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This chapter provides basic information of other significant non-ferrous alloys such as alloys of lead, tin, chromium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth. Lead (Pb) is found in many countries but mainly produced from USA, australia, Mexico, canada and germany.
This chapter provides basic information of other significant non-ferrous alloys such as alloys of lead, tin, chromium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth. Lead (Pb) is found in many countries but mainly produced from USA, australia, Mexico, canada and germany.
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This chapter provides basic information of other significant non-ferrous alloys such as alloys of lead, tin, chromium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth. Lead (Pb) is found in many countries but mainly produced from USA, australia, Mexico, canada and germany.
Droits d'auteur :
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
Other significant alloys Subjects of interest Objectives / Introduction Lead and its alloys Tin and its alloys Chromium and its alloys Cadmium and its alloys Antimony and its alloys Bismuth and its alloys Lecture 8 Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Objectives Objectives This chapter provides basic information of other significant non-ferrous alloys such as alloys of lead, tin, chromium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth. This includes its source, nature, properties which are related to its applications. Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Introduction Introduction Apart from alloys of Al, Mg, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ni, there are a variety of other alloys, which have been used for other applications with however in a smaller extent but still important. There are for example: Pb, Sn, Bi, Sb, Cd Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Lead and its alloys Lead and its alloys - - Applications Lead sheet Lead sheets are used in x-ray and gamma-ray protection, building construction of roofing and flashing, shower pan, flooring, vibration damping and soundproofing. Lead pipe Lead pipes are made from pure lead metal (99.97% min.) or lead alloys - Readily fabricated by extrusion. - Excellent corrosion resistance applications in chemical industry. Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Lead Lead - - Resources Lead (Pb) is found in many countries but mainly produced from USA, Australia, Mexico, Canada and Germany. In Thailand, found in Kanchanaburi (cerussite). Normally found in the forms below (or the combination of both) 1) Lead sulphide (PbS) or called Galena or Galenite. 2) Lead carbonate (PbCO 3 ) called Cerussite. Also found in the form of anglesite (PbSO 4 ) and pyromorphite (2Pb 3 P 2 O 5 .PbCl 2 ) but not commercially significant. Normally contain Ag, Zn, Ni, Co as impurities. Galenite Cerussite webmineral.com Anglesite Pyromorphite Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Lead Lead Extraction of lead Concentrated Pb ore is produced through flotation process and it is then roasted at T ~450-700 o C with air blow to reduce sulphur. 2 4 2 2 7 2 SO PbSO PbO O PbS + + + Other reactions also occur due to the existence of Zn. 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 2 7 2 SO FeO O FeS SO ZnSO ZnO O ZnS + + + + + The obtained Pb ore (with decreased amount of sulphur) is then reduced in the blast furnace or reverberatory by mixing with coke or iron. Ore (PbS) Concentration Flotation Roasting At T ~ 450-700 o C with air blowing Blast furnace or reverberatory Lead Mixed with coke T ~ 900 o C Reduce sulphur Pyrometallurgical process Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Lead Lead Reduction of lead in blast furnace FeS Pb Fe PbS CO Pb CO PbO CO Pb C PbO + + + + + + 2 Reduction of lead is carried out in a blast furnace at T ~ 900 o C. The obtained ore is mixed with flux (limestone) and coke (~10%) which will reduce PbO or PbS into lead. Lead blast furnace During reduction, matte or speiss (mixtures of sulphide of Fe and Cu) form on top of the molten lead. The molten lead forms at the bottom of the furnace is then drained out. Charge hopper Exhaust off-take to afterburne Charge Cool water Charge hole Average level of charge Shalf www.osha.gov Hot water Cold water Hot water Slag layer Water jacket Working height of charge 2.4-3.0 m Lead spout Dam Drain tap Load layer Slag spout Crucible Tuyere Diameter at Tuyeres 68 120 cm Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Lead Lead Refining of lead As, Bi, Sb, Sn, Cu are typical impurities in lead high hardness but low toughness. Removal of Sn, Sb, As is called softening by heating at 500 o C. They will form oxides (Dross) which float on the top of lead due to their lower densities. easily remove. Cu is removed by mixing molten lead with PbS to give Cu 2 S and Pb. Pb S Cu Cu PbS + + 2 2 Bi is removed via electrolysis process using PbSiF 6 and H 2 SiF 6 acid as electrolyte, giving pure lead at cathode and the remained Bi at anode. Desilvering is carried out using two methods : Pattinson and Parkes. Pattinson: High purity lead is extracted at the eutectic temperature (304 o C). Parkes: Stirring Zn rod in molten lead to dissolve Ag on its surface. Let it cool down to form crust and then remove. Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Lead Lead - Physical properties and application Pb Lead CCP 207.2 Crystal structure Cubic closed packed Atomic number 82 Atomic weight 63.546 Density (g.cm -3 ) 11.34 Melting point ( o C) 327.35 Boiling point ( o C) 1740.0 82 High density. Good corrosion resistance Low strength but high ductility. Lubricating properties. Lead ingots of 99-98 % purity can be produced with Sb, Sn, As, Fe, Bi, Cu as impurities. Used in batteries, chemical applications. www.gravitaindia.com Lead screws Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Lead alloys Lead alloys - Classification Lead alloys can be classified as follows: 1) Calcium-lead alloys 2) Antimony-selenium lead alloys 3) Antimony-lead alloys 4) Copper lead alloys 5) Tin-lead alloys Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Classification - Antimony lead alloys Antimony Sb is partially soluble in lead and give a eutectic reaction at 250 o C at 11.2% Sb. + L Hypo-eutectic structure (<11.2%Sb) consists of phase and eutectic phase of + + + +. Hyper-eutectic structure (>11.2%Sb) consists of and eutectic phases. Sb addition gives higher eutectic structure more strength / hardness. Used in batteries and cable wire coating. Sb-Pb phase diagram 6.5% Sb (Hypo) 12.25% Sb (Hyper) 11.5% Sb (eutectic) Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Classification - Tin-lead alloys Tin Sn can form solid solution ( phase upto 19.2% Sn) with lead and give a eutectic reaction at 183 o C at 61.9% Sn. Hypo-eutectic structure (<61.9%Sn) consists of phase and eutectic phase of + + + +. Hyper-eutectic structure (>61.9%Sn) consists of and eutectic phases. Sn addition also gives strength and hardness and lower T m , fluidity . Used as soldering materials. Sn-Pb phase diagram 70% Sn 50% Sn Eutectic 60% Sn Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Tin alloys Tin alloys - Introduction Tin is found in the form of oxide (SnO 2 ) as vein tin or stream tin. Its colour is in white and grey. Found in Malaysia, Indonesia, (Thailand), Myanmar, China, Australia. Note: Most resources are almost used up. Easily extracted because it is already in its oxide form. Used for applications such as in soldering metals. Tin oxide Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Tin alloys Tin alloys - Extraction Ore(SnO 2 ) Concentration Mixing with coke and flux T ~ 1350 o C Blast furnace or reverberatory Tin 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 CO Sn C SnO CO Sn CO SnO CO C CO CO O C + + + + + + The ore is first concentrated and then mix with coke and flux (CaCO 3 ) in the blast furnace (reverberatory) at T~1350 o C. CaCO 3 will decompose at 1350 o C to give CaO, which will catch high melting point oxides (SiO 2 , FeO) to form slag (low T m ). Molten tin at the bottom of the furnace is drained out for further refining while slag on its top surface is skimmed out Sn will be separated again. Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Tin alloys Tin alloys - Refining Fire refining Electrolytic refining For tin with Fe <1%, fire refining is carried out at tins melting point 232 o C to give pure tin at the bottom of the furnace. Fe will from FeSn 2 compound and can be separated from molten tin (<0.01%Fe). Give high purity of tin but expensive. For a higher purity, poling process (using fresh lump of wood stirring in boiling tin) allows impurities to float to the surface and form oxides (slag). If the impurity is Pb, flux (SnCl 2 ) is added at T~245 o C to form PbCl 2 (dross), which also floats to the surface. Dross will be skimmed out later. Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Tin Tin - Physical properties Sn Tin 118.7 Crystal structure FC Tetragonal (white tin) Cubic (grey tin) Atomic number 50 Atomic weight 118.7 Density (g.cm -3 ) 7.298 (white tin) 5.765 (grey tin) Melting point ( o C) 231.9 o C 50 High corrosion resistance. Low strength but high ductility not suitable for structural materials. Lubricating properties. Transformation from white to grey tin occurs at T = 13.2 o C, giving a change in density from 7.3 to 5.76 g/cm -3 . tin pest. Tin pest Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Tin Tin - Applications Tin is used as coating for structural steels for corrosion protection. Used as an alloying element. Soldering materials and in electrical applications. Tin or tin foil for food containers and wrapping. Tin alloys are also used as vases, candle stands, jewellery. Electrical applications Soldering Tin foils for capacitors www.winter-wolff.com Steel can coated with tin. Tin as jewellery Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Tin alloys Tin alloys Classification Tin alloys are used as soldering materials. - 30-50% Pb Sn alloy - 5% Sb Sn alloy - 5% Ag Sn alloy Tin alloys (pewter) are used as vases, candle stands, etc. - 7% Sb 2% Cu alloys (40% ductility, 9.5 HBN). Tin alloys are used as bearing called Babbit - 10-15% Sb 3-4% Cu 60-90% Sn alloys. Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Cadmium Cadmium Cadmium has a bluish white colour and appears in a form of CdS. Normally obtained from zinc extraction process. Hardness Sn<Cd<Zn. Good toughness, readily rolled into plates or wires at RT. Used in automatic fire extinguishers, electrical fuses, safety plugs. Alloyed with Sn to produce soldering materials, bearing. Crystal structure HCP Atomic weight 112.41 Density (g.cm -3 ) 8.65 Melting point ( o C) 320 o C Boiling point ( o C) 769 o C Cd Cadmium HCP 112.41 48 Batteries Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Antimony Antimony Physical properties and applications Antimony has a silvery white colour and found as stibnite Sb 2 S 3 . Hard and brittle and cannot be deformed at RT. React with oxygen at high temperature, giving Sb 2 O 3 (white powder). Used as alloying element in Sn and Pb alloys, providing better fluidity and hardness. Applications: storage battery plates, soldering materials, shrapnel bullets and bearing or babbit. Sb Antimony 121.76 Crystal structure Trigonal Atomic number 51 Atomic weight 121.76 Density (g.cm -3 ) 6.62 Melting point ( o C) 630 o C Boiling point ( o C) 1140 o C 51 Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Antimony Antimony - Extraction Ore(Sb 2 S 3 ) Liquation Roasting Blast furnace Sb T ~ 500-600 o C Antimony ore is concentrated by liquation process (heating at 500-600 o C) to give low T m antimony (85-90%) separating from the ore. Roasting at 500 o C to convert to oxide Sb 2 O 4 , which is then reduced to Sb metal by using charcoal with flux (Na 2 CO 3 ) in the blast furnace. S, Pb and Fe appear as impurities in the obtained Sn metal. good enough for alloying. Higher purity is achieved by electrolytic process. T ~ 500 o C Charcoal Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Bismuth Bismuth Physical properties and applications Bismuth is found as native Bismuth in nature or Bismuth ocher or Bismite (Bi 2 O 3 ). Low melting point used as alloying elements to lower T m , soldering materials and thermoelectric applications -fuses. Provide thermal expansion during solidification. Hard and brittle similar to Sb. Bi Bismuth 209 Crystal structure Monoclinic Atomic number 83 Atomic weight 209 Density (g.cm -3 ) 9.80 Melting point ( o C) 271 o C Boiling point ( o C) 1436 o C 83 Fuses www.tableauperiodique.be Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 Bismuth Bismuth - Extraction Bismuth ore (Bi 2 O 3 ) is reduced using charcoal and CaCO 3 with fluoride and Na 2 CO 3 as flux. Roasting should be applied if the ore is a sulphur type. Higher purity Bi is produced by liquation to give molten Bi at the bottom of the furnace. For higher purity, bismuth is dissolved in nitric acid to give Bi(NO 3 ) 3 and then precipitate as Bi(OH) 2 NO 3 . washed and heated to give pure Bi oxide. reduced to give Bi metal. Ore(Bi 2 O 3 ) Reduction Liquation Bi Tapany Udomphol Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007 References References . a.a. +..+..+ . :-. u.uu+..a..a+a. ISBN 974-582-155-1. Tapany Udomphol