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GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

28.07.2011

NanoDustFusion
After about 60 years of multibillion dollar efforts, the official versions of controlled nuclear fusioncouldnotyieldanyresults,despitealltheefforts.Coldfusiondidreachtheoverunitystage, thoughusuallynotinareliablemanner,exceptfortheeffortsofA.RossiandFocardi,orZhang and Arata. The Italian device seems to be ready for mass production. It looks like the original PonsFleischmann solution stumbled into the periphery of the right technical approach, like flappingwingtypeairplanesatthedawnofaviation.Thegoldmineofcontrollednuclearfusion parametersaretobesoughtatevenhighertemperatures,andbyadifferenttechnicalsetup.The main arena of this effort is transient, dusty plasma of nanosize carbon particles supported by ionacousticresonanceswithhundredsofresonancepeaks.Theresultisareliableprocesshaving multiplenucleartransmutations. The process to be described is an unusual one. The essential ingredients are dusty plasma made fromnanosizecarbonparticlesandairandsomewatervapor;(SeeFig.1).Initssimplestversion the process works at atmospheric pressure, and at modest lukewarm temperatures at 1000 3000C.Thefundamentalprocesscouldbecreatedathomewithmostmicrowaveovens.Indeed there are dozens of demonstrations on YouTube, under the title 'Microwave Plasma'. However, thereisalongandunfinishedroadfromthiseasydemonstrationtoapracticaldevice. However, this method can be a faster road to a controllable, reliable, inexpensive nuclear fusion process.Whatsortsoffusionprocessestakeplacehere?Wedontknowyet,butperhapswewill be able to answer the question with joint effort in a few years. It is obvious: there should be tectonic shifts in the approach towards controlled nuclear fusion theoretically and technically, in order to have a massproduced device. The old hot fusion method and mindset should be abandoned, the sooner the better. That fruitless approach will not yield any technical result. However, the focus of the cold version of fusion should be shifted from bulk palladium electrolysis with deuterium at room temperature to higher temperatures, nanosize particles, without electrolysis. The nanoparticle induced LENR pinpoints that this process is essentially a surface phenomenon, as indicated by David Nagel, and not a process inside a lattice, as early theoretical models expected. Further, the phenomenon is not restricted to deuterium; ordinary hydrogencanserveaswell,andevennucleiofhighermassnumbers. The FocardiRossitype process of heated micronsized particles is technically limited by the meltingpointofnickel.(TherearesimilarproblemswiththeArathaZhangtypeofZnO2+Pdnano particles system, apart from the high price of Pd). In our acoustic dusty plasma process we have twobottlenecks:themeltingpointofanacousticresonatorvesselandtherecrystallizationpointof nanosizecarbonparticles.Otherwise,onlytheskyisthelimit.

GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

28.07.2011

PartI.
FusionDeviceinTenMinutes Thetechnicalsetupisasfollows: AsshowninFig. 2,thesimplestdeviceisessentiallyahouseholdmicrowaveplasmaoven,where theessentialfusionprocessesarerestrictedtothevolumeofanacousticresonator.Webelievethe quintessenceofthetechnicalprocesstakesplaceinthedusty,orcrystalplasma.[1]Thecrystal plasmaisessentiallyafifthstateofmatter.Itisplasma,thoughthesmalldustparticlesinsideit are arranged along cubic or hexagonic symmetries as shown in Fig. 1. The periodic, latticelike crystal structure is not essential though: the nanosize carbon dust particles can settle in semi organized liquid or disordered gaseous forms as well. Moreover sometimes large voids of particlesareformedwithintheoscillatingplasma. As shown in 2, the dust particles have a large accumulated negative charge, as the high speed electronsbumpintothe particlesurface, andpenetratedeepintothedust.Theyremain trapped untilanextraordinaryhighelectrondensityisreachedintheorderof105109electrons/particle. In order tohavea very highspeed (near the velocity of light) seeding electroncloud, the plasma must oscillate at a wide spectrum of frequencies and at very high amplitudes. The plasma wakefieldaccelerationeffect[2]istobeusedfortheseedingprocess.Itisanalogoustosurfing onthebeach.Whenasteepandemergingwaveapproachesthebeach,thecloudofsurfersriding itisaccelerated,extractingmomentumfromthehugekineticenergyofthewave.Asimilareffectis usedonsmoothwater,ifamotorboatistowingawaterskier.Thereisnoneedforarope;theV shaped wakes can propel a skilled skier manouvering on the inner slope of the boat wake wave. Tabletopsizeplasmaacceleratorsareabletoproduceuptoa1GeV/cmelectricfieldinaplasma wave. This is more than any giant, kilometersized accelerators of Fermilab or CERN are able to produce,(butthebeamisnotuniforminourcase.) The processes inside the plasma are indeed complex. Apart from the nanosize carbon dust particles, negative and positive ions, electrons and neutral atoms or molecules oscillate in a resonator,inordertoachieveasfrequencieswiththehighestpossibleamplitudes. Thoughmicrophonescannotbeinsertedintotheplasma,norintotheelectromagneticresonator, theamplitudesarebelievedtoexceed130dB.Fortunatelymostofthemattheultrasoundrange. Unfortunatelythereisanotherpeakofintensityaswellfortheinfrasoundsattherangeofabout 1020Hz,asthisisthetypicalhallmarkofdustyplasmas. Inordertosatisfytheinstantcuriosityof thereaderaboutthedevice,Fig.2/aand2/cprovidea quickintroductiontotheessentialsofasmallhomemadedustfusionreactor.Fig.2/aisasimple microwaveoven,wheremicrowavesareradiatedintotheEMresonantcavityviaawaveguide.One hastoplaceamatchorathickerpointedpegofdrywoodintothecenter.Lightit,thenclosethe doorquickly,turnontheoven(atabout1kW),andwatchashiningflameclimbuptotheceiling. Thisisthecrystal,dustyorcomplexplasma.Thesootparticlesoftheburningstickofwoodprovide the micron or nanosize carbon particles. It is even better to use a thin sharpened graphite rod, takenfromamechanicalpencil.

GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

28.07.2011

AfurtherstepisshowninFig.2/c,wheretheplasmablobiscapturedinaglassjar.Thisistheend of the foolish YouTube type experiments. A real qualitative, but very difficult step is to use a spherical quartz resonator with at least two different tubular elongations on the top and on the bottom of the sphere. It should be placed on an insulating stand. A proper, welltuned acoustic resonator,andaproperlymatchedimpedancechainstartingfromthemagnetrontotheEMcavity isamust.Thedifferenceislikehavingaviolinwithouttheusualresonator,ortohaveapiano,but without the wooden soundboard, only the strings. Instead of a spherical quartz resonator, one mightuseanopenendedquartztube(~25mmx60mm)ora50x50x50mmboxmadeofmica plate;(seethefirstphotograph). Thesystemisnotnecessarilyclosedhermetically,asitworksatatmosphericpressures,orathigher andlowerpressuresaswell.Thereisanotheruniquefeatureofthissystem:itisextremelytolerant ofanyalienmatterpassingthroughtheplasma.Thusaverywiderangeofchemicalandnuclear reactions of fusion of the plasma can be achieved, like splitting the molecules of CO2 or any hazardousmaterialslikewasterubbertires,orgalvanicsludge,justtonameafew.Electrochemical CFcellsareintolerantofanygarbageorpollutantsgettingintotheelectrolyteorintotheelectrode material.ThesysteminFig.2/cisenoughforabreakevendevice,ifdenseCO2isblownthrough theplasmainsidetheacousticresonator.

GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

28.07.2011

PartII.
Assumptions GodCreatedMatter,buttheSurfaceisMadebytheDevil What sort of physical process takes place inside the plasma? The unique and very embarrassing featureofthisparticulartechnologyisthattheessentialphenomenatakeplacesimultaneouslyat leastonfourdifferentlevelsofsizeandtimescale,spanningabout12ordersofmagnitude. Thesearethefollowing: Macroscopicengineeringlevel Complex plasma oscillations of different frequencies range from the order of 1 Hz to GHz. Consequently, the wave lengths of acoustic oscillations vary from the scale of cm way down to submicron.Whenfilmedbyahighspeedcamera,thedifferentoscillatingregionsarevisibletothe naked eye, up to a limit. On some films one can see an oscillating spherical checkerboard with regionsmovinginandoutofphasewithregularsizesubregionslikethesurfaceofapeeledorange. Thedustyplasmaasawholeisconsideredtobeelectricallyneutral,exceptitssurface. Thereareostensiblysimilardifferencesinthelocalplasmatemperaturesfordifferentingredients. Electrons,acceleratedbythemechanismofplasmawakefieldaccelerationcanreachnearlythe velocity of light, therefore they can penetrate deep into a dust particle, creating an enormous chargedensityneverseeninanyothertechnicaldevice. In fact, the acceleration of even a positive ion can exceed that of a black hole beyond the event horizonduetothemassivenegativechargeofadustparticle.Butforneutralatomsnearthecold wall of the acoustic resonator, the velocity has modest, usual values like in any technical device, (likeaweldingtorch). Micrometerrange This is the level of the interaction of the carbon nanoparticles with their ambient surroundings. The plasma is no longer neutral electrically in this range. The nonlinear Debye length is the characteristicdistanceofthedustplasmainteractions. The dust particlesare of micronsize at the start, but by the time they reach theworking plasma temperature they are broken and regrown into nanosize pieces by evaporation, condensation, crystallization, erosion and Maxwell stress rupturing due to the repulsion of the electrons accumulated inside the dust particles. Small fullerenes and sections of nanotubes are to be foundhere,astheseparticlespasseventhroughveryfinefilters. Rememberthatwithoutthefinenanodustofrightsizeandshapethereisnoeffectwhatsoever. (Plasmaetching,orionbombardment,alsocreatessuchsmallparticles,asafrequentlycursedside effectofsemiconductorchipmanufacturingandionimplantation,butofSi.)Theregularfeaturesof thisdustlatticecrystal,orliquidseemtobeessentialtoitssuccess.Thislatticecanaccommodate 4

28.07.2011 transverse,longitudinalandeventorsionaloscillation,anditcanamplifythemviaresonanteffects. Asimplified sketch of the Dust Acoustic Resonance, ordust acoustic wave isshown in Fig.3/a, and 3/b. The characteristic feature of this wave is that the heavy carbon nanoparticles are relatively stagnant, and the electron cloud is mobile. The electron cloud is driven partly by the external electrical field of the transversal waves of the magnetron, and by the selforganized plasmaoscillations.Thepositiveioncloud(mainlyofN+)andthenegativeioncloud(mainlyofO), and the negative carbon nanoparticles are the dominant masses of this oscillation. The elastic spring is the electrostatic field of the ions and nanoparticles. This nonlinear oscillation is characterizedbyalargenumberofresonantfrequencies,andonlyafewofthemareaudible.Most ofthemareintheultrasoundrange(from20kHzuptosomeGHz)withregulardistributionofpeak resonantfrequencies.(ThisqualitativedistributionisshowninFig.4,upto100kHz). Nanometerlevel Wehavearriveddowntothetimeandsizescaleofparameters,wheretheusualmacroscopicrules are no longer valid, yet the rules of the familiar quantum mechanics cannot be applied. For example,goldnanoparticlesarechemicallyreactive,andmostmaterialssignificantlychangetheir physical properties, like melting point, electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, etc. Surface effectsbecomedominanttothoseofthelatticeorcrystalstructure.Entirelyunexpectedqualitative andquantitativefeaturesemergealreadyatthissizelevel!Weirdquasiparticlesappearatthissize scale.Theyhavepropertiestechnicallyusefulyetnotutilized. On the surface of the dust particles surface plasmon polaritons rule the local world. They are unusual phenomena, littleknown, studied by only a handful of physicists. Quasiparticles like electron holes in a semiconductor crystal, spinons, excitons, or quantized phonon vortices, etc. are strange but useful objects. Magnetic monopoles have also been discovered (and eventually forgotten) the same way. (A charged, rotating magnetic dipole of micron size irradiated by light behaveslikeaperfectquantizedmagneticmonopole).[3] The most ancient and wellknown quasiparticle is a surface wave that carries energy by collectivelyorganizingindividualdroplets.Yetitcameasasurpriseinthe1880sthattheseobjects canbenearlydissipationless. Contrary to the magnetic monopoles, surface and volumetric plasmon polaritons have not been forgotten [4]. These quasiparticles appear even on infinite metal/dielectric surfaces. They propagateelectrondensitywaves,orelectromagneticwavesstronglyboundtothisinterface.The electric field intensity at the interface can be very high. There can be even resonant field amplificationatsmallnanosizeconductiveparticles,whosesizeissmallerthanthewavelengthof theexcitingsource.Theexcitationsourcesareparticleimpact,opticalwavesandnearfieldeffects. Themidinfraredwavelengthrangeisespeciallyfavorable. Surfaceplasmoneffectscanbemoreprominentonnanosizeconductingparticlesthanonoptical grades or metal plates. Good conductors as Au, Ag, or multiwall conducting carbon nanotubes whichproducepronouncedfieldamplificationeffects,especiallyinthepresenceofplasma,which hasanegativecomplexdielectricconstant. 5

GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

28.07.2011 Asconductingmultiwallnanotubesareabout1000timesbetterconductorsthancopperorsilver, their presence is a must. They can be quite easily manufactured in highpressure oscillating reactiveplasma[5] Duetothepronouncedresonantfieldamplification,allsortsofhighenergyeffectsformingneutral particlesmaytakeplacetherelikethoseproposedbyMills[6]. Collectively oscillating electrons may interact with positive ions, protons, thus forming neutrons. The setup is the perfect match to the model developed by Larsen and Widom [7]. Ultracold neutrons or other neutral quasiparticles can be born by these interactions then react with any nucleustheycancontact. This process is most likely not governed by strong forces, but ostensibly by electroweak interactions.Thusthecollectiveoscillationsofsurfaceelectronsdonotnecessarilycausefusionby strong interaction, but the rest of the process might cause fusion. So this very strange group of phenomenaismostprobablyrestrictedtothesurfaceofnanosizecarbonparticles.Unfortunately, thereisnowaytodirectlyobserveandjudgetheultrafastreactionsonthesurfaceofthecarbon dust,butwithoutdustthereisnoeffect.Thiseffectdominatesthe outerlayerintheresonator, showninFig.5. This is essentially a nonradiant phenomenon. No radioactivity is detected when the input power density is kept under a threshold level of plasma volume (of about 1 kW/1 dl). When the power densityincreases,radioactiveradiationappears,e.g.mildXrays,andradiation. Electron,nucleonsizelevel Here themoreorlessfamiliarrules ofquantummechanics,orQ.E.D.rule.Inouropinion,strong interactionandclassicalfusionstarttodominatetheprocessaboveacertainpowerdensityinthe middlelayer.Sparkingisvisibleonslowmotionfilms.Obviously,the amplitudeofoscillationalso depends on the plasma radius, pressure, and temperature. At the center of the plasma, the amplitudesshouldbemuch higherthanthoseattheouterwalloftheacousticresonator.(There canbethehighestamplitudeofasphericalstandingwave).SeeFig.5forthethreelayers. Near the center of the plasma sphere (middle layer), charge shielding can dominate nuclear processesduetotheenormoussurfacechargedensityofthedust.Thenrepulsingchargesoflike protonscanbeovercomebythehugenegativechargedensityofthecarbonparticles. Ontheslowmotionvideorecords,onecanclearlyseetheappearanceofsuddensmallsparks,en mass.ThentheGeigercounterstartstoclick,thoughatmoderatelevels.Atpresentnooneknows whatgoesoninthecenteroftheacousticresonator. In Fig. 6 these simultaneous mechanisms are shown as field amplification by resonant surface polaritons(Fig.6/a),directvolumetricpolarizationbyelectronandionimpact(Fig.6/b),andcharge shielding (Fig. 6/c) is shown, where strong interaction rules(again ata different size level) at the characteristicsizeofanucleon.Obviouslytheseareallhypotheticalmechanisms,astheycannotbe observeddirectly.

GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

28.07.2011

Severalclassicalfusionreactionsandothernewtypeoffusionsinvolvingheaviernucleimaytake placehere.Thesurfaceofthecarbondustparticlecreatesanuclearlyactiveenvironment,usingthe wordingofEdmundStorms[8].Thekeywordsofthisnewarenaofnuclearlyactiveenvironments are: dusty, resonant plasma, nanotechnology, surface and volume plasmon polaritons, electron loading,crystalplasma,microwaveexcitation,orRFexcitation.Technicallythisisthehottestof thecoldfusionprocesses. The classical PonsFleischman process takes place mainly a bit above room temperature, with a palladiumcathode,andheavywater(D2O)electrolysis.Thoughthereareothersubfields,theyare variations to this engineering setup. This is the most widespread, and even most investigated theaterofwar,butafterabout20yearsofinvestigation,thereisnomassproduceddevicebased on this setup, though initially it was very useful, and influential. The high temperature ceramic protonconductorexperimentsofT.Mizunohavebeentheexceptions,nottherule. The ArataZhang, or FocardiRossitype (or Mills?) of micropowder and nano powder approach, with H or D loading at about 300 C already promise practical application. The resonant, dusty plasma,basedoncarbondustcanbeanother'battleground'thatcanyieldotherusefultechnical applications,andofferareliable,inexpensivenuclearprocess. Butitcomesataprice.Asmanynew,hithertounheardphysicaleffectsneedtobecombinedand utilizedduetothecomplexityofselforganizingresonantdustyplasma.However,thisistheleast explored, least understood group of phenomena. Apart from reliability, its most important advantageisthatitallowsthesimultaneouspresenceofseveraltypesofenergygeneratingnuclear phenomena,layerbylayer,asshowninFig.6. There are at least fourdifferentsize scales and five different physicalphenomena to be watched simultaneously. Dust ionacoustic resonances driven by resonant transversal and longitudinal electromagneticwaves(crystalplasmaoscillations),surfaceplasmonpolaritons(asquasiparticles), wakefieldelectronacceleration(andelectronpenetrationintoadustparticle),andchargeshielded normalandneutroninducedfusionprocessesmaytakeplaceatdifferentscaleoftime,scaleand temperatures. Unfortunatelyalltheatersofactionsmustbeobservedsimultaneously,andshouldbeunderstood atleastintheiressentials.Simultaneousembedded,serialelectromagnetic,acousticandpolariton resonances,andfieldamplificationsareessentialtohaveapracticaldevice. Coldfusion,orLENRisusedhereasawordingonlyinitsbroadestsense,asseveralplasmabased interactive phenomena take place simultaneously. The possibility of Hagelstein type processes should be considered as well as the characteristic frequencies can be of TeraHz order, due to intensiveinfraredradiation. The phenomena based on dusty (crystal) plasma are nonequilibrium, nonlinear, selforganized, complex phenomena. Essential effects take place at all four levels, but all of them are interconnectedviaseveralinternalfeedbackloops.

28.07.2011 The exact description of the internal positive and negative feedback loops and their consecutive relations are as yet in the fog of our ignorance, and will remain so for a while, as their interconnectednessissometimesloose,sometimesstrong.Forexample,theenergygeneratedby electroweakandstronginteractionsdirectlyinfluencetheaverageplasmatemperature.However, averagetemperatureisaparameterofinterestforaninvestmentbankonlywhowanttoknow nothingbuttheaverageexcesspowerdensity.Theelectrontemperature,thepositiveandnegative ioncloudtemperatureareofinterestonlyasafunctionofspaceandtime.Whocanprovidethis? Nottospeakoftheamplitudesofcrystalplasmadustoscillation.Moreover,alloftheseshouldbe coupledtotheincomingtransversewavesandtothepartiallyreflectedlongitudinal(Tesla)waves generatedonthesurfaceoftheplasma[9]. Aswecannotdissectthisphenomenontoseparatesubeffects,(andthussimplifytheprocess),we can study this group of effects like a botanist, just watching it growing by slightly altering the ambientparameters. Selforganization makes the process of chaotic plasma and the device simple, durable, and inexpensive. On the other hand, complexity makes the experimenter mad, as seemingly small changesinsizeandshapeusuallymakesignificantandfatalchangesinthebehavioroftheprocess. Dieselenginesserveasanexample.Theyproducebothplasmaoscillations,anddustparticles,but no crystal plasma and no latticeinduced nuclear phenomena. These machines have been manufactured by the millions, and for over one hundred years. Still the development is not over yet.USautomakersareunabletoproducehighquality,smallandinexpensivedieselengines(like thatofVW),buttheyarecapableofmakingexcellent,largetruckengines.Thisisjustanexampleof theneedfortheimmenseamountofknowhowduringtheR&Dphase.Thisisthedarksideof theforce.

GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

28.07.2011

PartIII.
TheDarkSidetheEngineeringProblems Aswehaverealizedquiteearly,thereissimplynoroomhereforelegantmathematicalmodeling. Therearenice(andunsolvable)equationsforcrystalplasma,polaritons,nuclearphenomena,etc., but without constitutive relations, proper initial and boundary conditions. To make things worse, therearenoproperinexpensiveplasmadiagnostictoolstocheckthevalidityofthecalculations! Few people are aware of the immense efforts of the complexities of the dusty diesel plasma diagnostics,forexamplebyxrays.MillionsofdollarshavebeeninvestedintothisR&D,butithas not yielded results. Experience, immense accumulated knowledge, intuition, and trialanderror typeeffortscharacterizethedevelopmentofplasmadevices. Thesamehappenedduringtheformativeyearsofthemassproductionofmicrochips.Thepresence ofsilicondusthasbeenobservedearlyduringtheplasmaetchingprocess.Itwasassumedthatit camethroughthewindow.Thereforeexpensivecleanroomswerebuilt,andcumbersomesafety clothinghadtobewon.Yetitwasamistake.Thedustwasanunwantedandannoyingsideproduct of the plasma etching process. By the time it was realized, hundreds of millions of dollars were wastedonunnecessaryexpensivedustfilters.(Nevertheless,medicaloperatingtheatersbenefited fromtheadvancedfiltersystems). It is strange that Tokamak type hot fusion projects consider the carbon dust in the plasma as an annoying process to be eliminated at any cost [10]. Carbon inner tilings of the toroidal chamber havebeenreplacedbytungstentilings.Thereisasophisticatedsolutiontomitigatethisproblem (the divertor chamber). However, the dust is the solution to have controlled fusion, and the problemwhichneedstobemitigatedistheITER. For our experiments nuclear reactions assisted by resonant crystal or dusty plasma the ageold trialanderror method was the only way forward. Science relies on and revels in intuition, hard work,andpureluck.Thereforethiskindofscienceismankind'slasthope.Scienceasaninstitution alwayssuppressedandwillkeeponsuppressingit,toourgreatestperil.Allthiswasnecessaryto mention before we discuss our test results and further details of the devices, which have always beenbasedonintuition,crudediagnosticsandneverondetailedcalculations.Wehavetomention that only afraction of the desired tests were carried out, due to lack of funding and consequent lackofmanpower.Wehavefacedmajordifficultieswithseveraltechnicalissuesatthesametime. ThefirstchallengehasbeentheefficientgenerationofhighfrequencyEMwaves,tofindoutthe rightshapeandsizeofcavityresonators,couplingantennas,waveguides.Therewasverylittleoff theshelfknowledgeinthisfield. Aswerealizedtoourperil,theresonant,oscillatingplasmaemitsscalar,orlongitudinal,i.e.Tesla waves.[9]Textbooksonelectromagneticwaves,mentiononlytransversalwaves.Someofthemtry togiveashyexplanation ofwhythereareno longitudinalandtorsionwaves.Asanytextbookof mechanics describes theses waves in solids, the longitudinal (sound), transversal and rotational waves,onemayponderwheretheyareinelectrodynamics.Thetroublecomesmainlyfromthefact 9

28.07.2011 thatTesla'spioneeringresearchinthisareahasbeenalmostcompletelyignored.Thefundamental process to generate a longitudinal wave is to charge a sphere (or a plate) to a high electric potential,andtodischargeitrapidly.Itisbettertohaveonesidedpushwaves,butthepushpull method also works in an oscillating membrane. According to our visual observations, the plasma hasevenrotatedinthecavityresonator.Accordingtotextbookphysicsthereisnoreasonforitto doso. TherotatedplasmaphenomenonappearsatthethresholdlevelofseveralthousandsofVoltsand kHz.Inouroscillatingplasma,boththenegativelychargeddustparticlesandnegativeandpositive ionstakepartinthisoscillationprocess;(seeFig.8.) Without heavy positive and negative ions, there is no ion acoustic resonance, and there are no significantoscillations.Electronsaresimplytoolighttocounterbalancetheheavymassofpositive ions.Nevertheless,ionacousticanddustacousticoscillationshaveaveryusefulproperty:theyemit longitudinal sound and Tesla waves, which serve as a reliable diagnostic tool, along with the spectrumoftheplasma,(thoughonlyforanarrowbandforacousticfrequencies.) The Tesla waves are emitted from the plasma surface. However, the cavity resonator, which is reflectivefortransversewaves,isonlypartiallyreflectiveforthelongitudinalEMwaves,whichisan unwantedlossalongwiththegenerationofsoundwaves;(SeeFig.9.)Thisposedamajordrawback for us. The electromagnetic cavity resonator has to be optimized to achieve the following triple task: Atthestart,anignitionpackofcarbonpowderisplacedintotheacousticcavityresonator,andthis resonator is placed into the transversal cavity resonator; (see Fig. 2/c). The dust lump must be locatedatthemaximumnodeoftheelectricfield,otherwisethereisnoignition.Onlytransversal EMwavesarepresent. Afterignition,theconductiveplasmadestroysthehighqualityfactoroftheEMresonatorbyshort circuiting,anddissipating.Thenadifferentshapeoftransversalwavecavityresonatorwouldwork more efficiently. So we struck a compromise: we start at a higher input power, but once the plasmaisformed,theinputpowerisreduced. However,whenthetemperatureofthedevicehasclimbedtoitsnormalsteadyvalue,thepower partially radiated away by scalar longitudinal (Tesla) waves is annoying. The Tesla waves are generated at multiple frequencies, as they are generated by the ion and dust acoustic waves. Therefore their multiple reflections and transmittance inside the EM cavity resonator require a differentshape,thanthatoftransversalwavesonly.Inthebeginning,theperformanceofthenew boxwasnotsteady.Sometimesitwasselfextinguishing,whenthematchbetweentheshapeofthe metal box (EM cavity) optimized for transversal and longitudinal waves and the position of the acousticresonator(quartzsphere)wasnotcorrect.Ittookanextremeamountoftrialanderrorto figureoutacompromiseamongthethreecompetingdesigncriteria. Longitudinal(Tesla)wavesareemittedbytheplasma(byacomplicatedspatialdistributionatthe maximum amplitude nodes), and reflected back into the EM cavity resonator. If the longitudinal waveisreflectedbackpartlyintotheplasma,thenapositivefeedbackloopexists,andtheplasma isselfsustaining.SeeFig.8.

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28.07.2011 Otherwisetherearetwocompetingmodesinsidethemetalcavityresonator,(becausethetwoEM waves have two different nodes), and the oscillation becomes intermittent causing a series of flashesandloudminiexplosions.Theseeventsaretechnicallyuseless. Thearduoustaskofoptimizationforthelongitudinalandtransversewaveswassolvedbyoneofus (Cs. M.) by trial and error. He kept on building and testing new cavity resonators, always rectangular ones, as they were easy to make and relatively inexpensive. The spherical acoustic resonatormadeofquartzservesfortheplasma.However,thereisasignificantenergylossdueto sound energy. So the transversal longitudinal EM cavity resonator also functions as a simple externalacousticresonator.Stilltherectangularshapeisnotgoodenough;asphericalonewould be better. Certainly, there is a huge range of untested geometries: cylindrical, spherical or semi rounded cylindrical. As a rule, the acoustic and the EM resonators do not have a common geometrical focus point. The acoustic resonator usually ignites there, but not at optimal parameters. AllmusicalinstrumentsweredevelopedduringtheMiddleAgesandmoderntimesbythistrialand error method. Think of the analogy of a violin or a piano. The wave generation starts with the ignitionofstrings,buttheirimpedancematchingtotheambientairissimplyawful.Evenharps haveasmallimpedancematchingresonator!(Otherwisetheycouldnotbeheardevenfromashort distance.) The impedance matching between the power source, the bow and the chords, the bridge,theresonatoranditsstructureismorethanpurephysics,itisempiricalart. A violin built long ago by Stradivari or Guarneri is still very expensive, though its technology is better understood and more sophisticated now. The difference between a master violin and a mediocreviolinappearsintherichness,thedensityofharmonictransversalwavesoftheresonator. Thereforethequalityandthepreparationofthestructuralwoodmaterialwasatradesecret,(and itstillis). Thesoundgetsbetterandbetterasmoreinputenergyoftheartististransformedintothedelicate balance of properly selected longitudinal and surface mechanical transverse (bending) waves, whichturnintosecondarylongitudinalsoundwaves.Thisservesasausefulanalogybetweenthe twotypesofdevices.(SeeFig.9.) The difficulty to have instant success is really discouraging. One has to be extremely patient and diligenttomaptheacceptableworkingparameters.However,thisisafairdeal,asthereisareward fromanunknowncorner. Longitudinal(Tesla)wavesofdifferentfrequenciestendtodestroysomebacteriaandviruses,but onlyatarathersharprangeoffrequencies.ThehonorgoestoRaymondRife,aprolificUSinventor and physician. He used hydrogen gas plasma acoustic oscillations to study the medical effects of Teslawaves,asTeslahimselfdid.Hewasabletocurefluveryefficiently,andsometypesofcancer aswell,asavirusinfectioncouldleadtomalignancy(aftersomedecades)whentheimmunesystem isweakened. Thiseffecthascometousasasurprise,afterourfriendswitnessingtheongoingplasmatestswere curedfromcoldsormildflu.

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GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

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Nevertheless,overcertainlargedosesofweeksormonthsharmfuleffectsappear,likenosebleeds ornausea.TheTeslawavesmayirritatethepolarizedsurfaceofthecellmembranesofthenose. CertainlywedonotwanttodiminishfurtherthepoorrespectforCFresearch.Possibletitleslike Mad Scientists Claim to Kill Bugs by Cold Fusion would not help this field, though the useful medicalpotentialisdefinitelythere.

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GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

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PartIV.
TheNextHurdle The proper shaping of the acoustic dusty plasma resonator is a similar problem. Without this acousticcavityresonator,theefficiencyoftheprocessismeager.Thisisnotasurprise.Atthedawn of radio and TV, the signals were so weak that selective amplifiers, several filter and resonating circuits had to be invented during the dawn of analog radio age, both for transmitters and receivers. Inthelightoftheseroutineengineeringconsiderations,itisstrange,thatmainstreamhotfusion devicesdonotuseresonanteffects.Bruteforcegivesbirthtoinefficiency,thusapoorproducton themarket,orstalledresearch. Theimportanceofacousticresonancefortheamplificationoftheamplitudesofplasmaoscillations isobvious.Itwasclearfromthestartthattheefficiencymustbeuncreased.However,theproper designandmanufacturingofthisHelmholtzlikecavityresonatorisnotatallsimple. We have used at least two circular holes with some edge rings on the top and bottom of the sphericalresonator.Thematerialisquartz,assphericalheatandstressresistantceramicshellsare notavailableofftheshelf.Certainly,thisisasevererestriction,asquartzbreaksandpartiallymelts at about 1400C. (Further, only a few elderly glass blowers are able to form quartz with the requiredaccuracy).Unfortunatelyeven12mmdeviationsfromsphericityhamperefficiencydue to severely diminishing amplitudes. More than one hundred quartz acoustic cavity resonators of this type have been built and tested, being the most expensive part of the project. Therejection rateoftheglassspheresismorethan50%!Abouthalfofthesphereshavegivenacceptableresults, therestwenttothedustbin. Theevennessofthicknessofthewalls,lengthsanddiametersoftherims,andtheratiobetween thediametersoftheholeswasimportantandrequiredpainstakingpatience.Itisnecessarytohave two holes and rims of different geometries. If only one hole is used, it yields only a few peak amplitudes,some fundamental ones.Two (ormore) holesgive more frequencies,and theirsums anddifferencesalsoappear,astheplasmaisnonlinear.Inasense,theresonantquartzsphereisa musicalinstrument.Optimizationisimportant.Itseemsthatthesequenceoffrequenciesandtheir amplitudes significantly influence the performance of the process. The more resonant peaks we have,themoretheefficiencyincreases,butsodoesthesoundpressure,(theamplitude).However, thelargertheareaoftherimmedorifices(seephotograph),thesmallerthe(relative)amplitudeis. (One can measure the sound intensity only outside of the hot metal cavity resonator, not inside becausethemicrophonewouldmelt). Mostofourworkhasbeendevotedtotheoptimizationofthetwocavityresonators,andyetitis farfrombeingperfect.Ateamofatleast56memberscouldmostprobablydoitin23years! Apart from this, the dusty plasma oscillations also contain novelties, as there is a single driving frequency(magnetron)andhundredsofresonantpeakplasmafrequencies.

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28.07.2011 Thediameterofthesphere,thegeometryofthetwoorthreerimmedtuningholes(orshorttubes), theaverageplasmatemperature(thedrivingpower),allinfluencetheoutcome.Fortheinterested reader,muchisneededtobelearnedonlyaboutthesynchronizationprocesses[11]. Butinordertoavoidtheexpensesofquartzmanufacturingandthehardlyrepeatablehandblown spherical acoustic resonators, one can decrease the pressure. An oilfree rotary pump is enough; then less expensive and even tubularshaped Pyrex tubes can demonstrate this phenomenon. However,thevacuumsystempressuregauges,and the thicker metalcavityresonatoraddtothe costsandtroubles. All the abovementioned seems nothing but complaints, but one has to learn from the hostile reputation of the original PonsFleischmann experiments, when the immense amount of the minimumrequiredknowhowwassimplynonexistentatthetimeofpublication. Ourdevicesandprocessrequireevenmoreknowhow.Tostartfromscratchwithoutaluckystrike issuicidalbecausetherearesomanyopportunitiestofail. Severalresonantphenomenahavetobematchedcarefullyforoptimumperformance,andavast amountoffirsthandexperienceisnecessary,asthereisverylittlereliableknowhowinthisfield. Therewardwillbeareliable,powerfuleffectwithamodestlypriceddevice,whichislight,small, andevencanbeportablelateron. TheToolKit If someone is interested in repeating the simplest setup, a household microwave oven will do, providedthebeamentranceisattheside,notonthetop.ThesetupinFig.2cisthebest.Onemay useathin,softgraphiterodfromamechanicalpencilinsteadofaglowingwoodenstick. When using an acoustic cavity resonator, one may use a small amount of carbon dust packed in smallball,wrappedinthincigarettepaper.Theamountislessthenaquarterofagram,butbevery careful. Its optimum depends on the initial magnetron power, size and relative position of the acoustic and metal (EM) cavity resonator. Carbon weights increase by 10 mg steps, so careful weighing isamust.Ifthe weightofthestartingcarbondustchargeistoosmall,itwilljust make somesparksandfizzleout.Iftheweightistoomuch,itwilljustreleasesomesmoke,anditwillbe over. To find out the maximum electric field in the EM (metal) cavity resonator, one may map the internal volume by placing a heat sensitive, slightly wet fax paper into the cavity at different heights.Therearemoresensitivemethodsbyapplyingcobaltchloride.[12] You should decide at the beginning which path of technology is suitable for yourself. If you have accesstoagoodglassblowertomakequartzsphereswith0.5mmaccuracy,thenatmospheric(or greater)pressurescanbeused.Ifnot,andonlyPyrexglassisavailable,thenlowerpressures(down to12Torr)arethewayout,usingarotaryvacuumpump.Thenlowerfrequenciescanbeused, but at high voltage (10 20 kV). Inductively or capacitively driven tubular or spherical acoustic

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28.07.2011 resonators can also be used. Resonant, lumped parameter power sources at about 14 MHz are available. The necessary tools are professional microphones, acoustic spectrum analyzers, GM tubes, mass spectrometers,etc.However,skillinexperimentationanddedicationisamust. The physics of the five essential physical phenomena are quite different though. The essential fundamentals are dusty (crystal) plasma, plasmatransversal and longitudinal wave interactions, carbonclusters(nanotechnology),surfaceplasmonpolaritons(quasiparticles)andfinallythewild andwideworldofLENRorCANR.Therearegoodbooksandevenreviewpapersonplasmaphysics andalltheaboveareaswhichwouldhelptogiveamoreorlesssolidbackground,thoughnoneof themcanbedirectlyapplied. SomeTestResults Insteadoflistingthedetailsoffurtherhurdles,letusdescribesometestresults. Thereare onlyahandfuloffreeparameters, likeinputpower,geometryofthemetalandquartz cavity resonators and their relative positions, plasma input mass flux and chemical composition. Their mutual effect is mostly unknown, and even worse: counterintuitive. This type of plasma is chaotic,butnotrandomandunpredictableatbest,wickedatworst. Usually, if the parameters are notkept withina narrow range,the plasmasputters and vanishes. Thenthetransversewavesarereflectedtothemagnetron,andlackingaproperlymatchedloadthe electronicsystemfails. On the other side of the spectrum of annoying phenomena, the plasma simply jumps out of the acousticresonator,oscillatesinacornerorattheceilingoftheEMcavityresonatorandisuseless again.Thisisnotourobedientservant,butanervecrackingprankster.(Somuchabouttherealface ofthephenomenon). Therangeofgeometricalandotherinitialparametersthatcanbeusedisintermittent.Thatis,the useful phenomena appear only as small islands of the parameters on the vast ocean of possible setups.OnemaycreateaDCelectricmotorofanydiameterfromafewmillimetersuptoseveral meters. The same is true with internal combustion engines, or springdriven clocks, etc. But resonantdustyplasma,beingstronglynonlinearandselforganizing,obeysdifferentrules.Asthe drivingfrequencyofmagnetronsisnotafreeparameter(about2.4GHz),givenaquartzsphereof thediameterofabout58cm,onlythediametersandrimlengthsofthetuningorificesprovide some freedom. The safest range for a 60mm diameter acoustic cavity resonator is a 5mm diameterupperorificewitharimlengthof23mmandalowerorificeofthediameterof1520 mm,andarimlengthof2mm.Thesphericityoftheresonatorshouldnotvarymorethan1mm; otherwisetheresonantpeaksofthesound(qualityfactor)noticeablydecrease.(Pyrexglasscanbe tried,butitwillmeltinaminute). Lower pressures provide a much wider range of possible parameters, but their power density is lower.

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FirstObservations Oncetheplasmaisignitedandproperlytuned,ithums,trappedintheacousticcavityresonator.If nothingischanged,itwillstaythereformonths.Ourlongestcontinuoustestperiodwas6weeks.It wasterminatedinordertoexaminethewearandtearofthequartzacousticresonator.(Itsinner surfacebecameopaque,andslightlyscaled,flaky,otherwiseallright.) Thefirstquestiontoariseis,whydoesthecarbonorcarbosilicatedustremainthereafterweeks ofoperation?Onewouldexpecttheterminationofthephenomenonduetotheslowdiffusionof theinitialdustoutofthequartzsphere.Evenaslightventilationadmittingfreshairletstheprocess continueindicatingasortofselfreproductionofthedust.AmassivefluxofCO2willnotextinguish theplasmaeither,indicatingselfreplicationofthefinedust. Thereisanothertesttoprovetheimportanceofthenanodust.Whenthemagnetronisswitched offandswitchedonimmediately,theplasmavanishesandreappearsatthesameinputpower.For anordinaryhighpressuregloworarcdischarge,ahigherinitialvoltage(andpower)isnecessaryfor the ignition or reignition of the discharge. Moreover, there is a significant difference in power consumption, when the dusty resonant plasma is compared to the pure plasma, without an acousticresonator,butwitharectangulartransversalresonator.D.J.Sullivanetal.[13]hasburned methane in a microwave rectangular TE1,0,n type resonator, while it had a laminar flame. The plasmaabsorbedonly22Wofthe12003400WinputEMpower,increasingslightlythespeedof the flame (combustion). The volume of their plasma was only a few cubic centimeter (17mm diameter,4mmthickness). Inourcase,anapproximately500cm(10cmdiameter)noncombustible(CO2)plasmarequiredan inputpowerofabout1200Wtomaintainit,yetitsmashedmostofthechemicalbondsofCO2.Test resultsareshowninTableI. When the magnetron wave guide EM cavity acoustic cavity chain was optimized, 1 kWh of workinputsplitted2.9kgofCO2intofineCdustandO2with~95%efficiency.Thiswasthehighest possible CO2 mass flux, with a 10cm diameter quartz sphere resonator, the largest the glass blowerhasevermadeafterseveralunsuccessfultrials.(About25kWhinputenergyisrequiredto decompose2.9kgofCO2.) TransmutationofmedicalqualitytitaniumisshowninTableII,aftera6min.treatment.Thedatais takenfromthesurfacesample.(Twosurfacesamplesweretaken,yieldingsimilarresults.)Electron beammicroanalysiswasusedtoanalyzethecompositionofacleanquartzsphere. Ingeneral,theresultshavenotalwaysbeenrepeatable,astherewerealwayssomedifferencesin the geometry of the quartz acoustic resonators. Nevertheless, transmutations have always been observedafter23minutesoftreatmentofthesolidsample,withtheexceptionofNiandFe. Asalastexample,thetestresultsoftheplasmatreatmentofredsludgeareshownonTableIII. Thissludgeisabyproductofaluminumproduction,richinmineralsandmetals.Mostofitisiron 16

28.07.2011 and silica, but there are a number of rareearth metals in it, too. The sample was a 5 g lump of slightlywetsludge.Ithasbeenexposedtotheplasmafor3minutesatthebottomoftheacoustic resonator,inair,atatmosphericpressure.Afterthetreatmentthemelted,oxidizedremnantswere giventoanaccreditedcompanytobeexaminedbyaquadrupolemassspectrometer.Column4of TableIIIshowsthenewcompositionaftertreatment.Thesludgeunderwentasignificantchange; theratioandthedifferencebeforeandafterthetreatmentisshownaswell. Underordinarycircumstancesthevolatilematerialssuchas mercuryshould disappear, and other materials with high boiling points should be enriched, but not in this case. Here lithium was enrichedby20%,(meltingpoint277C.)Theratioofmagnesiumtripled(meltingpoint660C),as did the phosphorus content (melting point 44 C); the potassium content increased 17 fold. The highestyieldwascopper.(Itsmeltingpointisabout1000C).Itwasenriched430fold.Galliumwas enrichedby50%,butitsmeltingpointis30C!Palladiumwasenriched13fold.(Itsmeltingpointis 400C). Certainlythecomparisonhastobetakenwithapinchofsalt,asgaseswerenotanalyzedatall,and volatile materials were allowed to evaporate and escape from the system. The data have been plotted along with thedata of Miley et al. (onpage 92),and Mizunoet al.(same page) from the excellentbookbyEdmundStorms.[8]Theatomicnumbersareplottedontheverticalscale,which isalogarithmicone.E.Stormsusedtheproductionrate(atoms/cmsec)forlightwaterelectrolysis. Mizuno used heavy water (D2O) in plasma electrolysis, and used the total change of atoms/cm, alsoinlogarithmicscale. George Miley noted that there were more productive yield rates in transmutation in four mass ranges[14],notably:A=2030;5080;110130;190210.Itistrue,however,thatthereisagood apparentincreaseintheLiandBecontentaswell.Theselightelementsaresupposedtohavebeen created in the Big Bang, but there is no nucleosynthesis ongoingeither insupernova or in the wombofstars.Therearesomepossibleprocessesforthenucleosynthesisoflightelements,butit would be better to carry out this test by improved methods, as condensing and analyzing the volatilematerialsaswell. Allouraboveresultshingedontheassumptionthatthetestresultsarestableordinarymaterials, notpolineutrons,whosenucleonsareultrarichinneutrons,observedbyJohnFisher[15].Electron beam microanalysis or liquid chromatography should have been done, but we could not afford them. This method opens new doors to synthetise nucleons by an inexpensive technology. Therefore nuclear models developed by W. L. Stubbs, A. G. Gulko or L. Sindely will become of practical importance. Warning If anybody is interested in repeating these tests, please note: submicroscopic, nanosize carbon particles are more dangerous than regular soot grains. Therefore ventilated premises must be used. Infrasound may cause nausea after long exposure. Tesla waves have hitherto unknown

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28.07.2011 hazards, apart from their beneficial viruskilling effect. (We have developed our test device and calibrationdeviceinordertomeasureandshieldourselvesfromthesewaves). Historicalroots It is the cautious opinion of the author that Nikola Tesla might have stumbled onto this phenomenon as early as 1891, while working on his spherical and cylindrical carbon button lamps. (US patent 454,622) Later in his London lecture he elaborated the test results of high frequency gas discharges with carbon, carborundum (carbosilicate) electrodes working at the parametersofabout50kHz,and20kV. Hekeptonreturningtothissubject,andheboastedlaterinhislifethathismostimportantresult wasnotAC,nothisversionoftheradio,butatubeofhighvoltageproducingartificialradioactivity, and radiation power. There is an urban legend about his silent electricitydriven hacked Pierce Arrowcar.Itisunthinkableforanaverageinventorinthe1920'stohavediscoveredandperfected controlled nuclear fusion, and to have developed it into a usable device. But he was not just another inventor, a backyard tinkerer. In a hard to find book, [16] there are photographs of hundredoddtubesforhisearlyradiotests.Someofthem,especiallytheone(s)inFig.99,arethe cospherical carbon coated tubes that could have shown the features of these phenomena after someionbombardment(sputtering).Morehastobelearnedaboutthephenomenaingeneral,but hewaswellaheadofhis(andour)timeinmanyrespects. DustFusioninNature? One may presume that this phenomena may take place in the cold, dusty interstellar oscillating plasma (rich in graphite), creating some energy (dark energy?). Larsen and Widom are of the opinion that this process might take place in the solar corona explaining its much higher temperaturethanthatofthesurface. All in all, oscillating dusty plasma offers a chance for a more reliable, useful, renewable energy productionmethodinourlifetime:Fromdusttodust. FurtherSteps Fourfurtherrathercounterintuitive,butusefultechnicalstepsneedtobetakentoimprovefurther theperformanceofthedevice.Apartfromthehightemperaturesolutionthereisanotherlargeand usefulareausinglowtemperature(dilutedplasma).Patentapplicationshavebeenfiledforboth areas. As these areas are vast, and much needs to be done, we are looking for partners in experiments,managementandinvestment.

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CaptionstoFigures

Figure1:Schematicviewofnearequilibriumrectangularcrystal(ordusty)plasma

Small micron or nanosize negatively charged dust particles are in dynamic equilibrium with the neighboringplasma.Positiveionsareattractedtothesurfaceofthedustparticles;theymaytake anelectronandleaveitasaneutralatomoroscillatecollectivelyonthesurface.Thisconfiguration isadissipating,energyconsumingmedia,ofnodirectpracticalinterest.Theparticlescanbeofany shape,andtheirdistributionofsizeisusuallynonuniform.

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Figure2:Schematiclayoutofamicrowavedrivendustyplasmaexperimentsetup

a) Layout of a commercial microwave oven. The metal, rectangular cavity resonator has a strictlycalculatedgeometry.(Thewaveguideandthemagnetronarenotdetailed!) b) A burning, pointed wooden stick is placed onan insulatingstand. After the doorisclosed andthemagnetronisstarted,ashinyloudhummingplasmablobiscreated,anditwillfloat totheceiling,meltingitafterawhile.Athinsharpenedgraphiterodwilldothesamejob. c) Whenthestickoragraphiterodiscoveredwithaglassjar,theeffectisbetter,louder.The jarisbrokenafterafewseconds,duetothermallyinducedmechanicalstress. d) Spherical,tunedquartzacousticcavityresonatorinsideametalE.M.cavityresonator.The lattershouldbemodified(alongthewaveguideandthemagnetronelectronics)toyieldan optimum (cos 1), and high performance. When dense CO2 is blown into the acoustic resonator,thebreakevenpointisexceededbyawidemargin.

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Figure3:Simplified,schematicsofaDustAcousticWave,fortwocharacteristicpositions: whentheelectroncloudisinside(Fig3/a)oroutside(Fig3/b)ofthedustlattice

Thedustlatticeitselfbarelymoves,butthepositiveions(andnegativeions)andtheelectronsdo move.Theyinteractwiththeexternalmicrowaves.Onlythefundamentalharmonicisshown,not thesubandhigherharmonics.Theplasmaisstronglynonlinearandselforganizing.Theresonator wallisnotshown.

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Figure4:Characteristicdistributionofacousticamplitudes (inlogarithmicscale)asafunctionoffrequencies(linearscale)

Thisistheleastexpensiveplasmadiagnostictool.Underabout50Hz,theDustAcousticWavesare dominant (infrasounds). There are no dominant peaks in the lower audible range. High peaks appear in the ultrasound region, due to ion acoustic oscillations. The higher and narrower the resonant peaks are, the better. The sphericity of the acoustic oscillator is the most important qualityfactor.Over100kHzTeslawavedetectioncouldreplaceacousticplasmadiagnostics.Some testdataareasfollows:3Hz68dB;5Hz72dB,12Hz98dB;3200Hz81dB;6400Hz80dB;12800 Hz 82 dB; 25600 Hz 72 dB; 32000 Hz 62 dB; 38400 Hz 62 dB; 89600 Hz 56 dB. (Data was taken outsideofthemetalE.M.cavityresonator.)

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Figure5:Schematicsofthevisibleplasmacharacteristicforslowmotions fora10cmdiameteracousticresonator,forabout1.5KWinput

a) The external plasma near to the wall is the coolest. Moving nodes, antinodes and crests (being darker) are clearly visible, they produce Chladnylike surface oscillations. (The characteristicphysicsseemstobedominatedbyquasiparticles).Forlowinputenergythisis theonlyvisiblemechanism,thereisnoradioactivity. b) Athigherinputenergy,thesparkingregionappears,alongamilddegreeofradiationboth x rays and particles. (There is a slight radioactivity in the exhausted dust and the quartz sphereafterthepowerisswitchedoff,foracoupleofdays). c) Internalcorenoinformation.Meltednanodustparticles?

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Figure6:Threedifferentassumedmechanismstakeplaceonthesurfaceofnanoparticles

a) Due to the external transversal and longitudinal E1 electrical field, the conductive dust particle (nanotube) is unevenly polarized. A secondary, amplified E2 electrical field is generated,anditisverystrong.Thefieldamplificationfactorcouldbeupto108[4a].Inthe strongE2secondaryfield,protonsattachedtotheparticlesurfaceareaccelerated,andthey mayformneutronswiththeelectrons.(WidomLarsenprocess?).IonizedArgonatomsmay take part in a catalytic reaction with electrons. (Mills process?). Small closed carbon spheroids may be used, from Fullerenes (C60) up to carbon spheroids of C540 may participate in this process, but mainly nanotubes are present. Even singlelayer graphene flakes can participate in this type of process, their sharp edges and good conductivity are essentialinthistypeoftheprocess. b) Whenthedustparticleisnotyetfullycharged,anelectron,acceleratedbyplasmawakefield acceleration (up to 0.60.8 GeV) hits a proton on the surface, yielding a neutron. (Larsen Widom II electroweak interactions?) Large, closedsurface carbon spheroids and amorphousgrainsofupto106atomsmaytakepartintheprocess. c) Thechargeshieldingeffectcanbesubstantialwithveryhighdustchargedensity.Protonsor deuteronscantakepartofreactionsinvolvingstrongnuclearforces.Region'b'inFig5yields radioactivebyproducts.Largerparticlesofseverallayersofcarbonatoms,evenamorphous micronsizedones,maytakepartinthisprocess.Electricalconductivityisnotessential;the largeristheparticle,themorechargecanbeaccumulated,untilitisrippedapartbyinternal Maxwellstress.

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Figure7:Twophasesofadustacousticoscillation

The heavy dust particles do not move significantly, but the electron cloud does, partly as a consequence ofwakefieldacceleration.Positiveandnegativeionsmayalsoaccelerateto amuch lesser degree. (Neutral atoms, molecules are not shown). Only the fundamental frequency is shown.Theexcessheatisgeneratedonthesurfaceofthecarbonnanoparticlesbyheatingawave, thuscreatingapositivefeedback.Teslawavesareemittedfromtheplasmasurface,asthesurface chargealternatesfrompositivetonegative. The external electromagnetic radiation is absorbed mainly by the electrons. The thickness of the plasmasheetabsorbingexternalandexcessenergydependsonthenumberoffreeelectronsina givenvolume.Thisrestrictsthemaximumdiameterofanacousticresonator.

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Figure8:OutlineoftheprocessofthegenerationreflectionofTesla(longitudinal)wave

Netcharge(positiveornegative)appearsonthesurfaceoftheplasmasphere(seeFig7/aand7/b) creatinganetsurfaceelectricfieldofchangingsign,thuslongitudinalwaves. There are a number of frequencies for the longitudinal waves, which are partly reflected, partly transmitted by the metal E.M. cavity resonator. There is no clearcut geometry for high Q cavity resonatorforthelongitudinalwaves,soitsresonancecurveisshortandflat.Powerfullongitudinal wavesmaydestroythemagnetron.Threeembeddedresonancesareshownhere.Electromagnetic (transversal and longitudinal waves), acoustic and (invisibly small) resonant surface plasmon polaritons.Thelastoneisessential.

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Figure9:Asimplifiedstringmusicalinstrument. Itsstringscanbeexcitedbyaboworpluckedbyhand

Theenergyof the transversal waves is led by a bridge (waveguide) into aresonator, which is an acousticcavity.

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Annotatedreferences,recommendedpapers,books
[1] Thereisnothinginthevastliteratureaboutplasmasthatfitsexactlyourneed,but: Therearedozensofgoodbooksonintroductory(regular)plasmaphysics. Myfavoriteisashort,enlighteningbook: Lev.A.Arzimovich.1965.ElementaryPlasmaPhysics.BlaisdellPublications. Introductorybooksandpapersondustyplasmas: a) S.V.Vladimirov,K.Ostrikov.2004.DynamicSelfOrganizationinComplexIonizedGas Systems.Pp175380.Vol393.PhysicsReports (highlyrecommended) b) V.N.Tsytovichet.al:ElementaryPhysicsofComplexPlasmas(verygood) Springer,LectureNotesonPhys.Vol731.2008. c) P.K.Shukla,B.Elisson:FundamentalsofDustplasmaInteractions.(good) ReviewsofMod.Phys.Vol81;JanMarch2009.pp2544. d) I.E.E.E.Transact.onplasmaSci.Vol38,No4,Apr2010.PartIII. SpecialIssueonthePhysicsofDustyPlasmas(severalshortpapers) e) I.R.Gekker:InteractionofStrongE.M.fieldswithplasmas. ClarendonPress,Oxford,1982.(good,practicalintroduction,butwithordinaryplasma) f) AndreiLudu:NonlinearWavesandSolutionsonContoursandClosedsurfaces.Springer, 2007.(goodtheoreticalbackgroundforsphericalandcylindricalresonators) g) B.K.Shiramoggi:IntroductiontononlinearFluidPlasmaWaves.KluwerAcad. Publishers,1988.(generalintroductiontopartiallyionizedplasma) h) i) Y.Magarshaketal:SiliconVersusCarbon.Springer,2008. V.N.Tsytovich:NonlinearEffectsisPlasmas.PlenumPress,N.Y.,1970. Inordertocompareourresonantdustyplasmawithordinarytransientdustyplasma: j) A.K.Oppenheim:DynamicsofCombustionSystems,Springer,2008.

Ingeneral,experimentaldustyplasmaresearchtakesplaceatlowpressure,lowfrequencies,low temperaturesandverylowamplitudes.Nevertheless,theabovereferencesaregoodhelpfor starters.

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28.07.2011 [2] TheplasmaWakefieldaccelerationisaveryuseful,indispensableauxiliaryeffect. a) E.Esaveyet.al:OverviewofPlasmabasedAcceleratorConcepts. IEEEETrans.onPlasmaSci.Vol24,No2,April1996,pp252288. b) J.Chandrasekhar,T.Katsouleas:PlasmaAcceleratorsattheEnergyFrontierandon Tabletops.PhysicsToday,June2003.pp4753. c) W.Leemans,E.Esavey:LaserDrivenPlasmawaveelectronaccelerators. PhysicsToday,March2009,pp4449. d) PlasmawavesandCosmicRays(1020eVprotons)PhysicsToday,May2009,pp22. (Therearedozensofexperimentalpapersonthesubject,butnotextbooksofar). [3] Undulyneglectedworksonmagneticmonopolesandattractionbylightuponnanoand microparticles.Thesearealsoquasiparticles.Thephysicistsarelookingfortheminthe wrongplaceaselementaryparticles. a) FelixEhrenhaft:HelicalPathsinLongitudinalTransversalPhotophoresisTheunipolar MagneticCharge.ActaPhysicaAustriaticaVol2,pp187,1948. b) FelixEhrenhaft:berdiePhotophoreseActaPhys.Austriatica,Vol4,No1,1951,pp 1229PartII Ehrenhaftandsoworkerspublishedhundredoddpapersonthesubjectuntil1952. c) V.F.Mikhailov:TheMagneticChargePhenomenon PhysicsLetters,Vol130B,No5,27Oct1983,pp331334 d) V.F.MikhailovandL.I.Mikhailova:Interactionsbetweenferromagn.aerosols JournalofPhys.Condens.Matter.Vol5(1993)pp351360. [4] Plasmonpolaritonsarestrangequasiparticles,buttheyhavealreadybeenappliedin industry.Agood,shortoverviewis: MarkI.Stockman:Nanoplasmonics:ThePhysicsbehindtheapplicationsPhysicsToday,Feb. 2011.pp3944. Thepaperclearlyoutlinestheusefulparameterrangeofthephenomenon:particlesize2 20nm;plasmonrelaxationtime10femtosecond,polarizationtimewithin100attosecond, localfieldenhancementscalebetween104108.Forelongatedparticlesthiscanbefurther

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Ingeneral,therearetwocharacteristicelectricfieldsandfrequencyranges. TheverystronginternalelectricfieldsandTeslawavesduetoplasmaoscillationsbyacoustic resonanceareinthekHzGHzrange.Theweakerfieldsgeneratedbytheplasmafrom infraredtosoftxraysareintheorderofTerahertz.Bothcontributetosurfaceand volumetricelectricfieldamplification,buttherateoftheirindividualcontributionwouldbe justaguesswork.Inarkdischarge,perhapsonlythelatterworksasintheQuantumRabbit tests,orunderwaterarkdischargesbytheGreanoues. Therearesomegoodtextbooks,buttheydontmentionthetypefavorableforourpossible use. DrorSarid,W.Challener:ModernIntrod.toSurfacePlasmons,CambridgeUniv.Press.2010. Ithaschaptersonnanowires,localizedsurfaceplasmons,nanoshells,etc. R.B.M.Schasfoort,A.J.Tudos;HandbookofSurfacePlasmonResonance.RoyalSocietyof Chemistry,2008.(Goodgeneralintroduction,butmainlymacroscopic.) StephanA.Meier:Plasmonics:FundamentalsandApplications.Springer,2007. Inourcase,surfaceandvolumeplasmonpolaritonsshouldbesoughtinthecontextof nanotechnology,butitisaninsignificantsubsubfield.Nanotechnologyisconcernedmainly innanoparticlemanufacturingandassembly,andbiohazards.ThebookofY.Magarshaketal Ref[1]isusefulinthisregard. [5] Unfortunatelywehadnoaccesstoatransmissionelectronmicroscope,sowehaveno informationontheactualsizeanddistributionofthenanoparticlesresponsibleforthe beneficialeffects.However,thereisarichandrapidlygrowingbodyofknowledgeoncarbon nanosizedust,whichisofourmainconcern.Mostprobablyclosedsurfacecarbongrains (likeC540),carbontubesandirregularcarbonpolymersparticipateinthereactions. Surfaceandvolumetricplasmonpolaritonscanexciteclosedsurfaceandconductivecarbon nanotubesofmultiwall.Fluffy,irregular,insulatinggrainsoftherangeof1nmtoevenm maytakeplaceinthereactioninvolvingchargeshieldingphenomena. Thereisavastandgrowingbodyofknowledgeonhowcarbonnanoparticlesaregrown.This processisnottheusualwayofengineering,notfromtoptobottommanufacturing.Onthe contrary,itisabottomupprocess.Itinvolves9ordersofmagnitude,asthesizedifference

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28.07.2011 betweena20nmnanotubeanda50cmmanufacturingdeviceissowide.Ifweaddthatwe

manufacturethecarbonnucleusfromelectronsandprotons,thesizegapisevenwider.This difficultandcomplicatedchainofinteractivephenomenaliesattheheartofthewhole process. Thelistofreferencesissomewhatshortandarbitrary,butthereadermayeasilyfindother goodreviewarticlesandmonographs. a) b) P.J.F.Harris:CarbonNanotubeScience.CambridgeUniv.Press,2009 ToshikiSugaietal.:Synthesisofsingle&doublewallcarbonnanotubesbyhigh temperaturepulsedarcdischargemethod.NewJournalofPhysics.Vol6,2004 c) K.V.Ostrikov:FromNature'sMastery...IEEETrans.onPlasmaSci.,Vol35(2),pp127 137,Apr.2007 d) S.Ghouruietal.:RoleofArcPlasmaInstabilityonNanosynthesisIEEETrans.onPlasma Sci.Vol34(1),pp121,Feb.2006 e) Levchenko,K.Ostrikov:DeterministicNanoassembly...Appl.Phys.Lett.Vol89, 033109,2006 f) C.Collardetal.:RFplasmaConditionsforGrowthofCarbonNanostructures.IEEE Trans.onPlasmaSci.Vol3381),pp170175,Feb.2005 [6] ThehydrinomodelofR.L.Millshasmanyattractivefeaturestoexplain(partially)the radioactivityfreepartofthedustfusionprocess.Howeveritrequiresspecialcatalysts,like atomiclithium,andmolecularNaH,butthesecatalystareusuallynotpresent.ArandHeions mayservealsoascatalysts,andtheyarepresentinair.Wehavemadetestsinsealedglass cylinders,fullofatmosphericandsubatmosphericArgon,butnotinacousticresonators.The ignitionprocessworkedwell,asusual,butthePyrexglassmeltedimmediately.Therefore thetestwasinconclusive;amoresophisticatedsetupwouldbenecessarytodecideifit worksinatmosphericArgon.Neverthelessitisquitepossiblethatthisprocessalsotakes place.TheMillsprocessdoesnotrequireplasmaoscillationsorextendedsolidplasma surface.InapaperbyR.L.MillsandP.Ray,(Vibrationalspectralemissionoffractional principalquantumenergylevelhydrogenmolecularion.Int.J.HydrogenEnergyVol27 (2002)pp533564)amicrowavedrivenplasmaisusedatverylowpressure.(Aturbopumpis used.)

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28.07.2011 [7] Inprinciple,theelectronprotoncombinationmodelofA.WidomandL.Larsenhasanumber ofveryattractivefeatures,butthetechnicaldetailsarefoggy,especiallyonexactlywhata heavyelectronis,andhowtomakethem.Theirtwopublishedpatentsare:2008/0296519 and2008/0232532.(Theyincludetheirtheoreticalpapersaswell). Thetechnicalparametersoftheirsuggesteduseofroomtemperaturemetallic(palladium) substrateelectrolysisisaverypoortechnicalenvironmentfortheimplementationoftheir proposedtheoreticalmodel,butotherwisegood. Thereareanumberofotherneutralparticlemodelsnotdiscussedhere.Mostofthemare useful.TheLarsenWidommodelreferstocollectiveelectronandprotonoscillations, withouttechnicalspecificsonhowtocreatethem.Theirpatentismoreofatheoretical physicspaperthenaguidehowtomakeadeviceandhowtouseit. However,theirlineofthoughtisworthyofconsideration,andafterconsiderablerefinement couldbeusedtoexplaintheradioactivityfreepartofthedustyplasmanuclearprocess. [8] Writtenbyaprominentcoldfusionresearcher,thebookofEdmundStorms:TheScienceof LowEnergyNuclearReaction,WorldScientific,2007,isanexcellentandcomprehensive, balancedoverviewofthecoldfusionfield.Itisamustforeveryexperimenterinthis field.Inthereviewofpastexperimentsitisclearthatmosttestswerecarriedoutalongthe classicalP.F.linesofheavywaterelectrolysiswithaPacathode. Thereisanotherusefultwovolumebookwrittenbyseveralprominentresearchers: LowEnergyNuclearReactionsSourcebook,Vol.I.andVol.II.,editedbyJanMarwanand StevenB.Krivit.AmericanChemicalSocietyseriesNo998and [9] Thereareonlyafewpapersonlongitudinal(Tesla)waves. a) C.Monstein,J.P.Wesley:ObservationsofScalarLongitudinalwavesEurophysics Letters.Vol59(4)pp514520,2002. b) Adetailedtheoreticalandexperimentalpaper,worthreadingis:KonstantinMeyl: ScalarWavesIndelGmbH,2003.www.meyl.eu c) J.P.Wesley:SientificPhysics,page125128,Samizdat,2002 Weiherdamstrasse24;78176Blumberg,Germany

GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

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GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion [10] Dustintheofficialplasma: a)

28.07.2011

R.R.Weynants:ICRFReviewFromErasmustoITER.InRFpowerinPlasmas.Proc.Of the18thConference.Gent,Belgium2426June2009. AIPConferenceproceeding1187.EditorV.Bobkoov,J.M.Noterdaeme. QuotefromWeynants:Thegrowingrealizationthatthegrosserosionratesforgraphite duetophysicalandchemicalsputteringwouldbeexcessiveinareactorandthattritium codepositionbyredepositionofgraphitewouldbeprohibitive,hasledtoareturnto theoldallmetalconceptfavoringhighZmaterial,mainlyWatcriticalwallareas.(Page 9.)

b)

W.Fundamensky.PowerExhaustinfusionPlasmas.CambridgeUniv.Press.2010.See pp208forPlasmaimpurityinteractions. Forthestellar,excessivetechnicalparameterrequirementofITERandInertial ConfinementFusionsee: I.R.Lindemuth,R.E.Siemon:TheFundamentalParameterSpaceofControlled ThermonuclearFusion.Am.J.ofPhysics,Vol77(5)2009,pp407.

[11] Nonlinear,selforganization Fortunately,thereareanumberofbooksaboutnonlinearphenomena.Someofthem concerningplasmaphysicsanddustyplasmaarequotedinRef[1].Butthefundamental physicsareusuallyshroudedinmathematicalformulae,withlittleinsighttotheessence.But thereisanexceptionwrittenbyRussianscientists. a) A.V.GaponovGrekhov;M.I.Rabinovich:NonlinearitiesinAction.(Oscillations,Chaos, Order,Fractals).Springer,1988. Forussynchronizationisofconcern.Thereisagood(advancedlevel)bookonthe subject: b) A.Pikovskyet.al:Synchronization.CambridgeUniv.Press.2003. Therearesomeessentialconceptswhicharehelpfulunderstandingthedustyplasma oscillations,like:Parametricexcitation,modecoupling,selfexcitedoscillations,self organizedstructures,spatiotemporalcompetition,synchronizationofnoisysystems, Arnoldinstabilitytongues,entrainmentofseveraloscillationsbyacommondrive,mode locking,Devilsstaircase,etc.

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GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

28.07.2011 Selforganizingnonlineardustyplasmaisamazinglystable.Itsbehaviorisverystrange,

evencounterintuitivetoourlinearbasedwayofthinking. [12] Therearehundredsofbooksonmicrowaves,someforplasmas,quotedinRef[1].Butagood introductiontomicrowaveovenisbyM.Vollmer:Physicsofthemicrowaveoven.Physics Education.Vol39(1)pp74,Jan2004. TomapthemaximumfieldinametalcavityresonatoragoodintroductioniswrittenbyS. Kamoletal:3Dstandingwavesinamicrowaveoven.Am.J.ofPhys.Vol78(5)May2010;pp 492. [13] D.J.Sullivanet.al:MicrowavetechniquesfottheCombustionEnhancements 40thASMEJointConference:AIAAA20043713 [14] G.Miley:LowEnergyNucl.ReactionSourcebook,VolI.,pp173. [15] M.Macy:TheFisherOrianicollaboration.InfiniteEnergy.Vol16;(4)pp1018,2010 [16] NikolaTeslaonhisworkwith...AnExtendedInterview.Editor:LelaniAnderson.XXI.Cent. Book,Breckenridge,Cd.2002ISBN:1893817016

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CaptionstoTables

Table1:RowdataofCO2thermalnucleardissociationexperiments.

Firstcolumn:5l/minCO2at1bar,inlettemperatureabout10C Secondcolumn:10l/min. Thereactionproductsarecooledrapidlytoambient temperatureafterleavingtheacousticresonator.

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GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion

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Table2:TransmutationofmedicalTiAlalloyaftera6min.treatment

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Table3:Redsludgecomposition

3 4 5 11 12 13 15 16 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 37 38 40 41 42 46 47 48 50 51 52 53 55 56 57 element Lilithium Beberyllium Bboron Nasodium Mgmagnesium Alaluminum Pphosphorus Ssulfer Kpotassium Cacalcium Tititanium Vvanadium Crchromium Mnmanganese Feiron Cocobalt Ninickel Cucopper Znzinc Gagallium Gegermanium Asarsenic Seselenium Brbromine Rbrubidium Srstrontium Zrzirknium Nbniobium Momolibden Pdpalladium Agsilver Cdcadmium Sntin Sbantimony Tetellurium Iiodine Cscesium Babarium Lalanthanum mass 7 9 11 23 24 27 31 32 39 40 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 69 65 70 72 75 79 35 85 88 91 93 96 106 107,8 48 119 122 128 127 133 137 139 before [mg/kg] 28 4,13 179 27600 1400 36840 396 2990 275 30820 18420 555 525 1505 143290 30,7 215 45,5 96,9 16 8,87 93,3 0,18 3,58 2,24 216 209 7,07 12,6 0,16 0,11 2,55 21,6 20,2 1 4,78 0,75 47,8 88 after [mg/kg] 33,7 5,72 57,4 27420 8230 116800 1320 4060 4800 34570 26090 541 501 1500 136100 33,9 212 19920 103 24,1 13,1 56,2 0,01 9,34 8,8 155 238 7,81 8,2 2,1 2,53 3,5 267 6,84 0,32 0,19 0,8 49,2 47,1 ratio 1,20 1,38 0,32 0,99 5,88 3,17 3,33 1,36 17,45 1,12 1,42 0,97 0,95 1,00 0,95 1,10 0,99 437,80 1,06 1,51 1,48 0,60 0,06 2,61 3,93 0,72 1,14 1,10 0,65 13,13 23,00 1,37 12,36 0,34 0,32 0,04 1,07 1,03 0,54 difference 5,7 1,59 121,6 180 6830 79960 924 1070 4525 3750 7670 14 24 5 7190 3,2 3 19874,5 6,1 8,1 4,23 37,1 0,17 5,76 6,56 61 29 0,74 4,4 1,94 2,42 0,95 245,4 13,36 0,68 4,59 0,05 1,4 40,9 37

GeorgeEgelyPhD:NanoDustFusion element Cecrium Prpraseodymium Ndneodimium Smsamarium Eueuropium Gdgadolinium Tbterbium Dydisprosium Hoholmium Ererbium Tmthulium Ybytterbium Hfhafnium Tatantalum Wtungsten Iriridium Ptplatinum Hgmercury Tlthallium Pblead Bibismuth Ththorium Uuranium mass 140 141 144 150 152 157 159 162 165 167 169 173 178 181 184 192 195 200 209 207 209 232 238

58 59 60 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 72 73 74 77 78 80 81 82 83 90 92

before [mg/kg] 207 19,1 72 14,5 2,96 13,4 1,91 10,8 2,2 6,64 0,95 7,13 9,78 0,07 6,15 0,01 0,01 1,82 0,33 138 3,11 63,6 22,5

28.07.2011 after [mg/kg] 121 10,5 38,1 7,89 1,62 6,7 0,99 5,83 1,24 3,86 0,56 4,23 4,03 0,02 77,9 0,01 0,01 0,12 0,03 16 0,29 23,6 3,31 ratio 0,58 0,55 0,53 0,54 0,55 0,50 0,52 0,54 0,56 0,58 0,59 0,59 0,41 0,29 12,67 1,00 1,00 0,07 0,09 0,12 0,09 0,37 0,15 difference 86 8,6 33,9 6,61 1,34 6,7 0,92 4,97 0,96 2,78 0,39 2,9 5,75 0,05 71,75 0 0 1,7 0,3 122 2,82 40 19,19

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CaptionstoPhotographs

Photo1:Makeshiftresonators:Micabox,tubularquartzresonators: halfwavewhenbothendsaregreen,quarterwavewhenoneendisclosed.

Photo2:Sphericalquartzresonators,diameterabout6cm.

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Photo3:Teslawavegeneratorforcalibration100Hz1MHz

Photo4:Teslawavereceiversrodandplasmaantenna

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