmanned level crossing are inc reasing day by day. There so many technology updates in this connection to avoid collisions and save the people. One of the objectives of the project is to provide automatic start and stop to t he trains. Automatic start and stop will be beneficial in cases if there are som e faults that are due to drivers mistakes like if he forgets to take a suitable action on red signal or forgets to apply the brakes, etc. The idea is whenever a ny engine observes a red signal on its track it will start decreasing its speed gradually and stops automatically at some distance from the signal pole. After t hen when it gets green signal then it will automatically start the train and go on. In the mean time when train has not stopped yet and a red signal becomes gre en then it crosses the signal pole with low speed and then driver can slowly inc rease the speed. So now before the driver observes the red signal the engine its elf observes it and automatically starts decreasing speed and then stops. Even i f driver forgets to take any action on red signal then also we can avoid acciden ts by the implementation of this idea. This project aims in the development of highly cost effective anti-collision det ector using the implementation of RF based train collision sensor in automation of signals. By this project we can avoid train collision by giving necessary sig nals automatically. For collision detection, RF based train collision sensor can be used. Concept is that we have added a RF transmitter and receiver to each tr ain engine. Every transmitter transmits RF encoded signal. So every train receiv e this encoded data in case of same station, same direction, same track train au tomatically apply emergency break to avoid collision. Toy train is used for Demo nstration of all function. Automatic gate controller is an added feature of this project. It can easily be customized as per requirements and available resources to suit the needs of Indi an railways. The idea has been successfully tested and the working prototype can be developed. The idea is to provide an automatic railway gate at a levelcrossi ng replacing the gates operated by the gatekeeper. It deals with two things. Fir stly, it deals with the reduction of time for which the gate is being kept close d. And secondly, to provide safety to the road users by reducing the accidents.B y the presently existing system once the train leaves the station, the stationma ster informs the gatekeeper about the arrival of the train through the telephone . Once the gatekeeper receives the information, he closes the gate depending on the timing at which the train arrives. Hence, if the train is late due to certai n reasons, then gate remain closed for a long time causing traffic near the gate s.By employing the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arri val of the train is detected by the sensor placed near to the gate. Hence, the t ime for which it is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates and a lso reduces the human labour. This type of gates can be employed in an unmanned level crossing where the chances of accidents are higher and reliable operation is required. Since, the operation is automatic, error due to manual operation is prevented. Automatic railway gate control is highly economical microcontroller based arrang ement, designed for use in almost all the unmanned level crossings in the countr y.The engines of trains are equipped with microcontroller containing all the dat a and information about all the trains. The concept of gate control is as follow s, two powerful IR transmitters and two receivers are used, when foreside receiv er gets activated, the gate motor is turned on in one direction and the gate is

closed and stays closed until the train crosses the gate and reaches after side sensors. When after side receiver gets activated motor turns in opposite directi on and gate opens and motor stops. Lastly an LCD display is also used to show various signaling information that is taking place between the trains and between the train and automatic gates at le vel crossings. LCD display will indicate various signals like opening and closin g of gate and it will detect station free or station occupied conditions. LCD is used to show what is actually happening in the tracks when the train arrives or leaves a junction or a station. LCD will receive all the signals directly from the microcontroller. Chapter 2: Theory 2.1 Train Block diagram Figure 2.1 Block diagram of demo train. The block diagram of a demo train is shown in figure 2.1. As can be seen the tra in consist of a 8051 microcontroller (AT89S52), and the microcontroller is main element in the train that is responsible for automatic signaling and other train operations. The microcontroller receives the decoded signal from the RF decoder which it processes and issue appropriate signals to the train and the LCD displ ay. Based on the received the signals the microcontroller will simply control th e speed of the train by setting the led traffic lights at level crossings. The microcontroller is interfaced with 16x2 LCD Display which is basically used to display the status of the train and track. LCD display is used to display var ious signals like gate open or gate closed, station free or station occupied con ditions. The microcontroller also receives timing information from the IR receiv ers. This timing information is used to stop the train for certain amount of tim e until the station or track becomes free. This is basically done when another t rain is found to be on the track. For collision detector the microcontroller receives signals from RF receiver. RF receiver is an important part of the circuit which is used to transmit RF encod ed data for collision protection. Every transmitter transmits RF encoded signal to the train. The encoded signal is a collision code Consisting of:Station name in binary 4 bit format Train direction in binary 4 bit format Track ID in binary 4 bit format The encoded RF signal is transmitted by other train engine for detecting collis ion. In case it sense collision condition it applies emergency break. Microcontr oller is used to decode binary signal receive by RF receiver. The IR receiver an d transmitter are used to communicate with station for signal control. The emerg ency break is connected to relay. In the same way microcontroller also activate buzzer for extra security waning. The infrared intruder sensor is used to sense signal transmitted by station to train either stop before station or on the stat ion. In the infrared sensor we use IC 555 as a main component. 2.2 Station Block diagram Figure 2.2 Block diagram of station. The block diagram of a station is shown in Figure 2.2. The station also consist of a 8051 microcontroller (AT89S52). The microcontroller is basically used to re ceive timing information from the IR receivers. The IR transmitter and receiver

sense the incoming and outgoing of the trains and based on the arrival or depart ure of trains it sends suitable signals to the microcontroller. The microcontrol ler processes the data received from the IR receivers and then send suitable con trol signals to the IR signal transmitter. The IR signal transmitter indicates t he trains that weather it has to stop before a station or at the station. Also t he microcontroller sets the station signal control LED to indicate the train tha t it has to slow down its speed. It will switch green light if the station is fr ee and it will signal red light if the signal is occupied. Here at station also microcontroller is the main component that is performing the work. 2.3 Concept of gate control Figure 2.3 Concept of gate control. The objective is to provide an automatic railway gate at a levelcrossing replaci ng the gates operated by the gatekeeper. It deals with two things. Firstly, it d eals with the reduction of time for which the gate is being kept closed. And sec ondly, to provide safety to the road users by reducing the accidents. By the pre sently existing system once the train leaves the station, the stationmaster info rms the gatekeeper about the arrival of the train through the telephone. Once th e gatekeeper receives the information, he closes the gate depending on the timin g at which the train arrives. Hence, if the train is late due to certain reasons , then gate remain closed for a long time causing traffic near the gates. By emp loying the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of t he train is detected by the sensor placed near to the gate. Hence, the time for which it is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates and also redu ces the human labour. This type of gates can be employed in an unmanned level cr ossing where the chances of accidents are higher and reliable operation is requi red. Since, the operation is automatic, error due to manual operation is prevent ed. Automatic railway gate control is highly economical microcontroller based ar rangement, designed for use in almost all the unmanned level crossings in the co untry. It utilizes two powerful IR transmitters and two receivers; one pair of t ransmitter and receiver is fixed at up side (from where the train comes) at a le vel higher than a human being in exact alignment and similarly the other pair is fixed at down side of the train direction. Sensor activation time is so adjuste d by calculating the time taken at a certain speed to cross at least one compart ment of standard minimum size of the Indian railway. Sensors are fixed at certai n distance on both sides of the gate. We call the sensor along the train directi on as foreside sensor and the other as aft side sensor. When foreside receiver gets activated, the gate motor is turned on in one direction and the gate is closed a nd stays closed until the train crosses the gate and reaches aft side sensors. W hen after side receiver gets activated motor turns in opposite direction and gat e opens and motor stops. Buzzer will immediately sound at the fore side receiver activation and gate will close after 5 seconds, so giving time to drivers to cl ear gate area in order to avoid trapping between the gates and stop sound after the train has crossed. Also an indicator light has been provided.

Chapter 3: Material and Methods The various components used in our project are:3.1 Microcontroller AT89S52 3.1.1 Introduction The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using A tmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus try- standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the pro gram memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flas h on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which pr ovides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control ap plications. 3.1.2 Features Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag

3.1.3

Pin Configurations

Figure 3.1:- Pin diagram of AT89S52 3.1.4 Pin Description VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pi n can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance Inputs. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 outp ut buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As input s, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because of the internal pullups. Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 outp

ut buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because of the internal pullups. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 outp ut buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because of the pullups. RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is r unning resets the device. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the a ddress during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse in put (PROG) during Flash programming. PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated tw ice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FF FFH. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock oper ating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. 3.2 555 timer 3.2.1 Introduction The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscil lation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired . In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one e xternal resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external re sistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling wav eforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circu its. Figure 3.2 pin configuration of LM555H 3.2.2 Features - Direct replacement for SE555/NE555 - Timing from microseconds through hours - Operates in both astable and monostable modes - Adjustable duty cycle - Output can source or sink 200mA - Output and supply TTL compatible - Temperature stability better than 0.005% per degrees C - Normally on and normally off output Applications - Precision timing - Pulse generation - Sequential timing - Time delay generation

- Pulse width modulation - Pulse position modulation - Linear ramp generator 3.3 Encoder (HT12E) 3.3.1 Introduction The 212 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system application s. They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12_N data b its. Each address/ data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The pro grammed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits. 3.3.2 Features _ Operating voltage _ 2.4V~5V for the HT12A _ 2.4V~12V for the HT12E _ Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology _ Low standby current: 0.1_A (typ.) at VDD=5V _ HT12A with a 38kHz carrier for infrared transmission medium _ Minimum transmission word 3.3.3 Selection Table Table 3.1 Selection table for Encoder.

3.3.4 Block diagram Figure 3.3 Block diagram of HT12E 3.3.5 Pin Assignment Figure 3.4 Pin diagram of HT12E Table 3.2 Pin Description

3.4 Decoder (HT12D) 3.4.1 Introduction The 212 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system application s. They are paired with Holteks 212 series of encoders (refer to the encoder/deco der cross reference table). For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data format should be chosen. 3.4.2 Features _ Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V _ Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology _ Low standby current _ Capable of decoding 12 bits of information _ Binary address setting _ Received codes are checked 3 times _ Address/Data number combination _ HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits _ HT12F: 12 address bits only

_ _ _ _ _

Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Valid transmission indicator Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium Minimal external components Pair with Holtek_s 212 series of encoders

3.4.3 Selection Table Table 3.3 Selection Table for Decoder

3.4.4 Block Diagram

Figure 3.5 Block Diagram of HT12D

3.4.5 Pin Assignment Figure 3.6 Pin diagram of HT12D 3.4.6 Pin description Table 3.4 Pin Description of HT12D 3.5 Relays 3.5.1 Introduction Figure 3.7 Relay A relay is an electrically operated switch. The relay contacts can be made to op erate in the pre-arranged fashion. For instance, normally open contacts close an d normally closed contacts open. In electromagnetic relays, the contacts however complex they might be, they have only two position i.e. OPEN and CLOSED, wherea s in case of electromagnetic switches, the contacts can have multiple positions. 3.5.2 Need for Relay The reason behind using relay for switching loads is to provide complete electri cal isolation. The means that there is no electrical connection between the driv ing circuits and the driven circuits. The driving circuit may be low voltage ope rated low power circuits that control several kilowatts of power. In our circuit where a high fan could be switched on or off depending upon the output from the telephone. Since the relay circuit operated on a low voltage, the controlling circuit is qu ite safe. In an electromagnetic relay the armature is pulled by a magnetic force only. There is no electrical connection between the coil of a relay and the swi tching contacts of the relay. If there are more than one contact they all are el ectrically isolated from each other by mounting them on insulating plates and wa shers. Hence they can be wired to control different circuits independently. 3.6 Radio Frequency Transmitter & Receiver The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The correspond ing frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digi tal data is represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kin d of modulation is known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons. Fi

rstly, signals through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mo de, RF signals can travel even when there is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission is more strong and reliable than IR transmissi on. RF communication uses a specific frequency unlike IR signals which are affec ted by other IR emitting sources. Figure 3.8 RF transmitter and Receiver. This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The transmitte r/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter re ceives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna co nnected at pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The trans mitted data is received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as tha t of the transmitter. 3.6.1 Pin Layout of RF Transmitter and Receiver: TABLE 3.5 Pin Description of RF Transmitter

TABLE 3.6 Pin Description of RF Receiver

3.7 Liquid Crystal Display A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual displa y, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly. LCDs are used in a wide range of applica tions, including computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cock pit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clock s, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have replaced cathode ray tube (CR T) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they ca nnot suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence. LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low elect rical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equi pment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (ba cklight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. Figure 3.8 LCD Pin Diagram and Pin description. 3.8 Infrared transmitter and receiver The transmitter circuit consists of the following components: IC 555 Resistors Capacitors IR LED The IR LED emitting infrared light is put on in the transmitting unit. To gene rate IR signal, 555 IC based astable multivibrator is used. Infrared LED is driv en through transistor BC 548. IC 555 is used to construct an astable multivibrator which has two quasi-stable

states. It generates a square wave of frequency 38kHz and amplitude 5Volts. It is required to switch ON the IR LED. Figure 3.9 IR Transmitter The receiver circuit consists of the following components: TSOP1738 (sensor) IC 555 Resistors Capacitors The receiver unit consists of a sensor and its associated circuitry. In receive r section, the first part is a sensor, which detects IR pulses transmitted by IR -LED. Whenever a train crosses the sensor, the output of IR sensor momentarily t ransits through a low state. As a result the monostable is triggered and a short pulse is applied to the port pin of the 8051 microcontroller. On receiving a pu lse from the sensor circuit, the controller activates the circuitry required for closing and opening of the gates and for track switching. The IR receiver circu it is shown in the figure below. Figure 3.10 IR Receiver

3.9 Resistor Resistors are the most commonly used component in electronics and their purpose is to create specified values of current and voltage in a circuit. The unit for measuring resistance is the OHM. (the Greek letter - called Omega). Higher resis tance values are represented by "k" (kilo-ohms) and M (meg ohms). For example, 1 20 000 is represented as 120k, while 1 200 000 is represented as 1M2. 3.10 Capacitors Capacitors are common components of electronic circuits, used almost as frequent ly as resistors. The basic difference between the two is the fact that capacitor resistance (called reactance) depends on the frequency of the signal passing th rough the item. The symbol for reactance is Xc and it can be calculated using th e following formula: f representing the frequency in Hz and C representing the capacitance in Farads. 3.11 Diode A diode is a semiconductor device which allows current to flow through it in onl y one direction. Although a transistor is also a semiconductor device, it does n ot operate the way a diode does. A diode is specifically made to allow current t o flow through it in only one direction. A diode can be used as a rectifier that converts AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current) for a power supply dev ice. Diodes can be used to separate the signal from radio frequencies. Diodes ca n be used as an on/off switch that controls current. This symbol is used to ind icate a diode in a circuit diagram. The meaning of the symbol is (Anode) (Cathode). Current flows from the anode side to the cathode side. Although all diodes operate with the same general principle, there are different types suited to different applications. 3.12 Crystal (XTAL) A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters.

Chapter 4: Problems Identified There are various problems with our currently used systems used in railways. The se problems are not only affecting the railway economy but also leading to many disasters resulting due to manually operated systems and human errors. 4.1 Manually operated Gate Crossings One problem is that the gates at level crossing are opened and closed by manual operators, which means the gate is operated manually. Since it is operated manua lly there can be a number of drawbacks. These drawbacks include the opening and closing time of gates. The time for which the gates remains closed is very much in case of manual operation. Because in this case whenever a train leaves a stat ion , the station operator call the gate keeper about the arrival of the train. And after receiving the information, the gate keeper closes the gate. This leads to time delay. Also if the train is stopped in between due to some unavoidable reasons, then also the gate remains closed for a long time. 4.2 Train Accidents This problem is one of the major problems in railways. The train accidents that take place if two trains are on same track. These accidents occurs due to lack o f communications between these two trains. However this problem can be removed b y collision detection circuitry. This circuit is capable of avoiding the acciden ts by detecting the train automatically and stopping the train before collision. 4.3 Temperature Effect on Sensors: Another problem that was identified was with the IR transmitter and receivers. W hen these are used in the presence of sunlight, then there resistance fall and t hey operate insufficiently. So IR transmitters and receivers should be used wher e the effect of sunlight is less or another option is to cover the IR portion to avoid direct contact with sunlight. Chapter 5: Proposed Model Autonomous Train Control with Collision Detector We know that the railway network of India is the biggest in south Asia and perha ps the most complicated in all over the world. There are so many different types of trains local, fast, super fast, passenger, goods.... etc. and their so many multiple routs. Although the time table is perfect it is not at all possible to maintain it. And thats why the train accidents are becoming more and more usual. So why not we add a kind of intelligence to the train engines itself so that it tries to avoid accidents. The idea is whenever any engine observes a red signal on its track it will start decreasing its speed gradually and stops automatically at some distance from th e signal pole. After then when it gets green signal the automatically start the train and go on. In the mean time when train has not stopped yet and a red signa l becomes green then it crosses the signal pole with low speed and then driver c an slowly increase the speed. So now before the driver observes the red signal the engine itself observes it a nd automatically starts decreasing speed and then stops. Even if driver forgets to take any action on red signal then also we can avoid accidents by the impleme ntation of this idea. Our project also contains voice processor which announce s tation name. The special feature of our project is that we have also added RF based train collision sensor having range about 2km which is quit practical to avoid collision. Concept is that we have added a RF transmitte r and receiver to each train engine. Every transmitter transmits RF encoded sign al of Station name

Train direction Track ID So every train receive this encoded date in case of same station, same direction , same track train automatically apply emergency break to avoid collision. We ha ve used Toy train to Demonstrates all function.

5.1 Engine Circuit 1 Figure 5.1 Block diagram of engine circuit 1. 5.2 Engine circuit 2 Figure 5.2 Engine circuit 2 5.3 Station circuit Figure 5.3 Station circuit diagram 5.4 Working Engine circuit 1: This is an important part of the circuit which is used to tran smit RF encoded data for collision protection. Every transmitter transmits RF en coded signal of Station name in binary 4 bit format Train diracion in binary 4 bit format Track ID in binary 4 bit format Table 5.1 RF Encoded data for collision protection 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 data Name nothing nothing Station-1 Station-2 Station-3 Station-4 Station-5 Station-6 Station-7 Station-8 Station-9 Station-10 Station-11 Station-12 Station-13 Station-14 Station-15 Diraction nothing Diractn-1 Diractn-2 Diractn-1 Diractn-2 Diractn-1 Diractn-2 Diractn-1 Diractn-2 Diractn-1 Diractn-2 Diractn-1 Diractn-2 Diractn-1 Diractn-2 Diractn-1 Track ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

For the encoding purpose we have used HT 12E encoder. HT 12 E is 2^12 encoders a re a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They are capabl e of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12_N data bits. E ach address/ data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The programme d addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF transmi ssion medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE tri gger on the HT12E or a DATA trigger on the HT12A further enhances the applicatio

n Flexibility of the 212 series of encoders. The HT12A additionally provides a 3 8 kHz carrier for infrared systems. Engine circuit 2: As shown in the circuit diagram it consist of RF receiver, IR receiver and transmitter, Buzzer, Emergency breaking circuit and microcontroller control circuit. The RF receiver is used to receive encoded RF signal transmit ted by other train engine for detecting collision. In case it sense collision co ndition it applies emergency break. Microcontroller is used to decode binary sig nal receive by RF receiver. The IR receiver and transmitter are used to communi cate with station for signal control. RF receiver: for RF signal decoding we have used HT12D decoder IC. It receiver signal and applies to the microcontroller. If microcontroller sense collision co ndition it activates P2.0 high which conduct transister and relay. The emergency break is connected to relay. In the same way microcontroller also activate buzz er for extra security waning. HT 12D Receive 12 bit decoded data transmitted by RF licence plate and encoded data for further processing. The HT12D is 12 bit de coders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They ar e paired with Holtek_s 2^12 series of encoders. For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data format should be chos en. The decoders receive serial addresses and data from a programmed 2^12 series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local add resses. If no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes are decod ed and then transferred to the output pins. The VT pin also goes high to indicat e a valid transmission. The 2^12 series of decoders are capable of decoding info rmation that consist of N bits of address and 12_N bits of data. Of this series, the HT12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4 data bits. IR receiver: The infrared intruder sensor is used to sense signal transmitted by station to train either stop before station or on the station. In the infrared sensor we use IC 555 as a main component. Pin no 4 and pin no 8 is connected to the positive supply. Pin no 1 is connected to the negative voltage. One capacito r is grounded from the pin no 5 for noise cancellation. Output is available on t he pin no 3. Sensor is connected to the pin no 2. In the case of infra red sens or Pin no 2 is negative bias through the 33k ohm resistor and pin no is positive ly biased through the photodiode. One infrared transmitter led is focused to the photodiode. Infra red led is directly connected to the positive and negative su pply through the 330ohm resistor. In normal stage when light is focusing on the photodiode then pin no 2 is positively biased photodiode. If pin no 2 is positiv e then negative output is available on the pin no 3. Now when anybody interrupts the light then there is no light on the photodiode and pin no 2 is now gets its voltage from only 33 k ohm resistor. If pin no 2 is become negative then outpu t is shifted to the pin no 3. When positive output is available on the pin no 3 and with the help of this voltage NPN transistor is on and npn transistor provid e a negative voltage as a pulse to the microcontroller. Station circuit: It consist of two IR trans receiver, signal control LED and LCD display. IR receiver: It is used to sense train position either on the station or before station. the working is same as explain on previous page. LCD display: It displays all information like signal red or green, train positio n, security warning etc. The display section consists of 16*2 LCD. LCDs can add a lot to your application in terms of providing an useful interface for the user , debugging an application or just giving it a "professional" look. The most com mon type of LCD controller is the Hitatchi 44780 which provides a relatively sim ple interface between a processor and an LCD.The LCD interface is a parallel bus , allowing simple and fast reading/writing of data to and from the LCD. This wav eform will write an ASCII Byte out to the LCD s screen. The ASCII code to be dis played is eight bits long and is sent to the LCD either four or eight bits at a

time. If four bit mode is used, two "nibbles" of data (Sent high four bits and t hen low four bits with an "E" Clock pulse with each nibble) are sent to make up a full eight bit transfer. The "E" Clock is used to initiate the data transfer w ithin the LCD. Sending parallel data as either four or eight bits are the two pr imary modes of operation. While there are secondary considerations and modes, de ciding how to send the data to the LCD is most critical decision to be made for an LCD interface application. Eight bit mode is best used when speed is require d in an application and at least ten I/O pins are available. Four bit mode requi res a minimum of six bits. To wire a microcontroller to an LCD in four bit mode, just the top four bits (DB4-7) are written to. The "R/S" bit is used to select whether data or an instruction is being transferred between the microcontroller and the LCD. If the Bit is set, then the byte at the current LCD "Cursor" Positi on can be read or written. When the Bit is reset, either an instruction is being sent to the LCD or the execution status of the last instruction is read back (w hether or not it has completed). Table 5.2 The different instructions available for train R/S R/W D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Instruction/Description 4 5 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 Pins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Clear Display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 * Return Cursor and LCD to Home Position 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ID S Set Cursor Move Direction 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B Enable Display/Cursor 0 0 0 0 0 1 SC RL * * Move Cursor/Shift Display 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F * * Set Interface Length 0 0 0 1 A A A A A A Move Cursor into CGRAM 0 0 1 A A A A A A A Move Cursor to Display 0 1 BF * * * * * * * Poll the "Busy Flag" 1 0 D D D D D D D D Write a Character to the Display at the Current Cursor Position 1 1 D D D D D D D D Read the Character on the Display at the Current Cursor Position

Chapter 6: Automatic Gates at level crossing 6.1 Introduction Early level crossings had a flagman in a nearby booth who would, on the approach of a train, wave a red flag or lantern to stop all traffic and clear the tracks . Manual or electrical closable gates that barricaded the roadway were later int roduced. The gates were intended to be a complete barrier against intrusion of a ny road traffic onto the railway. In the early days of the railways much road tr affic was horsedrawn or included livestock. It was thus necessary to provide a r eal barrier. Thus, crossing gates, when closed to road traffic, crossed the enti re width of the road. When opened to allow road users to cross the line, the gat es were swung across the width of the railway, preventing any pedestrians or ani

mals getting onto the line. With the appearance of motor vehicles, this barrier became less effective and th e need for a barrier to livestock diminished dramatically. Many countries theref ore substituted the gated crossings with weaker but more highly visible barriers and relied upon road users following the associated warning signals to stop. In many countries, level crossings on less important roads and railway lines are often "open" or "uncontrolled", sometimes with warning lights or bells to warn of approaching trains. Ungated crossings represent a safety concern; many accide nts have occurred due to failure to notice or obey the warning. Level crossings present a significant risk of collisions between trains and road vehicles. Level crossings in India, China, Thailand, and Malaysia are still lar gely manually-operated, where the barriers are lowered using a manual switch whe n trains approach. This concept utilizes two powerful IR transmitters and two receivers; one pair o f transmitter and receiver is fixed at upside (from where the train comes) at a level higher than a human being in exact alignment and similarly the other pair is fixed at down side of the train direction. Sensor activation time is so adjus ted by calculating the time taken at a certain speed to cross at least one compa rtment of standard minimum size of the Indian railway. We have considered 5 seco nds for this project. Sensors are fixed at 1km on both sides of the gate. We cal l the sensor along the train direction as foreside sensor and the other as aft side sensor. When foreside receiver gets activated, the gate motor is turned on in on e direction and the gate is closed and stays closed until the train crosses the gate and reaches aft side sensors. When aft side receiver gets activated motor t urns in opposite direction and gate opens and motor stops. Buzzer will immediate ly sound at the fore side receiver activation and gate will close after 5 second s, so giving time to drivers to clear gate area in order to avoid trapping betwe en the gates and stop sound after the train has crossed. 6.2 Basic Idea Figure 6.1 Concept of gate control Railways being the cheapest mode of transportation are preferred over all the ot her means .When we go through the daily newspapers we come across many railway a ccidents occurring at unmanned railway crossings. This is mainly due to the care lessness in manual operations or lack of workers. We, in this project has come u p with a solution for the same. Using simple electronic components we have tried to automate the control of railway gates. As a train approaches the railway cro ssing from either side, the sensors placed at a certain distance from the gate d etects the approaching train and accordingly controls the operation of the gate. Also an indicator light has been provided to alert the motorists about the appr oaching train.

Chapter 7: Results and Discussion The project is implemented according to objectives that were proposed in the pro ject. As it was proposed that the train with automatically start and stop at the station. It is implemented successfully. The train is stopping at the stations for certain time and the again it starts to run. In this our proposed technique of collision detection is implemented, if a train is already present in a platfo rm then the other train still on the track will automatically detect it and stop automatically and buzzer will sound. The objective of gate control was also provided in the project. Gate control was also implemented as it was mentioned. The gate closes automatically when the tr ain passes through the station equipped with IR sensors. And when the train cro sses the Gate, the gate is opened after train has passed. One of the objectives was LCD display, LCD is used to view the activity of the e

ntire project, ie gate open or gate closed, station free or station occupied. An d this objective also has been successfully implemented in the project and is wo rking correctly. Final result is that all objectives that were stated in our project have been im plemented successfully by combined efforts of our group.

Chapter 8: Further Work The conclusion is that if this project is given consideration for implementation on a large scale then it can prove to be very beneficial for countrys economy. B y implementing this project there will be a reduced chances for human errors, as the station and train will be operated automatically. Also the economy that is wasted in accidents and collisions of trains will reduc ed due to automatic collision detection. The collision detection circuit will be provided in every train and every train will have its unique collision code tha t will be used to avoid collisions. Also by using automatic gates at railway crossings there will be increase in th e security of road traffic , also it will reduce the accidents that occur at rai lway crossings. Also due to presence of such gates there will be reduction in ti me for which the gates remain closed before a train passes through the railway c rossing. Hence this project can proved to be very economical for Indian Railways , this p roject will also lead to increase in countrys economy earned through Indian railw ays. But implementation of this project requires heavy investment. Future work can also be done for further improvement of this project .One of the future work that can be done is that efforts should be made to realize GPS ser vices. In this the location of train can be obtained through GPS. All the object ives of collision detection and gate control could be realized using GPS. Another future work that can be done is that, introduction of concept of track s witching. For example if a superfast train and a local train are on the same tra ck then at the point of splitting of the tracks, the local train should stop bef ore the switching track and allow the superfast train to pass through it first a nd after the superfast train has passed the local train can use the track. REFERENCES 1) Automative Series understanding of Relays By Kevin.R.Sullivan. http://www.autoshop101.com/forms/ohrelay.pdf 2) Holtek HT12D/HT12F Published by Holtek Semiconductor Inc. http://www.holtek.com/pdf/consumer/2_12dv120.pdf 3). Holtek HT12A/HT12E Published by Holtek Semiconductor Inc. http://www.holtek.com/pdf/consumer/2_12ev120.pdf 4). ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheet http://www.keil.com/dd/docs/datashts/atmel/at89s52_ds.pdf 5). LCD Module published by Images SI Inc.(Staten Island NY 10314) http://www.imagesco.com/microcontroller/lcd-ds.pdf 6). Micro Circuit Data Sheet published By National Semiconductor. http://www.national.com/mds/LM/MNLMC555-X.pdf 7). MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA Published By Farchild Semiconductors. http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheet/fairchild/LM7805.pdf 8). Automatic Train Systems published In rail Rapid Transit. http://www.fas.org/ota/reports/7614.pdf

Appendix 1:-Flow Chart #1 Flow Chart for the Station. Figure A.1 Flow Chart of Station #2 Flow Chart for the Train. Figure A.2 Flow Chart of Train 2: Software and Program #Program for Station $crystal = 12000000 $regfile = "89c51cc.dat" Config Lcd = 16 * 2 Cls Main: Locate 1 , 1 Lcd "Autonomous Train" Locate 2 , 1 Lcd "Control System" Wait 1 Cls Check: If P2 = &B11111100 Then P3 = &B00001010 Locate 1 , 1 Lcd "Both Station Busy" Else If P2 = &B11111101 Then sy P3 = &B00011001 Locate 1 , 1 Lcd "2nd station busy" Else If P2 = &B11111110 Then y P3 = &B00100110 Locate 1 , 1 Lcd "1st station busy" Else If P2 = &B11111111 Then e P3 = &B00110101 Locate 1 , 1 Lcd "both station free" Else End If End If End If End If End #Program for Train $crystal = 12000000 $regfile = "89c51cc.dat" P2 = 0 P1 = 255 Main: Check:

Both Station Busy

second station bu

first station bus

both station fre

P2.0 = 0 P2.1 = 0 If P1 = &B11110100 Then P2.0 = 1 For I = 0 To 10 P2.1 = 1 Waitms 200 P2.1 = 0 Waitms 200 Next Goto Check Else If P1 = &B11110101 Then P2.0 = 1 For I = 0 To 10 P2.1 = 1 Waitms 200 P2.1 = 0 Waitms 200 Next Goto Check Else If P1.0 = 1 Then P2.0 = 1 Wait 10 P2.0 = 0 Wait 1 Goto Check Else P2.0 = 0 End If End If End If End