&cdkifavQmufxHk;rsm;

]earmw b*0awm t&[awm ormoAK'wd}

avQmufxHk;trSwf (1)
oD&d&mZmrif;\tdyfrufawmf avQmufxHk;/
"n0wD'kwd,NrdKUwnf uH&mZmBuD;rif; qufESpq
f ,fhoQpfqufajrmuf oD&d&mZmrif;onf rdzk&m;
0drva'0Dukrm&DESifh ou&mZf (67) ckESpfwGif "n0wDjynfBuD;0,f xD;eef;pdk;pHonf/ pufawmfac:&m
wedaomtcg rif;BuD;onf eDvudkqGwf,l rdzk&m;BuD;tm;yD;&onf[k tdyfrufawmf jrifrufonf/
rif;yGJcH&m rl;rwfdkUodkY tdyrf ufudkjyefqdkpDonf/ ,if;aomtcg rif;wkH;pm;trwf0drv? ajymif;jympm;
trwf a'0ausmfxifavQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf ol&d,eDudk qGwf,lyD;&onf[k jrifrufawmfrlvwfaomf bkef;tmPm usufoa&
awmufxGef;aom om;awmfukd zGm;jrif&monf/ pEmvukd qGwf,lyD;&onf[k jrifrufrlvnf; pMumr'm
rif;ESihfxdkufaom
orD;awmfukd
zGm;jrifrnftrSefjzpfygonf/
,if;odkYtaMumif;
SdxHk;a[mif;
tvm[dygonf/ ,cktoQif rif;BuD;jrifrufaom tdyfrufawmfwGif eDvtpHkudk qGwf,lawmfrl
rdzk&m;BuD;odkYyD;&onf[k jrifrufonhftvdk ZrL'DyguRef; NydKifbufr[datmif bkef;a&mifxGef;vif;
trif;rif;dkU 0yfpif;Gwfvm&aom om;awmfjrwf zGm;jrifawmfrlygrnf/ va&mifyrmcsrf;tD;pGmjzihfh
*kPfa&mifcaom twkr[donfhow0gdkU\ txGwftxdyfjzpfawmfrlaombk&m;oQifESihf om;awmf
BuHKwGdzl;&rnftrSefjzpfygonf/
r*Fvm[daomaumif;usdK;BuD;yD;rnfh
tdyfrufawmfjzpfaMumif;
avQmufwifvwfaomf- jynfhoQifrif;BuD;onf vGeftm;&awmfrljcif;[d\/ xdkYaMumifh tojym
waxmifwefaom ywjrm;vufpGyfwuGif;pDESifh qifaygufwpD;pD trwfESpfa,muftm;qkyD;awmfrlonf/
9
avQmufxHk;trSwf (2)
xdkrif;vufxuf OygysHeef;jy'fusonfudk avQmufxHk;/
tdyfrufawmft& xdkrif;om;udkzGm;jrifawmfrlaomtcgvnf; oydwfvHk;cefY[daom OygMu,fonf
taemuft&yfuysHvm eef;awmfjy'fusvmonf/ xdkodkYusvmonfudk trwfynm[d rif;wHk;pm;
0drvavQmufonfum; ]toQifrif;jrwf OygMu,fBuD;onf taemuft&yfuysHvmvQuf eef;awmf
jy'frSm xGef;onfhtvdkY om;awmfvufxuf bHkoHk;yg;wGiftwkr[d jrwfpGmbk&m; aumif;cifc&D;jzihf
rpdrma'orS<uvmawmfrl &uyk&wdkif;"n0wDjynfodkY <ua&mufrnfhtaMumif;udkjyaom wdwfedrdwf
r*Fvmjzpfygonf} [k avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;BuD;u pm;aus;wrdUyD;awmfrlonf/ eDESifhvudk
taMumif;jyK om;awmfukd ]pEol&d,} [laomtrnfudk yD;awmfrlownf;/
10
avQmufxHk;trSwf (3)
(ou&mZf 97-149) pEol&d,rif;BuD;vufxuf NrDvIyf N*dKvfvm;rnD ysm;pGJonfhavQmufxHk;;/
ou&mZf (97) a&mufaomtcg crnf;awmfoD&d&mZmrif;BuD;vGefawmfrlonf/ xdktcg om;awmfpEol&d,
tdrf&Sdrif;onf
rdzk&m;pEdrmvmESihf
crnf;awmftdkuft&m
aTxD;aTeef;odrf;jref;pdk;pHawmfrlonf/
oufawmfig;q,fhig;ESpf[daomtcg NrDjyif;pGmvIyo
f nf/ N*dKvfvm;rnD qkwfwufeDonf/ eef;awmfrSm
ysm;pGJonf/
xdkodkUtwdwfoHk;yg;jzpfonfudk
ynm[dtrwfrsdK;awmifukyfpm;trwf
"raZ,s

avQmufonfum; ]toQifrif;jrwf NrDvIyfaomtvdk "gwfav;yg;tcdk;jzifh OwkoHk;yg; cdkufaomtcg

Budrfvwfrl NrDwkefvIyfjrJjzpfygonf/ *dvfqkwfwufrnD jzpfonfrSmvnf; euwfESpfq,hfckESpfvHk;paom
twGif;wm&m? tjyifwm&mMu,fdkUonf eDtm;yXmeyvQufvm;Mu&m eDonf 'PdP,smOf? Ow&,smOf?
tvm;vGefvm;aomf
v&uf&yfeDaomf
em&D?
ADZem?
c&mdkU
euwfwm&mdkUonf
vudk,SOfvQufvm;jrJ
ryrvdkufEdkif&m[d\/
xdkodkYtjzpfukd
tpdwftjzmrodEdkifaomoldkUonf
*dvfvm;qkwfwuforkwfvD jyu'defvmonhftvdomjzpfonf/ rif;rnfodkYtjypfr[d/ eef;awmfrSm
ysm;pGJonfhtvdk xdkysm;onft&nfudk xm;cysHvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;udk wkdif;wyg;utxl;xl;aom
vufaqmifb@mtoGif;a&mufayvdrfhrnf/
tdrfrzGJUysHaomfvnf;aumif;?
tdrfzGJUt&nfudk
pkyf,lysHaomfvnf;aumif;?
ysm;ysHaomt&yfudkwlljyK
acgif;qD;awmfrl&ygrnf/}
,if;odkY
avQmufvwfaomf
oufawmfig;q,fEh SpfESpfwGif
tbdufodwfcHawmfrl
pEo&l d,rif;BuD;onf
rdrdydkifawmfrlaomEkdifiHrsm; apwD? wef;aqmif? bk&m;? wef;xm;? ausmif;? Z&yfrsm;wnfum oufawmfpd
aumif;rIjyKawmfrlonf/ ynm[dtrwf"raZ,sudk tz0drvpm;aomrif;wHk;NrdKUudk xyfrHpm;aus;
yD;awmfrlonf/
aqG;aEG;csuf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;oQif\bdk;awmfterif;onf r[mou&mZf (8645) ckESpfudk um0paEudef;[l (2)
ck<uif;xm;NyD;NzdKonf/ &cdkifjynf&mvrm[krif;ESifh xD;eef;acwfNydKifusygonf/ &mvrm[krif;onf
waumif;tbd&mZmtEG,f uH&mZmBuD;rif;quf (24) qufajrmufjzpfonf/ pEmol&d,rif;\crnf;awmf
oD&d&mZmrif;jyqdkcaom
ou&mZf
(67-97)onf
bdk;awmfterif;NzdKcaomou&mZfrS
pwif&GDwGufjcif;jzpfonf/
if;ou&mZf
(148)
odkYa&mufaomtcg
yxro*Fg,emwif
toQifr[mzonf omoemou&mZfESifhnDpD&ef (1) ck <uif;xm;NyD;NzdKonf/
&mZ*d[fjynfhoQif tZmwowfrif;vufxufjzpfonf/ &ckdifjynfpEol&d,rif;ESifh xD;eef;tNydKifusonf/
pEo&l d,rif;onf ou&mZf (97) wGifeef;wufNyD; ouf (52) ? ou&mZf (149) ckwGif ewfGmpHconf/
ou&mZf (148) udkNzdKonfESifhuH NzdKNyD;ou&mZf (2) ckwGif ewfGmpHonf[krSwf&ygrnf/
12
avQmufxHk;trSwf (4)
ol&d,auwkrif;vufxuf vif;wiSufom;wcsDvQuf eef;awmf usem;onfhavQmufxHk;/
pEol&d,rif;uonf
om;NrD;qufumrif;qufESpfq,hfig;tqHk;?
ol&d,auwkrif;onf
rdzk&m;okbmoDvESifh ou&mZf (195-249) wGif "n0wDxD;eef;awmfudk qufcHpdk;tkyfawmfrlonf/
om;a,musfm
rGD;zGm;xGef;um;jcif;r[d
om;qkawmif;Muvwfaomf
iSufvif;wwaumifonf
om;wudkcsD eef;awmfrSmvmem;onf/ xdkwdwfedrdwfudk ynm[dtrsdK;pOfqufvmcaom aomif;wD;pm;
OwroD&dausmfavQmufonfum;toQifrif;jrwf? iSufrsdK;wGif vif;wonf touf[daomow0gdkU toufukefrSpm;ygonf/
iSufolawmfrsdK;jzpfygonf/ rdrddkUvm;&modkYvnf; tpmudkcsD,lysHvm;dk;r[d? rdbdkUpm;caom t[m&ESihfom
BuD;jrihfatmifauR;rGD;ygonf/ xdkiSufrsdK; om;wudkcsD,lvQuf eef;awmfrSmem; om;wudkcsconfhtvdk
bkef;ynmusufoa&ESihfjynfhpHkaom om;awmfukd rdzk&m;zGm;jrifawmfrlygrnfodkYavQmufxm;onf/ jynfhoQifrif;onf trwfBuD;odkY tbdk;te*xdkufaomywjrm;vufpGyfwuGif;
qkyD;awmfrlonf/
13
avQmufxHk;trSwf (5)

ou&mZf (306-249) r[mol&d,pE&m;rif;\om;awmf tdrf&Sdrif;ol&d,pE&m;twGuf tdrf&Sdrdzk&m;

GD;cs,f&efavQmufxHk;/
ou&mZf (249) ck a&mufaomtcgcrnf;awmf ol&d,auwkewfGmpHawmfrlonf/ om;awmf
r[mol&d,pE&m;rif;onf rdzk&m;okybma'0DESifh jynfBuD;pnf;pdru
f kd tkyfpdk;awmfrlonf/ (57)
ESpfeef;pHcNyD; ou&mZf (306) ckwGif ewfGmpHonf/ xdkrif;BuD;\om;awmfum; ol&d,pE&m; jzpfonf/
xdkr[mol&d, pE&m;rif;BuD;onf om;awmftdrf&Sdrif;ESihf yD;jrm;&ef rif;orD;udk rD;awmfrlonf/ xdktcg
ynm[dtrwfaomif;xD;pm; OwroD&dausmfavQmufonfum;toQifrif;jrwf? ywjrm;ausmufaumif;dkUwGif a*gyvifpaomtem[dvQif rif;roHk;&? pdefausmufdkUwGif
cvkwfawmpmi,femrpif? awmaMumifrTD;rSifpaomtjypfruif;vQif rif;roHk;xdkuf? rsdK;pyg;dkUrSmvnf;
ta&ma&mygvQif tyiftoD;rnD? aTvnf; BuD;eD? oHrvGwfvQif t&nftoGD;rajymif? xdkYtwl
omuD0ifrif;dkUvnf;
EG,fawmfoefYpifrS
trsdK;oefYpGmpOfvmBuD;jrifh
tusihfrazmufpDvdk
SdbD;avmif;bDawmf? crnf;awmfxD;eef;rif;quf armifESr&if;csm yD;jrm;awmfrlcaMumif; xHk;a[mif;ESifh
jzpfygonf/ om;awmfESifhorD;awmf apmpEDudkyD;jrm;vQif oifhjrwfawmfrlygonf odkYavQmufvwfaomf
ol&d,pE&m;ESihf
orD;awmfapmpEDukd
armifESr&if;csmyD;jrm;awmfrlonf/
ynm[dtrwfudk aiGtojymw&mqkyD;oem;awmfrlonf/ ol&d,pE&m;rif;BuD;onf ou&mZf (306)
eef;wufNyD;? (355) wGifvGefonf/
aqG;aEG;csuf/
avQmufxHk;trSwf (4) jyqdkcaomou&mZf (195-249) onf e-0-c-q ("eudef;) (609) jzifh
NzdK&efou&mZfjzpfonf/ pEol&d,rif;rS (16) qufajrmuf ol&d,pdMwrif;onf "eudef;t&? ou&mZf
(609) ckudkNzdKonf/ tdEd,ourif;vnf; if;ou&mZf (609) ckudk e0cqudef;[kNzdKonf/ xdkUaemuf
pEol&d,rif;\tEG,fawmf (32) qufajrmufjzpfaom (a0omvDausmufvSDum;NrdKU) oD&dp`Em;rif;
vufxuf Owrudef;t&? ou&mZf (560) udkNzdKonf/ jrefrmjynf ykyg;apm&[ef;rif;vnf; if;ou&mZf
(560) udkNzdKonf/ xdkYaemufjzpfaomou&mZfonf ,ckoHk;eDaomaumZmou&mZfjzpfonf/
15
avQmufxHk;trSwf (6)
plVpE&m;rif;tm; SdxHk;rzsufoifhaMumif;avQmufxHk;/
ou&mZf (560) udkNzdKcaom oD&dpE&m;rif;rSoHk;qufajrmufjzpfaom NrD;awmfplVpE&m;rif;onf aumZm
(95) ckwGif rdzk&m;BuD;pEma'0DESifh a0omvDxD;eef;udk qufcHpdk;tkyfawmfrlonf/ xdkrif;onf
rif;aumif;wyg;yifjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ysufcsdefqdkufvmaomtcg tusifhpdkufazmufjyefvmonf/
plVpE&m;rif;onf ukvm;rif;uqufaom ukvm;rif;orD;? jyLrif;uqufaomjyLrif;orD;dkU pum;udk&m
em;axmifvQuf
taysmftyg;rsm;vmonf/
awmawmiftESHU
vSnfhywfaysmfTifeDavh
[donf/
ynmrJhaomoldkUudk taygif;tazmfy\/ wdkif;jynfa&;&mdkUayghavQmhonf/ xkdtajcudkjyKysifEdkif&ef
Sdynm[drSK;rwfrsdK;pOfvm ppfwaumif;NrdKUpm; 0d"dk&f&trwfavQmufonfum; toQifrif;jrwf/ SdbD;awmf?
crnf;awmfdkUxHk;udk zsufoihfonfr[kwfyg? &mZaoXfeif;rif;pOfjzpfvQuf tysuftacsmf? oa&mfMurf;wrf;?
aomhoGrf;aomtrIukdravhvm&m? rif;dkUpum;? trSm;xGuf0if? qdkacsvQifrl? jynfol&dyg;? ppfrufrsm;onf/
taysmftTifobif>yrf;aomf vloGrf;onf/ trIwum? ,kwm,kwd? rif;rSdvQif? jynf&donf/
acsmypfpum;? rif;yg;trwf? avQmufwifvwfaomf? &dyGwfwow0g? NrdKUGmaus;uRef;? rkom;xGef;onf/
Owk&moD? rnDeDv? tmumo"gwf? euwfN*dK[fvm;? rw&m;vQif? em;zsm;vnf;xl;? cdk;olaESmifh,Suf?
rkd;vnf;zsufonf/ xdkodkYSdxHk;a[mif;ESifhtnDavQmufvwfaomfvnf; xdkrif;onf trsdK;tdk;rSefvQuf

vlysufdkUpum;udkem;axmifrdvD &DtaysmfusK;vGefum vSnfhywf&mt&yf &Depftedpa&muf&onf/

xdkrif;tedpa&mufaomESpfum; (131) ckESpfjzpfonf/
17
avQmufxHk;trSwf (7)
'o&mZmrif;vufxuf bduo
f u
d af wmftpDt&ifavQmufx;kH /
txufplvpE&m;vGefNyD;aemuf ou&mZf (485) ckwGif aumvd,rif;\om;awmfukrmboonf
oufawmfq,fESpf[dvwf "n0wDy&defNrdKUawmf0,f xD;eef;wufawmfrlonf/ 'o&mZmtrnfudk
cHawmfrlonf/
oufawmf
(15)
ESpf[daomtcg
tbdufodufcH&efrdefYawmfrlonf/
xdkodkY
rdefYawmfrlaomtcg tbdufodufobif0,f ud&d,mt*FgpHktyfaMumif; Sdynm[dtrsdK;trwfu0dausmf
avQmufwifonfum;EG,fjrpfpOfvm? jrwf&mZmdkU? pMuma&muf&mtaMumif;ay/ y&arbkef;orm? r[mZded? omuD{u&mdkU?
BuD;us,fpGmrif;wHqdyf?
bdufodufawmfcH?
wdkif;EdkifiHudk?
pdk;pHuGy
f SyfESdyf?
vldkUxdyfSdpOfvm?
bdufodufoGef;dk;?
armfuGef;xdk;onf?
rif;rsdK;jrwfunmESifh?
vuf,m&pfckoif;?
rif;dkUoHk;&?
jAm[Pvnf;? rlvodum&if;ESifh? r,Gif;usrf;trSm? rSDpGmusihf&dk;? bD;bkd;qif;ouf? bdou
d q
f ufreS &f m\/
**Fgig;&yf&D? pD;vDrjref? 0pHMumrsdK;? rId;yef;oNyDESifh? GefY0D0DjrufNrDZm? &Dozef;ysOf? ,SOfonfheHoifh&m?
yef;pHkpGmopfav;yif? awmifajrmufav;&yf? wifhtyfpdkufxm;usifrI? ppft*Fgav;yg;cif;? yk
Pm;ig;&m?
jzLpGmckoif;ESifh? oJwvif;nDGwf&m? **Fgjrpfurf;? yGJvrf;rjywf? r@yfoHk;aqmifrSmvnf;? jzL0geDqifpdk;?
eysdK;MuHtkef;/ yifvHk;oD;yif? 0ef;usif&Djznhf? &Djynfhtdk;ESihf? rId;oNyD'ef;qwfoGm;wnfh/ cs&m;cufqdkif?
pHum;vdIif? oif;udifpDaMumif;xm;avmh? ajzmifhrrSm;onf? w&m;vdrm? trwfolXD;? bD;bdk;dk;rSefpGmESifh?
r*Fvmtcgeuwfaumif;? ynmajrmfjrif? &DNrDUoQifvnf;? *kPfvQiftod? *wdav;yg;? w&m;wnfpD
aMumif;wnf;/ SdxHk;a[mif;usrf;tvm? rnD,kwfwuf? ayghysufr[domwnf;/ BuD;awZmuRef;vHk;rdk;?
bdufodufcHNyD;? opmBuD;onf? apmxD;rif;aumif;rsdK;dkU? qdkdk;SdtrSm? udk,f\touf? yGufjcyHk;?
ESvHk;rjcm;omwnf;/ ow0gudk? rdwmpHkcGD&pf? GefYopfwuf0D? usufo&DaMumihf? NzdK;0Dvlewfcspf\/
av;yg;tjypfcsif;csif;uGm? jynfolvkyfcGef? rvGefpm;bkYd&monf? r[mEG,fppf? bkef;yGifhopf/ &[ef;odum?
rif;rSmbdoduf? olawmfpdwfonf? rzdwfusifhdk;? jrwftusdK;/
- [lSdxHk;a[mif;pmwrf;jzifh avQmufxm;onf/
xdkodkYSdxHk;a[mif;pmwrf;jzifhavQmufwifaomf SdbD;awmf? bkd;awmf? crnf;awmfdkU xHk;enf;twdkif;?
ESpfOD;tay: uqkefvqef; (15) &ufedvnf;aumif;? NrDremeDveuwfrykwfaomESpfvnf;aumif;?
euwfrNydKaom ESpfvnf;aumif;? bdufodufcH&efr@yfoHk;aqmifvkyf&onf/ ,if;odkYaqmufvkyf&m
**Fgjrpfem;
NrDjzLNrDeD[daom?
aoavm'uNrDvnf;aumif;
bk&m;ausmif;NrDvGwfaomt&yf
vnf;aumif;? usufoa&r*Fvm[d&mtee'Djrpfem;? y&defNrdKUrSt&Sdawmifbufusaom *[ywdt&yfudk
r@yfoHk;aqmifaqmufvkyf&ef DG;cs,fowfrSwfonf/ xdkeD&modkY uvdefawmifNrD? tr&mawmifNrD?
oD&d*kPfawmifNrD? uwkwawmifNrD? eDvmawmifNrD? arm&yAwawmifNrDdkUudk aqmif,lxm;&onf/
r@yfaqmufvkyf&ef opf? 0g;? BudrfdkUudk tonfom;dkUu t&if;tzsm;rrSm;pD& rSwfom;ckwf,l
yD;&onf/ trdk;tumudk uefYvefYumGufzsifdkUjzifhjyKvkyf&ef wvdkif;? ajrmufpnfom;dkUu SmazGyD;&onf/
,if;odkY opf? 0g;? BudrfEG,ftrdk;tumdkUpHkvifvwfaomf r@yfaqmufvkyf&efeD&m aTxGef? aiGxGef?
oHxGefdkUjzihf NrDnDatmifxGefMu&onf/ xdkodkYxGefMu&m aTxGefudk rsdK;dk;pOfqufolXD;rSefol\om;onf
0garmif;aomwefqmukdqifvQuf xGef&onf/ aiGxGefudk rsdK;dk;pOfqufrSefaomol<u,f\om;onf
eDarmif;aomwefqmukdqifvQuf xGef&onf/ oHxGefudk rsdK;dk;pOfqufBuD;aomawmifolBuD;\om;onf
pdrf;aomwefqmukdqifvQuf xGef&onf/

xdkoHk;rsdK;aomxGefdkU EGm;vm;OozESihfcsnf; xGefMu&onf/ ,if;odkYxGefNyD;aomNrD EGm;EdkY&nfudk

tESHUjzef;&onf/ NyD;aomf EGm;csDrIefYtESHUjzL;&onf/ NyD;jyefaomf rka,majymif;? yJ? ESrf;? pyg;dkUudk
MuJjzefY&onf/ xdkodkYMuJjzefYNyD;vQif &mZrwfaxmifhjcHKvHkpGmumvQuf [kef;ewfylaZmfaomyk
Pm;dkUu?
pEDy&rdoGm? AdEdk;paomewfdkUudk vSnf;&xm;jzifhwif &mZrwfusrf;vm *gxmrEmefdkUudkGwfzwf&\/
,if;okdYGwfzwfNyD;vwfaomf
ya&m[dwfwq,fhESpfyg;onf
blrdZmvpaomatmifjcif;oQpfyg;tpHk
r*Fvokwf? &weokwfpaomy&dwfdkUudk Gw&f \/ oHCmawmfwq,fhESpfyg;dkUu ur0gpmvnf;
zwfMuonf/ ,if;okdYyNyD;aomf ewfylaZmfaomykP
m;dkUu o&Pmo&[dEblrdZmv*gxmGwfvQuf
ckoif;oHyD;&\/ ,if;odkYNyD;vwfrl r*Fvmr@yfaqmufvkyf&ef opf? 0g;? Budrf? trdk;? t&H?
uefYvefYumdkU
y&dwfawmf&nf?
ckoif;&nfdkUjzifh
jzef;yD;&onf/
,if;odkYNyD;rS
[l;&m;oGD;
yk
Pm;av;a,mufESihf
[l;&m;wwfykP
m;w&mhoQpfa,mufdkUonf
jzLpifaomt0wfwefqmqifvQuf
yeufcstcgudk apmifheD&onf/
yeufcs&efoabFmom;dkUrSm dkaomwefqmudkqifvQuf aTyeufudkudkif&onf/ y&dwfGwfaomykP
m;dkUrSm
eDaomwefqmudkqifvQuf
aiGyeufudkudkif&onf/
v,folBuD;dkUrSm
jymaomwefqmudkqifvQuf
oHyeufudkudkif&onf/
xkdodkYpHkvifpGmudkifeDvihf
tcgem&Dapmifh&onf/
euwfaumif;aomtcg
em&Da&mufvwfaomf rD;aygufckESpfvHk;udk ckESpfBudrfazmuf armif;? BuD;eif;? cGufcGif;? 'Hkrif;? ckoif;dkUukd
toHpHkatmifwD;rIwfMuNyD; wNydKifeufwnf;cs&onf/
xdkr@yfudk tonfom;dkUaqmufvkyfrdk;um&onf/ r@yfdkUum; oD[moer@yf? *Zmoer@yf?
arm&oer@yf[l oHk;rnfoHk;aqmifjzpfonf/ xdkr@yfoHk;aqmifwGif oD[moer@yf jzLaom
wefqmjzifhjc,f&onf/ *Zmoer@yfudk eDarmif;aomwefqmjzifhjc,f&onf/ arm&moer@yfudk
dkarmif;aomwefqmjzifhcs,f&onf/ ,if;odkYqifNyD;aomtcg oD[moer@yfrSm y&dwfGwfyk
Pm;dkU
apmifheD&onf/ *Zmoer@yfrSm oabFmom;dkUapmifh&onf/
bdufodufoGef;&eftwGuf bm*D&e'D**Fgjrpf&Dudk 'g*gpm;u aTtdk;ckESpfvHk;ESihfxnhf yGJobiftpHk
wD;rIwfvQuf ydkYqufvm&onf/ owabm#d**Fgjrpf&Dudk armufolZmpm;? ovme'D**Fgjrpf&Dudk
ppfwaumif;pm;dkUonfvnf; txufenf;wl yGJobifpHkESihfydkUqufMu&onf/ tkP0wDNrDudk NrdKUopfpm;u
vnf;aumif;? Ow&r"kNrDudk rdk;pJpm;uvnf;aumif;? yGJvrf;obifpHkESifh ydkYquf&onf/ GufrId;yef;udk
pdefwifpm;u yGJvrf;obifpHkESihf ydkUqufvm&onf/ upye'Djrpf&D? tee'Djrpf&DdkUudk cyfrnfhtcg
aumif;aomeuwfa&mufvwfaomf trsdK;tpOfeef;dk;rSefaom rif;om;oQpfa,muf? trsdK;tdk;rSefaom
bdufodufr*Fvm ykP
m;orD;oQpfa,muf? trsdK;tdk;rSefaom olXD;orD;oQpfa,muf? trsdK;tdk;rSefaom
ol<u,forD;oQpfa,muf&kdUonf qef;Mu,fvSyaomt0wfwefqmudk0wfqifvQuf rif;orD;dkUrSm aTtdk;?
yk
Pm;orD;dkUrSm
aiGtdk;?
olXD;orD;dkUrSm
BuD;tdk;?
ol<u,forD;dkUrSmoJtdk;dkUudk
pHkvifatmif
udik af qmifMu&onf/
bduo
f u
d fquf r*Fvmyk
Pm;oQpfa,mufESifh pMum0aw;av;a,muf? trwfoQpfa,muf? olXD;?
ol<u,f? awmifolBuD;? oif;awmfrI;oQpfa,mufpD if;dkUtm;vHk;onf &DcyfjrpfqdyfodkY wl&d,mtpHktvif
wD;rIwfvm;Mu&onf/
jrpfqdyfodkYa&mufaomf
rif;orD;dkUonf
iSufqifvSDawmfrSmpD;&onf/
yk
Pm;orD;dkUonf aTavmif;vSDawmfrSm? trwforD;dkUonf vGrf;usifvSDawmfrSm? olXD;orD;dkUonf
Am;rJhvSDawmfrSm?
ol<u,forD;dkUonf
l;ausmif;vSDawmfrSm
bdufodufyk
Pm;dkUonf
ou'gef
vSDawmfrSmpD;&onf/ trwfoQpfa,mufdkUonf tm;vyfaomvSDawmfpD;Mu&onf/ olXD;ol<u,fdkUonf
*RwfvSDawmfrSmpD;&onf/
awmifolBuD;ESihfoif;rSL;dkUonf
o&DvSDawmfrSmpD;Mu&onf/
odkY
toD;oD;vSDay: pHknD[daomtcg rD;aygufckESpfvHk; oHk;csufpDazmufNyD; vSDawmfxGufonf/
ewfylaZmfaomykP
m;&kdUonf ckoif;rIwfvdkuf&onf/ apmif;wD;ykP
m;dkUu apmif;wD;vQufvdkuf&onf/
&Dcyfrnfhtcg
aumif;aomeuwfwdkifvQif
rD;aygufckESpfvHk;?
ckESpfBudrfazmuf
wl&d,mtoH
q,fyg;pHkatmifwD;rIwfyD;&onf/
&Dcyfrnfholrsm;cyfMu&onf/
&DcyfNyD;aomtcg
vSDrsm;urf;odkY
jyefuyfvm&onf/ urf;odkYa&mufvQif rD;aygufckESpfvHk; oHk;csufpDazmufonf/

urf;odkYa&mufMuNyD;aomf vm&if;tpDtpOftwdkif; r@yfodkYvm;Mu&onf/ r@yfodkYa&mufaomtcg

yef;wifyP
km;dkUuyef;udkvrf;tjynfhMuJcif;xm;&onf/ pD&D&Dcyfom;kdUvnf; vrf;wavQmufvHk; &DqGwf
jzef;xm;&onf/
y&dwfGwfyk
Pm;dkUuvnf;
y&dwfGwfvQufeDMu&onf/
rif;orD;ESihfyk
Pm;orD;dkU
cyfaom&Dukd oD[moer@yfxm;&onf/ trwforD;dkUcyfaom&Dudk *Zmoer@yf? olXD;orD;?
ol<u,forD;dkUcyfaom&Dukd arm&moer@yfxm;&onf/ odkY&Dxm;Mu&mvnf; rD;aygufckESpfcsuf
azmufvQuf wNydKifeufwnf;xm;Mu&onf/ r@yfudk xkdodkYpD&ifcif;usif;NyD;vwfaomf eef;awmfrSonf
r*Fvmr@yfodkYa&mufonfxd eDajymufrxdk;pD&/ aTzsif? aiGzsifdkUjzifh rdk;um&\/ xdkvrf;wavQmuf
vuf0Jvuf,mdkU MuH? eysdK;? tkef;yifdkUudkpdkufxm;&onf/
r*Fvmr@yfwGif;vnf; oD;rsdK;pHkcsdwfqGJxm;&onf/ MuH? tkef;? eysdK;? 'ef;? qwfoGm;oNyD? xdef? ukudK?
vufyHyifrsm;udk vnf;rdI;rEGrf;&atmif ypkpkdufysdK;xm;&onf/ NrdKUwGif;? NrdKUjyifvrf;dkUvnf; tvm;wl
opfyifyef;yifdkUudk
vrf;tjynfhvSyatmifpdkufysdK;xm;&onf/
vrf;wavQmuf&Dtdk;pifrsm;xm;[dNyD;?
&Djynfhtdk;rsm;xm;[d&onf/ ewfBuD;oQpfyg;udkvnf; ewfonfdkUu tcsdKyGJjyKvkyfcif;usif;yGJyD;&onf/
,if;odkYtvHk;pHkNyD;ukefvwfaomf
jynfhoQifrif;BuD;onf
jA[mrif;uJhodkY
wefqmukdqifawmfrl\/
rdzk&m;onfvnf; ewfrif;rdzk&m;uJhodkY wefqmqifawmfrl\/ qifpD;? jrif;pD;dkUvnf; ppf0wfwefqm
tjynfhqifvQuf &Sdwq,hfESpfwyf? aemufwq,hfESpfwyfpD&ifxm;[donf/ &SdwGifwyfq,fhESpfwyfrSm
vuf0Jtrwf? vuf,mtrwf? &Sd0if;r;? vuf0J0if;r;dkUonf tpOftwdkif;vdkuf&onf/ aemuf
wq,hfESpfwyfrSmvnf;
taemufrsufESmrl;rwf?
vuf0v
J ufusm0if;r;dUk vdu
k f&onf/
rif;rdzk&m;vm;awmfrl&m ppft*Fgav;yg; pHkvifatmifvkduf&onf/ rif;rdzk&m;vm;awmfrlaom trdk;wGif;
vrf; vkduf&onfum; rif;BuD;&Sd vuf0Jvuf,mbdufodufoGef;r*Fvm ykP
m; (100)? if;w&mwGif
vuf0Ju pMum0aw;yk
Pm;ESpfa,muf? vuf,mu pMum0aw;ykP
m;ESpfa,muf? yka&m[dwf
yk
Pm;tBuD;onf e0&wfpDaomckoif;ukd aTyef;awmif;ESihfxnhf vufESpfzufpHkjzifhaumif;pGmudkifvQuf
vdkuf&onf/ [l;&m;wdkifav;a,mufESifh [l;&m;wwfyk
Pm;w&m? ewfylaZmfyk
Pm;w&m? apmif;wD;
yk
Pm;w&m? y&dwfGwfyk
Pm;w&m? yef;wifyk
Pm;w&m xdkig;&maomyk
Pm;dkUonf ckoif;rIwf
vdkuf&onf/ bdufodufoGef;rif;orD;oQpfa,muf? ykP
m;orD;oQpfa,muf? olXD;orD;oQpfa,muf?
ol<u,forD;oQpfa,mufdkUvnf; vdkufMu&onf/ aumif;aomtcga&mufvwfvQif ajrmufpnf? 'Hrk if;?
armif;? BuD;eif;? cGufeif;? ywfom? ckoif;? apmif;nif;paomtoHq,fyg;jzihf ajrmufvQif;pD
rD;aygufwq,fhig;vHk;
ckESpfBudrfazmufNyD;aomtcg
e0&wfudk;yg;pDjc,fNyD;aomf
&wemxrf;pif
rdzk&m;BuD;ESihftwlpD;awmfrlvQuf xGufawmfrlonf/
r*Fvmr@yfodkY
a&mufawmfrlaomtcgvnf;
xdkenf;wlrD;aygufazmuf&onf/
,if;aomtcg
yk
Pm;wq,fhESpfa,mufdkUonf jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mawmfrltyfaom yd#uwfawmfudk aqmif,lvmcNyD;?
oD[moer@yfxm;&onf/ w&mhoQpfyg;[daom 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfdkUonf eef;awmfokdY<uvmNyD;
eef;awmfpGef;wGif y&dwfw&m;awmfudkGwfMuonf/ eef;udk jynfpdk;BuD;trwfuqD;&onf/ jynfhoQif
rif;BuD;onf arm&moer@yf&DcsdK;awmfrl *Zmoer@yfwGif acgif;qD;awmfrlonf/ NyD;rS]Ak' "r oHC o&PH uawm OygowH rHa'x? ousykw omoaeo'g o&P
rkaywd}[laom*gxmudk
rif;BuD;Gwfawmfrl
oD[moer@yftv,f
aTtif;ysOfjzifhNyD;aom
&Dozef;ysOf0,f xdkifawmfrlonf/ ,if;aomtcg rif;orD;oQpfa,mufdkUonf qef;Mu,faom
wefqmudkqifvQuf rif;&SdwlleDvD e0&wfpDjc,faom vuf,m&pfckoif;udkudkifNyD;aomf **Fgig;&yf&Dudk
pHkvifpGmxnhf&onf/ &DxnfhNyD;aomf vufESpfzufpHkjzifh aumif;rGefdkaopGmudkifNyD;vQif rif;BuD;OD;acgif;
pdkuf&onf/
toQifrif;BuD;/ SdurmtpOfjzpfaom r[morwrif;aumif;rif;jrwfdkUusifhawmfrlaomw&m;awmfukd
NrJpGmusifhaqmufwnfawmfrlygavmh/ toQifrif;BuD;/ cyfodrf;aomjynfawmifrif;dkUudk trsufrvGefpDjcif;?
cyfodrf;aomoldkUudk aumif;pGmcsDajrmufpDjcif;? cyfodrf;aomolkdYtm; &if0,fom;wrQcspfcifoem;jcif;?
cyfodrf;aomoldkU\tpD;tyGm;ukd
apmifha,Smufjcif;?
cyfodrf;aomoldkU\toufukd
udk,fawmf\

toufuJhodkY xifrSwfjcif;jyKawmfrlygavmh/
23
toQifrif;BuD;/ avmb? a'go? arm[dkU\ydwfyifjcif;ukduif;pD rdkufrJaomt0dZmarm[w&m;udk
vif;awmfrlygavmh/ toQifrif;BuD;/ usufoa&[daomtrIudk&myawmfrljcif;? usufoa&[daom
pum;udk&m qdkawmfrljcif;? usufoa&[daomvHkUvtBuHukd&m yMKuHjcif;dkUudk jyKawmfrlygavmh/
odkYaompum;dkUudk
rif;orD;oQpfa,mufqdk
rif;BuD;xdyfwif
bdufoduf&DpifudkoGef;ukef\/
xdkYaemufwzef bdufodufr*Fvmawmft& trsdK;tdk;rSefaom yk
Pm;oQpfOD;dkUonf **Fgig;&yf&Dukd
vuf,m&pfckoif;xnfhjyef
vufESpfzufudkpHkjyKNyD;ukdivQuf
rif;BuD;OD;acgif;pdkuf&jyefonf/
toQifrif;BuD;/
wdydaomb*0g
tp[daom*kPfawmf?
oGuawmtp[daomw&m;*kPfawmf?
okywdyaEmtp[daom oHCmh*kPfawmfdkUudktmHkjyK omoemawmfxGef;vif;atmif yawmfrlygavmh/
toQifrif;BuD;/ cyfodrf;aomow0gtaygif;dkUtm; udk,fawmf\om;ESihftrQcspfcifjcif;? jynfolkdUpD;yGm;udk
udk,fawmf\pD;yGm;uJhodkY
axmufxm;apmihfa,Smufawmfrlygavmh/
cyfodrf;aomow0gdkU\ZD0dwda`E
toufukd udk,af wmf\toufuo
hJ kYd apmifha,Smufawmfrlygavmh/
toQifrif;BuD;/ cyfodrf;aomjynfaxmifrif;dkUtm; trsufrvGefjcif;?w&m;apmifhjcif;? ynm[dpum;udk
emvG,fjcif;? trsdK;apmifhjcif;rsm;udk tjrJapmifhxdef;awmfrlygavmh/ odkYpum;udkyP
km;dkUqdkNyD;aomf
rif;BuD;xdyf bdoduf&DpifukdoGef;\/ xdkYaemuf trsKd;tdk;rSefaom olXD;oQpfa,muf? ol<u,f
oQpfa,mufdkUonf ckoif; **Fgig;&yf&Dudkxnhfjyef vufESpfzufudkpHkyvQuf aumif;rGefdkaopGm rif;BuD;
OD;acgif;pdkufjyef\/ toQifrif;BuD;/ cyfodrf;aomoldkUtm; ukd,fawmf\toufuJhokdY apmihfawmfrlygavmh/
toQifrif;BuD;/
cyfodrf;aomoldkU\pD;yGm;Opmudk
udk,fawmf\pD;yGm;OpmuJhokdY
xdef;odrf;
apmifha,Smufawmfrljcif;? jynfaxmifrif;dkUtm; trsufudkrvGefpDjcif;? jynfolkdY\Opmudk tcGefb@m
cH,l&m w&m;awmfESifhavQmfnDatmif cH,lawmfrljcif;/ w&m;rododefzsif;rdkufrJ aomhoGrf;Murf;uwf
oldkUukd a,SmifMuOfjcif;/ ynm[dolawmfaumif;dkUpum;udk emvG,fjcif;rsm; yawmfrlygavmh/ odkY
qdkNyD;aomf rif;BuD;xdyf bdufoduf&DpifoGef;\/
,if;odkYbdufodufawmfoGef;NyD;aemuf olXD;? ol<u,fdkUonf toQifrif;BuD;/ tuREkfyfdkUoGef;avmif;
tyfaom&Dpifudk cH,lawmfrl tuREfkyfdkUqdkvDaompum;twdkif; usihfaqmifawmfrl jynfoldkU\vkyfcGef
q,fbdkYwbdkY cH,lpm;oHk;awmfrlvQuf rif;\pnf;pdrfudk0efcHNyD;aomf jynfudk w&m;ojzihf apmifha,Smuf
ygavmh/
toQifrif;BuD;/ uREfkyfdkUqdkvDaompum;twdkif; usihfawmfrlygaomfum; ypKyefoHo&m? ESpfjzmtusdK;
wufcgwdk;vQuf? wufopfaomeD0ef;? qef;opfaomvuJhodkY wedwjcm;usufoa&awmfyGihfvif;
jynfaxmifrif;taygif;dkUOD;acgif;Gwfum o'gjynhfNzdK;? olcdk;"g;jr? rxcsrf;om? omoemvnf;?
aumif;pGmwnfay/ pm&Dr,Sm;? rif;tm;jynfol? awmif;qk,v
l Quf? touf&mausmf? pHawmfr&l onf
jzpfpDaom0f/ ,if;okdYr[kwf? tuREfkyfdkU\pum;opmtwdkif;rwnf? rif;aumif;rif;jrwfdkU0efcHtyfaom
bdufodufopmysufcygaomf urmql0D? vDrkefwdkif;qif? ivQifawmfvJ? NrDBuD;uGJ? i&JrD;vQH?
t0Sefajymifajymif? awmufavmifBuDnuf? olysufolavSmif? axmifaxmifxm;xm;? cdk;om;wE?
ponfwvD? veDwHcGef? iSufysHiSuf,kwf? pkef;bkwfwpD? eef;xufeD? >rD>rDvefYajcmuf? >rDa[mufief;usm;?
wufpm;onf jzpfpDaom0f/
odkYqdkvwfNyD;aomf jynfhoQifrif;BuD;uvnf;? omoemawmftnpftaMu;rSwyg;? jynfolow0gdkUtm;
toufZD0dwda`Eukd cGihfyD;awmfrlonf/ ,if;odkYjyKysifpD&ifNyD;vwfaomf vmawmfrlonfhtpDtpOftwdkif;
NrdKUawmfeef;rodkY jyef0ifawmfrlonf/ bdufodufy&mr@yfoHk;aqmifukdum; tee'DjrpfokdY wprusef
arQmcsvdkufonf/
25

avQmufxH;k trSwf (8)

'o&mZmrif;vufxuf yvifawmf ysm;pGJonfhtaMumif;avQmufxHk;/
'o&mZmrif;onf Sdrif;bD;awmf? crnf;awmfdkUenf;twdkif; bdufodufyGJobifudk crf;em;jynfhpHkpGm
cif;usif;cH,lawmfrlonf/ xdkodkYbdufodufcHNyD; ig;v[daomtcg ysm;BuD;wtHkonf taemuft&yfu
ysHvm &mZyvif ajrmufbufem;upGJ\/ xdkysm;t&nf&ifhvwfaomf t&nfudkpkxm;cvQuf
ajrmufodkYysHonf/ xdkedrdwfudk trwfarmufolZmNrdKUpm; u0dausmfavQmufxHk;yonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ bD;awmfpEol&d,rif;vufxuf bk&m;jrwfpGm rpdrma'ou<uvmawmfrl r[mrked
kyfSifawmfudk
oGef;vkyfygonf/
aumZmou&mZf
(465)
wGif
yk*Hjynftavmif;pnfolu
bD;awmfrif;eefudk eef;wifvmygonf/ eef;wif&mygaom jyLwvdkif;dkU yifhaqmifr&aomf zdkusifxdk;vD&m
kyfSifawmfuG,fc&onf/
rif;ig;qufajrmuf
uG,faysmufvQuf[dygonf/
,cktoQifrif;jrwf?
bkef;ynmusufoa&? w&m;oDv*kPfawmfaMumifh ysm;dkUonf yef;0wf[daom tcsdKt&omjrwfudk
aqmif,lqufo ajrmufodkYxkdysm;ysHonfrSm ysm;Tef&mt&yfodkY kyfSifawmfr[mjrwfrked[donf
trSefjzpfygonf/ odkYavQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifu trwfBuD;qifuJESihf 'g;ydkifBuD;ESpfa,mufudk
apawmfrlSmpDonf/ kyfSifawmfudk ajrmuft&yfyifwGdvwf yifhaqmif,lcNyD;vQif txufol&d,rif;
udk;uG,fawmfrlc&if;t&yf uwkwawmifwGif aumif;rGefpGm &wemckESpfyg;jzihfjc,f odrfawmf
aqmufvkyfNyD;? e0&wfudk;yg;jzihfpDjc,faom yvifawmfwif ukd;uG,fawmfrlonf/ t&Hausmif;w&m
aqmufvkyfawmfrlonf/ acgif;qD;awmfuef? vufqD;awmfuef? r[m&HwHwdkif;oHk;xyf? wef;cg;av;&yf?
tapmihftae? qGrf;wifpnfwD;? rsufESmawmfokwfwHcGefqGJ? wHjrufcwf? usD;ESifpmajcmuf? jyLwaxmif?
wvdkif;ig;&m? urf;,Hig;&m? jrHKig;&m? csif;ig;&m? vlaygif;av;axmifukd toD;oD;NrDeDNrDyD;csawmfrl
armfuGef;ausmufpmxdk;vQuf aTu&m;ESifh &DpufoGef;csawmfrlonf/
27
avQmufxHk;trSwf (9)
'o&mZmrif;vufxuf
trwfawmfudk,f&HBuD;
aZ,sAdkvfppfcsDpOf
om;&DukdukdufcsDysHvm&m zrf;&onfhtaMumif;avQmufxHk;/

wyfOD;wGifa'gif;BudK;MumiSuf

'o&mZmrif;oufawmfESpfq,fwGif
taemufb*Fvm;wq,hfESpfNrdKUdkUonf
oufESifhaygif;vQuf
aomif;usef;Muonf/ xkdtcg trwfudk,f&HBuD;aZ,sAdkvfudk ppfcsDwdkufcdkufpDonf/ trwfaZ,sAdkvf
ppfcsDonfhumv wyfOD;wGif ud;MumiSufonf om;&DwckudkudkufcsDvQuf0JysHvm&m iSufESihfom;&Dudk
zrf;qD;&rdonf/
xdkiSufESifhom;&Dudkrif;xHqufvmonf/
xdkedrdwfudk
trwfynm[du0dausmf
avQmufonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/
wyfOD;wGifjrifaom
edrdwftwdwftvdkt&
xkdiSufBudK;Mum?
eHrSmukvm;?
arSmufrSm;a&m,Suf? oufum;om;&D? rdwfqGDyvQuf? jcm;em;csufrSm? wdwfvmtnD? om;&DESihfiSuf?
ysHvQufrvGwf? udkif;GwfwHkvm? oGif;b@mvnf;? ruGmpHkzuf? ydkUqufvmjyef? xkduRefESpfyg;?
ukvm;ESihfouf? iSufESihfom;&D? teDr,Gif;? csufcsif;rMum? atmifjrifygrnf/ odkYavQmufvwfaomf
trwfBuD;odkY qifaygufwpD;qkyD;awmfrlonf/
28
avQmufxHk;trSwf (10)
'o&mZmrif;vufxuf
r[mrkedbk&m;acR;xGufonf?
eef;rSmusonfedrdwfrsm;avQmufxHk;/

tcsdefr[kwfrdk;BuD;Gmonf?

rdk;BudK;

'o&mZmrif; touf (31) ESpfa&mufaomtcg r[mrkedbk&m;rSmacR;xGufonf? tcsdefr[kwf rdk;BuD;Gm

jrpf&DBuD;onf/ rdk;BudK;eef;rSmusonf/ ,if;odkYwdwfedrdwfjzpfonf/ xdkodkYjzpfjcif;ESihfywfouf yka&m[dwf

yk
Pm; &mZ*kkavQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ wdwfxHkrSwfpk? nKtrSm? plVmrked? todwdusrf;? "gwfqef;"gwfysuf? e&pufESifh?
*d[fysuf'om? 'Gg'&mkyf? OKpfuopfquf? pef;vufravQmf? Zmwmawmfvnf;? eHay:udef;pk? &m[kr&P?
txGufuuH? e0if;xHkvnf;? wHkodkYtvSrf;? tm,kpef;rl? ul;oef;eif;jyef? wzefaxmifhrSwf? orowfcGi?f
vufwGifeHeD? N*dK[foQpfxGDvnf;? tNcDrvS? tmumou? jyonfhtaMumif;? N*dK[fajymif;av;Budrf?
pnf;pdrfawmfjrwf? eef;jy'fESifh? Oyg'fBuD;bd? ted0ke? udef;utwGd? rrdudufMuHK? eH,kefqef;wuf?
q,fhESpf&ufwGif? *d[fysuftul;? pef;OD;tjywf? e0&wfaTbHk? uGmudef;MuKHygonf/ Sdynm[drsm;
xm;caom '@efu,fusrf;xGuf[dygaMumif;ESihf avQmufxm;vwfaomf yk
Pm;awmfoYkd tojymwaxmif
qkyD;awmfrlonf/
29
avQmufxHk;trSwf (11)
tEkvHk (iESvHk;) rif;vufxuf jynfpdk;BuD;trwfAdkvf"raZ,sppfcsDpOf wyfOD;wGif usD;ESifhAsdKif;cGyfonfh
avQmufxH;k /
xdkrif;vGefNyD;aemuf
ou&mZf
(608)
cka&mufaomtcg
e,fodrf;rif;\om;awmfiESvHk;onf
ESrawmfapmaTeef;ESifh jynfBuD;pnf;pdrfukd tkyfpdk;awmfrlonf/ xdkrif;vufxuf ukvm;ESifhouf aygif;zuf
qdk;oGrf;onf/
xdktcg
jynfhoQifrif;u
jynfpdk;BuD;trwfudk
ppfol&JruftvHktavmufjzihf
csDwufpDawmfrlonf/ ppfolBuD;t*Fgav;yg;ESihfjynfhpHkaom trwfqifuJBuD;vnf; vdkufygcsDwuf&onf/
xdkodkYppfcsDaomumv wyfOD;wGif usD;ESihfAsdKif;cGyfMuonf/ usD;tawmifusdK;vQifzrf;rdaom taMumif;udk
rif;xHavQmufxm;onf/ xdktcg ynm[dtrsdK; om;NrD;pOfqufvmcaom trwfynm[d 0dvdZ
avQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ usD;eHukvm;? AsdKif;um;jrefrm? eHrSmtvdk? e*dk,m,D? udef;ESpfvDwGif? ,m,DusD;uef;?
yifyef;ukvm;? xGm;xGm;BuDnuf? ysufrnfhtaMumif;? vHk;aygif;NyD;pD;? c&D;rMum? atmifjrifygrnf/
,if;odkYavQmufvwfvQif trwfppfolBuD;vnf; rqdkif;csDwuf\/ ukvm;dkUvnf; ppfwaumif;t&yfu
wyftcdkiftcefYjzifh ckcHwdkufcdkufMuonf/ &cdkifppfolBuD;vnf; zdpD;wdkufcdkufonf/ ig;&ufMumwdkufaomtcg
ppfwaumif;NrdKUukd &cdkifdkU&onf/ ukvm;dkUonf ppfwaumif;rSqkwfcGmum 'g*gNrdKUu ukvm;tdrf&Sdrif;ESifh
ylaygif;NyD; tcdkiftvkHeDMuonf/
30
&cdkiftrwfBuD;vnf;? avmufacs;yl&mt&yfodkYwdkif csDwufvm;NyD; wyfcspGJ&yfeDonf/ 'g*gNrdKUodkY
qufvufcsDwufwdkufcdkufMu&m
ukvm;rif;om;u
Av0g[laomqifudkpD;
ckcHwdkufcdkufonf/
&ckdiftrwfppfolBuD;u ewf,mOfysH[laomqifudkpD;onf/ ppfNrDjyif qifESpfpD;qHkMuonf/ ESpfzufvHk;rS
qifudkcRef;zGifhNyD; &ifqkdifwdkufcdkufMuonf/ qifESpfpD;vHk;onf pGe&f Jxdk;ouJhokdY t[kefESifh0ifMu&m
tpG,fcsif;,SufMuonf/ &cdkiftrwfBuD;pD;aomewf,mOfysHqifu ukvm;rif;om;pD;aom Av0gqifudk
tpG,fjzifhOD;pGmxdk;rdonf/ Av0gqifonf emMuif'Pfjyif;vSaomaMumihf aemufodkUqkwfNyD; vSnfhxGuf&ef
yonf/ xdktcdkufwGif &cdkifppfolBuD;onf ukvm;rif;om;udk vSHjzifhxdk;vdkufonf/ ukvm;rif;om;vnf;
qifay:rSatmufokdU vl;usvwfonf/ &cdkifppfoBl uD;onf ukvm;rif;om;ukd zrf;rd&vdkufonf/
ukvm;ppfonfdkUonfvnf; a&muf&mayguf&m xGufNyD;Mu&onf/
avQmufxHk;trSwf (12)
rif;xD;vufxuf EGm;cdk;rIjzwf&efavQmufxHk;/
rif;xD;onf touf (7) ESpftG,f ou&mZf (645) wGif avmif;MuufNrdKUxD;eef; bk&ifjzpf

rif;yGJobifnDvmcHy&m r,fawmfolbwma'0D\armif&if;awmfol 'g*gNrdKUpm;OD;&D;awmf teEb,

&ifcGifay: xkdifawmfrlvQufomcHawmfrlonf/ rif;BuD;onf &ckdif&mZ0if tvGefxif&Sm;aom
rif;wyg;jzpfonf/
i,fG,fpOfuyif
olwyg;tusdK;jyKrIukdvv
kd m;onf/
tusihfov
D [donf/
trsufapmif;rmefenf;onf/ bk&m;ykxdk;? odrfausmif;? Z&yf? &DwGif;? &Duefrsm;jyKvkyfv'gef;awmfrlonf/
t*wdw&m;rvdkufpm;? w&m;ajzmifhrwfrSefuefonf/ odkYtppaumif;jrwfonfh *kPf[djcif;aMumihfh
teD;t0D;ausmfMum;onf/
rif;xD;onf wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyf&ef trdefYawmfjyXmef;xm;[donfum;]om;raumif;vQiftb?
orD;raumif;vQiftrdudk
tkyfcsKyfawmfrlonf/

r,m;raumif;vQifvif?
pD&if&rnf}
[l

wynfhraumif;vQifq&m? uRefraumif;vQifocif?
rif;tmPmawmfOya'ig;&yfukd
xkwjf yefvQuf

wedaomtcg avmif;MuufNrdKUeDolXD;"e,\uRefESpfa,mufonf EGm;waumifudkcdk;,lowfpm;Muonf/

EGm;cdk;dkUonf xdktrIaMumihf rif;rIxrf;xHtzrf;cHMu&onf/ xdktcg uRefoQifolXD;onf rif;'Pfoifhrnfudk
tvGefyifpdk;&drfjcif;jzpfum rsm;pGmaMumufGHUvQuf[dMuonf/ tjypfrcS srf;om&pD&ef OD;&D;awmfteEb,xH
csOf;uyfylqmMuonf/
aiGtojymwaxmifukdvnf;
wHpdk;vufaqmiftjzpf,lyg&ef
awmif;yefNyD;
yD;vwfonf/
OD;&D;awmfteEb,onfvnf; wlawmfrif;xD;rSm i,fG,foljzpf rdrd&ifcGifyifxdkifvQuf bk&ifjyKol
jzpfonf/
rdrdudkvnf;
bcifozG,fcspfcifrSwfxif;kd [donf/
odYkaMumifh
EGm;cdk;rIwGif
rdrduRefoQifcHjcif;rQjzihf
&mZ'gPfrif;jypf
roifhwef&m[k
rSwfvwfonf/
rif;jypfoihfawmhrnhf
olXD;tm;vnf; oem;jcif;[donf/ xdkYaMumifh uRefoQifcHyD;&ef oabmwlvdkufonf/
trIudkrif;xD;udk,fwkdifyif ppfrD;awmfrlonf/ rif;xD;u EGm;cdk;rsm;udkrD;\/ ]oifdkUonf rnfonfol\
om;NrD;uRefdkUayenf;}
EGm;cdk;dkUu
uRefawmfrsdK;dkUonf
OD;&D;awmfteEb,\aus;uRef&if;rsm;
jzpfMuygaMumif;avQmufxm;Muonf/ rif;xD;vnf; OD;&D;awmfodkYrD;jref;onf/ ]EGm;cdk;rsm;avQmufwifonf
rSef\avm}
OD;&D;awmfuvnf;
rSefaMumif;xGufqdkavQmufxm;onf/
trIrSm
OD;&D;awmfESihf&m
oufqdkifeDvD&um; bk&ifrif;xD;onf Sdtrwfynm[drsdK;rSjzpfaom ppfwaumif;NrdKUpm; 0drvtrwfokdY
rD;onf/
]odkYtmPmudkzsufoltm;
usrf;*eftvdktodkYenf;}
xD;eef;rif;qufpD&if xHk;pma[mif;ESihfavQmufxm;&rnf}
ynm[dtrwff0drv avQmufxHk;aomfum;-

rnfodkY[donfudk
bD;awmf?
bdk;awmf?
[k trdefYawmf[dvwfonf/ xdkaomtcg

toQifrif;jrwf/ rif;usifh0wfyuwdw&m;ckESpfyg;udk usrf;*efvmonfum;omrmrsmEka*grapm Zeya'gydoZaem? 'k*H'k**kaPmaywH 'a@m a'gomEkkyaum/ awm

aomt,u,orwd rdwb ,oH,kwH/ owyuwdaoma[mEd? *kwmefwd 0dpuPm/ [l&mZedwd
usrf;vmygonf/
omrd- vdrmawmfajzmifhw&m;apmifaom jynfhoQifrif;vnf;wyg;om? rsmEka*g- rdrdtoQifjzpfaom
rif;tvdkawmfodkYw&m;ojzifh vdkufqHk;raywwfaom? trapm- trwfynm[dvnf;aumif;? Zeya'g
Zeyk'fjynfGmwdkif;um;jzpfxGef;aom
oZaemydolawmfaumif;jzpfaom
ynm[dvnf;aumif;?
'k*H'k**kaPm aywH- zsufqD;ul;ajrmufjcif;iSmcJ,Of;pGmaom NrdKUdk;? wHwkdif;jytdk;? wefaqmif;? usHK;?
ajrmif;? &ifwm;ESihfjynfhpHkaom NrdKU[djcif;vnf;aumif;? a'gomEkkyawm- tjypf[daomoltm;
tjypftm;avQmfpGm? 'a@mrsufESmBuD;i,f? rz,frGD;? 'PfyD;jcif;vnf;aumif;? tu,orwdawmaomjynfoldkU\tcGefudkrvGefpD&?
q,fbdkYwbdkYcH,l
rukefcef;Edkifaom
usDusb@m

opmajrmufjrm;pGm[djcif;vnf;aumif;?
b,oH
,kwHrdwH&efola&mufvwfaomtcg
nDnmulyHhaqmif&aom jynfaxmifzufcsif; rdwfqGDcifyGef; rif;[djcif;vnf;aumif;? wd- odkY
eDwd0dpuPm &mZeDwd vdrmukefaomynm[ddkUonf? 0kwm- qkdtyfukef\/ okdYusrf;*efvmaMumif;ESihf
trwfBuD;avQmufvD&m jynfhoQifrif;trdefYawmf[donfum;- igi,fawmfrlaomfvnf; auo&mZm
jcaoFhrsdK;onf aT*l&mtdyfouJhodkY jcaoFhvnf; aTcGufESihfomwnfonf/ q'efqifjzLrsdK;rSefvQif
qifrJzGm;dk;r[d/ eDvdkUonf rdrdta&mifudkzsufrxGef;? ork'&mdkUrlvnf; urf;udk&DvQHdk;r[kwf/
igdkUrif;rsdK;vnf; teD;t0D;rGD;vD&m/ tmPmom;em;? xm;aompum;? zsufdk;xHk;a[mif;rvm/
rif;wnfMunfrS jynfomonf/ tEG,fawmfapmifhaomw&m; rzsufoifh/ igvnf; odawmfrlonfyif/
trdefYawmf[d trIudk rSefonfhtwdkif;qHk;jzwfonf/ OD;&D;awmfteEb,tm; vlowfdkUvufodkY
vTJtyfyD;vdkufonf/
avQmufxHk;yol trwfBuD;0drvokdYvnf; rif;wHk;NrdKUudkpm;aus;yD;awmfrlonf/ oufawmf (15)
ESpfodkYa&mufaomtcg vGefvDNyD;aomOD;&D;awmfteEb,\orD;awmfjrwfaTnmudk awmifeef;pHrdzk&m;tjzpf
csDjrifhawmfrlonf/ bD;awmf? bdk;awmf? crnf;awmfdkUenf; bdaour*Fvmukdvnf; cH,lawmfrlonf/
rif;xD;onf (645) wGifeef;wufNyD;? (751) wGif ewfGmpHvGefaMumif; &cdkif&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;rSm jyqdkonf/
avQmufxHk;trSwf (13)
&mZol (0&"r&mZm) rif;vufxuf awmifeef;rdzk&m;ajrmuf&ef avQmufxHk;/
rif;xD;vGefNyD;aemuf ou&mZf (756) a&mufaomtcg oufawmf (35) ESpf[d &mZolonf
crnf;awmfeef;usi,f
odnf;rif;\xD;eef;dkuf&mudk
qufcHpdk;pHawmfrlonf/
rif;yaomtcg
0&"r&mZm[laomtrnfudk
cH,lawmfrlonf/
wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyf&ef
trdefYawmfjyXmef;
xm;[dawmfrlonfum;]SdbD;awmf? bdk;awmf? crnf;awmfkdU yD;oem;awmfrlconfh taqmiftGuf pm;aus;NrdKUGm?
olBuD;uveftpdkY?
tief;om;dkUrSm
om;NrD;pOfquf
pm;oHk;aqmifGufBuD;pdk;NrJ[donfhtwdkif;
BuD;pdk;xrf;GufMupD}/ wkwfcGefb@mcH,loHk;aqmif qufoGif;onfrsm;rSmvnf;- tonfom;kdUrSm
wESpfvQiftdrfBuD;ig;ojym? tdrfi,fESpfojymcGJ/ tpdkYtcGefom;dkUrSm tdrfBuD;q,fojym? tdrfi,fig;ojym?
tdkif;kdUrSm "g;wpif;? ,mwcif;vQif oHk;ojympD&m awmif;cHNrJxHk;pH[donfhtwdkif; tpOftvm
cH,loHk;pm;qufoGif;pD/ trIxrf;oif;udk,f&HrSp 0if;om;? 'dkif;om;? [&mpD&DdkUudk tcGeftwkwf
rawmif;rcHpDESifh/ tpkdY&if;rSmom xrf;GufeDxkdifpD/ rif;? rdzk&m; rif;om;? rl;rwfdkUrSmvnf;
&dSutoD;oD;yD;zGJUwm;c [donfhvludk&moHk;pD/ tjcm;oldkUudk uyfcdkrxrf;pDESihf/ w&m;waygif
vufa&mufEIwfvGef? NrDrI? &DrI? tdrfrI? aiGrIrsm;rSmvnf; w&m;aqGav;a,muf/ jynfpdk;av;a,mufdkU
NrdKUav;rsufESmu w&m;r@yfESihf pD&ifNrJudkpD&ifp/D NyD;jynfhvQif trIBuD;i,fudkaxmuf ig;ojymwefonf?
ESpfojymwefonfudk pD&ifolucH,lpm;oHk;pD/ rif;&mZmpdk;xl;qdk rukefruspDESihf/ w&m;aqGjynfpdk;kdU
pD&ifrNyD;aomf trwfav;a,muf pHknDpD&ifqHk;jzwfpD/ rNyD;rl trIonfESpfOD;udk twGif;odkY0ifpD/
cdk;rI,dk;rIrsm;rSmvnf; dkufykwfaxmif;owf rppfrrD;pDESihf/ ynmjzifhomay:atmifppf/ cdk;onfrSefvQif
pmxdk; [&DtpdkYrSmjznfh/ toufoDqHk;vQif rnfolrqdkoDpm;oDpD/ r;rwfr,m;udkjypfrSm;oldkUrSm
rsufESmwGifqD;&D;
armif;vnfNyD;vQif
rdra,musfm;ESpfa,mufudk
&DcyfpD&DtpdkYrSmjznhf/
bdodufqufr*Fvmyk
Pm;? ra&mpDESihf/ &[ef;oHCmdkUrSmvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mawmfrl&if;pum;ukd
SnfMumxGef;vif;atmif 0#f*grPdrif;vufxuf oDXbmomtu&mwifxm;conhf yd#uwfoHk;yHkukd&m
oifMum;avhvm&rnf/
ykxkZOfdkUjyKvkyfaomusrf;*efrsm;udk
ravhvmoifh/
aemufudkvnf;
usrf;*efrvkyfpDESihf? 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfu Edkifatmifwm;jrpf/ xdkodkYtmPmawmf ydkif;jzwfxm;awmfrlonf/
xdkrif;onf eef;wufNyD; wedaomtcg jrwfEdk;awmfrlaomtrwfBuD;rEk[morD;jrwfukH;udk awmifnmESif;
bdufodufcHawmfrl&ef
ynm[dtrwfrsdK;
ppfwaumif;pm;0drvudk
rD;awmfrlonf/
trwfBuD;
avQmufxHk;rlum;-

]toQifrif;jrwf/ rdraumif;vuPmudk Sdynm[ddkUqdkvDconfum; wdb&d,m? t*FgnDGwf?

rdrjrwfdkU? vif0wfvifrI? tEkt&ihf? tcGihfvdrm? o'g&uf&uf? &rufenf;yg;? pum;wnfMunf?
qdkonftcsuf? xGufvnf;emzG,f? jypfajcmufoG,frl? ,lzG,fr[d? [D&dMowyf? apmifhMuyfudk0,f?
ysuf&nfoGrf;rI? ryajzmifhajzmihf? trsdK;apmihf\? raxmihfvdrv
fh uf? tdyfpuf0wfpm;? tvm;teD?
tpDtoHk;? SdxHk;EdIif;Sd? *wdrvdkuf? pdkufkefYMurf;? rdroGrf;ESihf? r>yrf;a&maESm? oabmwnfhrwf?
olUxufjrwfonf?
rEwfrif;ESihfxdkuf&maom0f/
xdkodkUaomrdrukd
pMumrEwfrif;kdUaomfvnf;
bdufodufcHtyfaMumif;udk xHk;aumif;[dygonf/ avmuDvuPm usrf;wGifvnf; &mZa'0Drdzk&m;BuD;onf
oDvpm*H? tusihfoDvNrJjcif;vnf;aumif;? auoroQHqHyifeufaumif;jcif;vnf;aumif;? vuPm0g'D
NcDvufao;oG,fEl;nHhjcif;vnf;aumif;? ta&;taMumif;eufjcif;vnf;aumif;? o'D- toHom,mzG,f
[djcif;vnf;aumif;? rHoHtom;El;nHhjcif;vnf;aumif;? A[kwm- rsm;aom armif;rtaygif;dkUtm;
&dyfajcodpGm
vdrmjcif;vnf;aumif;?
xkdt*FgckESpfyg;
rdzk&m;BuD;[dtyfaMumif;udkvnf;
SdxHk;aumif;vmygonf/ toQifrdzk&m;jrwfuHk;onf xdkodkYt*FgdkUESihfjynfhpHkvQif awmifnmrdzk&m;BuD;
ajrmufxkdufygonf/
okdYavQmufvwfaomf
jynfhoQifrif;u
trwf0drvokdY
ojymwaxmif
qkyD;awmfrlonf/
38
avQmufxHk;trSwf (14)
0&"r&mZmrif;vufxuf edrdwfrsm; avQmufxHk;/
ou&mZf (763) ck? xdkrif;oufawmf (42) ESpfa&mufomtcg r[mrkedbk&m;a&mifawmfvTwfonf/
ivQiftBudrfrsm;pGmvIyfonf/ awmfvJonf/ O*gysHonf/ ewftajrmufoH tBudrfrsm;pGmMum;&onf/
awmifNyKdonf/
eef;odkYrdpm0ifonf/
e*g;csD;vTwfonf/
MumoywD;Mu,f
vukdxGif;onf/
peDt*FgN*dK[fysHonf/ xdkodkYwdwfedrdwfrsm;ukd trwfynm[d0drvavQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ bk&m;ykxdk;ta&mifvTwfonf? awmifNydKonfrsm;rSm rif;taMumif; xHk;a[mif;&Sdygonf/
O*gysHonf? e*g;csD;vTwfonf &yfoQpfrsufESm wdro
f GD;odkY jrifonfrsm;rSm rif;? rdzk&m;? rif;om;?
Oy&mZmkdUtaMumif;/
ivQiftBudrfrsm;pGmvIyfonf/
awmfvJonfrsm;rSm
jynfolkdUtaMumif;/
ewftajrmufoHMum;onf? peDt*FgN*dK[fysHonfrsm;rSm ppfcsDppfa&muf&maomtaMumif;/ MumoywD;Mu,f
vudx
k iG ;f onf? MumoywD;Mu,fysHonf? vudkxGif;onfrsm;rSm &[ef;? ykP
m;? rdBuD;? bBuD;? qGDBuD;?
rsdK;BuD;? r;BuD;? rwfBuD;dkUtaMumif;/ eef;wGif;odkYrdpm0ifonfrSm eef;oldkUodumysufonfhtaMumif;?
,if;odkY xHk;a[mif;avmuDusrf;rsm;[dygonf/ odkYtrwfBuD;avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;u
0drvtrwfBuD;onf vltdkjzpfacsjyD/ 0ifxGufvm;vm&m aTxrf;pifpD;vm;pD[k qktcGihfyD;awmfrlonf/
39
avQmufxHk;trSwf (15)
rif;apmrGef (e&rdwfvS) vufxuf nDawmfukdrmef0if/ oHwGJukd rwdkufoihfaMumif;avQmufxHk;/
ou&mZf (766) ckESpfwGif jynfoldkUnDGwfMuNyD;? 0&"r&mZm (&mZol) \om;awmf rif;apmrGef
(e&rdwfvS)
udk
rdzk&m;apmppfESihf
xD;eef;tyfESif;rif;ajrmufonf/
e&rdwfvSrif;onf
crnf;awmfvufxufu a&mufvmaom jyLrvGefpm;&mZol\orD;aTqHkudk rdzk&m;t&majrmufNyD;
a,mur&mZolukd
ukd,f&HBuD;trwft&mcefYxm;onf/
rdzk&m;aTqHk\qGDom;rsdK;om;aus;uRefdkUukd
toD;oD; aus;pm;yD;xm;onf/ xdkoldkUonf jynfoldkUudk EdSyfuGuf&ufpufjyKMuonf/ rif;vnf;
rdzk&m;aTqHktvdkodkY&m
vdkufvQuf[donf/
rif;usihfw&m;ESihfrnD/
jyKvdk&mjyKonf/
trwfoGef;rsm;ESihfaygif;zufNyD; aysmfrIrIdkUjzifh&m tcsdefukefvQuf[donf/ wdkif;a&;jynfrIrsm; tm;xkwfrI
enf;onf/ crnf;awmfvufxufu[dESifhaom r;a[mif;? rwfa[mif;tcsdKUdkUonf xdktcsufrsm;udk
rMunfhrjrifEdkif[dMuonf/ odkYESihf crnf;awmfvufxufu r;a[mif;? rwfa[mif;? olBuD;aus;acgifdkUonf

nDawmfoHwGJpm;
(tvDcif)
qD
vm;a&mufcpm;avQmufxm;Muonf/
toQifhom;awmf
MumvQifwkdif;jynfysuftHhaomtaMumif;jzpfygonf/
xD;eef;wdkif;jynfudk
odrf;,lawmfrlyg/
odkYavQmufwifMuvwfaomf oHwGJpm;e&Ek (tvDcif) trdefUawmf[donfum;- igdkUtEG,fawmf
omuD0ifrif;quf
trsdK;azmuf
0dvkyEvk,ufwdkufzsuf?
xD;eef;wufdk;xHk;r[dk/
tpfudkrSm
tbt&mjzpfonf/ rdpmrkdufrSm;rMuH&m[k trdefYawmf[dvwfonf/ xdktaMumif;rsm;ukd rif;apmrGef
(e&rdwfvS) Mum;odvD&m pdwfrmefjyif;pGm0if oHwJGokdUcsDrnf[ad omtcg Sdtrwfynm[d toufw&m
0drvtrwfavQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ &Sdola[mif;pum;[dygonf/ yifv,fjrpfaMumif;? 0Jcaemif;? wdrf;apmif;rz,fom/
rmvdeftrwf? &DaMumif;vTwfaomf? ul;cwfra&muf&m/ jynfhoQifrif;jrwf? tusihfcRwfvQif? Oyg'fow0g?
xH;k a[mif;[dygonf/
nDawmfoHwGJpm;ESihfrl;rwfjynfoldkUukd
rmefawmfra&mufaumif;yg/
toQifrif;BuD;onf SdbD;awmf? bdk;awmf? crnf;awmfdkUESifhrwl? trsdK;apmifhaomw&m;ysufacsonf/
crnf;awmfpm;aus;yD;caom
oHwGJNrdKU
nDawmfcsrf;tD;om,mjidrfoufpGm
eDvwfonf/
xdkodkY[donfjzpfvQuf olavSmifolzsufdkUpum;udk m;0ifawmfrlvQuf a,murawmf trwf&mZolukd
cefYawmfrl wESpfwBudrfwdkufpDonf/ odkYwdkufpDaomfvnf; nDawmf *kPfoDvjrJjcif;aMumihfvnf;aumif;?
r;rwfaus;uRef
t*FgpHkpGm[donfjzpfvnf;aumif;?
oHk;Budrfysufum
jyefc&ygonf/
csDawmfrlrnfMuHawmfrrloifhyg/ &Sdusrf;*eftqdk wvdefu&mZfrif;u turif;udk ppfjyKaomtaMumif;
ed'gef;a[mif;wGifvnf;q'efajymifrkef? &J[kefESihfcsKd;? cRefcRefxdk;odkY? tusdK;[doifh? xdk;cGifhrom? r*FvmatmifNrD? teDoifh&m?
Adkvfygqifjrif;? odrf;oGif;rysuf? &JrufrNydK? &efudkESdyfEGH? tMuHynm? onfomjzpfcJ? ol&Jr,Sm;?
vufHk;tm;rSm? trSm;trSef? tvGeftusL;? oll;t*Fg? rdpmtusifh? edrfhjrihf,IH;Edkif? tydkifcJcuf?
vufeufAdkvfNcD? toDtqHk;? xHk;ryavmuf? xGif;azmufajrmufjrm;? *kPfudk;yg;pHk? ynmvHkrS? AdkvfyHkryef;?
OmPfpGrf;e*dk? (----)? BuD;bdppftif? jrif;qif&xm;? NcDonftm;ESihf? av;yg;pHknD? a&mufjim;vDvnf;?
AdkvfNcDpD;NyD;? ppfolBuD;dkU? xHk;rSD;vdrm? odkUudk&mvQif? ppftifav;rnf? tyfonfSddk;? &efcsdK;Ekdifonf?
olYjynfom,m? 0womodkY? yrmwrQ? tujrif;? ppfwGif;,IH;rnf? qkdonfpum;? odMum;pifvQuf?
ysufonfxHk;pH? eEdaoe? turwf? nDGwfjynfhpHk? ynmvHk? AdkvfyHk&efjidrf? uvdef*&mZf?
olUppfEGrf;dI;? tusdK;r[d? yef;ES,f&d? updupuf? BuDnufb&rf;? trwfoGef;ESihf? rif;Murf;woGef?
rmefwHcGefudk? uJvGefpwif? udk,fcsifukd,fh0,f? tvrm,fodkY? tE&m,fa&muf? NyD;aygufvrf;rSm;?
oDaysmufjim;vnf;? w&m;r&? rif;okn- [kavQmufpmxHk;a[mif;[dygonf/
toQifrif;jrwf/ xdkrSwHkvnf;? olavSmifolysuf?
ysufwwfonf/ SdxHk;a[mif; tvmwGifvnf;-

aygif;zufpum;?

rif;BuD;rSm;rl?

wkdif;um;rpnf

<uufBuD;wGif;atmif;?
<uufi,favmif;Hk;?
taygif;wGif;ukdzsufvdrnf/
ausmif;wq,fudk
oQifi,fwa,muf pm;vdrfhrnf/ tuscg;wdk? vlysdKtrwfrsm;vdrfhrnf/ ykwD;vufpGJ? vlpOf;vJvnf;
rsm;vdrfhrnf/ ,if;aomtcg rdk;rGm? tpmiwfrGwf,Sm;vdrfhrnf/ ewfjrpful;wdkU? vlrydkUvnf;ul;vdrfhrnf/
<uufrif;NyD;&m? rpdrmokdYa&mufvdrfhrnf/ jyLESihfwvdkif;? ig;Zifdkif;okdYyvdrfhrnf/ <uufrif;wzef
wGif;odkYjyefaomf? tMuHwGif;opfSmvdrfhrnf/ wGif;opf&cg? rsm;rMum? MurmtoufukeftHhaom0f/
xdkodkYokduf"gwfa[mif;xGuf[dygonf/ wdkif;jynfysuf&maom twdwfBuD;? edrdwfBuD;xifjrifonfrSmvnf;
"gwfav;yg;acsmufcsm;azmufjyef rdk;vnf;rGm ow0gdkUvnf;iwfrGwfyifyef;? ndK;EGrf;&dyg;&SdonfhtwGif;
NrdKUpm;Gmpm;? uRef;pm;acsmif;pm;yD;awmfrlonfrSmvnf; wNrdKUwGm? wacsmif;wpdkYrSvGwfonfr[d?
xdkaus;pm;dkUuvnf; w'0? raumif;aomtrltusifhdkUjzihf wdkif;jynfysufaMumif;udk&m yMuygonf/
toQifrif;jrwf/ nDawmf? om;awmf? qGDawmf? rsdK;awmfrSp rSL;aumif;rwfaumif;dkUukd rESdyfpuftyfyg/
ESdyfpufcDaomf jynfemonf/ jynfemvwfrl? &efolay:ayguf? jynfvHk;arSmuf? ysufpD;jcif;odkY
a&mufwwfygonf[l
trwfBuD;avQmufxm;&m?
rif;dk;rSefvQuf?
olrkdufdkUESifhaygif;rd

ynm[dpum;ukdr,l arSmufrSm;ojzihf trwfBuD;0drvukd rmefatmifuRef;odkY ydkYvdkufonf/ rsm;rMumrD

tif;0rif;acgifom;
rif;&JausmfpGmwdkufcdkuf
rif;apmrGef
taemufukvm;jynfokdYNyD;&onf/
wq,hfudk;ESpfausmfMumNyD;rS xD;eef;jyef&onf/ xdkumv? ESpfESpfq,fcefYudk jrefrmhwvSnfh? rGefwvSnfh
ppfytkyfcsKyfMuonf/
42
aemufqHk; uav;aus;awmifndKrif;udk &cdkifom;dkUwdkuf xGufvm;vDrS jrefrmESihfrGefdkUvnf; aemufxyf
rvmawmhay/
avQmufxHk; rif;apmrGefonf w&m;rapmifh? ynm[dpum;rem,l? rdkufrSm;rIrsm;aMumihf wdkif;jynf
ysufc&onfudk rSwfom; oHa0*&bG,fjzpfygonf/
43
avQmufxHk;trSwf (16)
e&rdwfvS (rif;apmrGef) vufxu NrdKUrajymif;oifhaMumif;avQmufxHk;/
e&rdwfvSrif;onf tif;0rif;&JausmfpGm vma&mufwdkufcdkufonfaMumihf ukvm;jynfodkYvm;a&mufNyD;
cdkvIHeDc&m ESpfaygif; (22) ausmfrQMumonf/ &cdkifom;dkUwdkufcdkuf uav;awmifdkrif;? rdzk&m;ESihf
taygif;ygdkU jrefrmjynfokdYjyefvm;Muaomtcg e&rdwfvSnDawmfoHwJGpm; e&ol (tvDcif) onf
aemifawmfxHvlapvTwfNyD; avQmufxm;pDonf/ aemifawmfvnf; ukvm;rif;tultnDjzifh csDvmc
ou&mZf (791) ck a&mufrS 'kwd,tBudrf xD;eef;ukd jyefvnfpkd;pH&onf/ om;awmfrsm;ukd tdrf&SdryD;/
nDawmfe&Ekukd tdrf&SdESif;awmfrlonf/
e&rdwfvSrif;onf
crnf;awmfvufxufu
rSL;BuD;?
rwfBuD;?
om;NrD;dkUukd
pDppfawmfrlNyD;?
toD;oD;ynmt&nftavQmuf
tedrfhtjrifholaumif;yawmfrlonf/
rmefatmifodkYtydkYcH&ol
trwfBuD;0drv\om;
jrausmfatmifudkvnf;
u0dausmftrnfESifh
av;NrdKUacsmif;udk
pm;aus;yD;awmfrlonf/ rdrdum; rif;apmrGefBuD;trnfudk cHawmfrlonf/ rif;apmrGefonf ,cifeef;uspOfu
tavhtusifhpdkufqdk;rsm;ukdypfy,f
olawmfaumif;pdkufukd
jyefvufcHusifhoHk;onf/
ynm[d
olawmfaumif;dkUESifhaygif;zufum ysufpD;,dk,Gif;vwfaomt&mrsm;udk jyKysifNyD;? wdkif;jynfwdk;wuf
om,ma&;ukd BudK;yrf;aqmifGufawmfrlonf/
44
rif;apmrGefonf ysufpD;vQuf[daom avmif;MuufNrdKUtjzpfudkMunfhNyD;? rESpfNrdKUEdkifawmhacs/ xdkYaMumifh
NrdKUajymif;rnfhtaMumif; trdefY[dawmfrlvwfonf/ xdktcg av;NrdKUpm;ynm[dtrwf u0dausmf
avQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ oifhwifhtyfaom NrdKUjy? usHK;? ajrmif;paom t*FgckESpfyg;ESihfjynfhpHkNyD;? y#dlypaom
puft*Fgav;yg;nDGwf xGef;vif;aomeD&myifjzpfpDumrl usef;*efvmonfrSm,wtMuifwdkif;jynf?
&mZmprif;onfvnf;aumif;?
rdpmoaygrSm;aomtusihf
tMuH[donfjzpf?
edaAma*ga0zefcGJjcrf;
yD;urf;csDjrifhjcif;udkrjyK?
pwk*wd*raemav;yg;aomt*wdodkY
vdkufpm;avh[d\/
Amvktao0aemrdkufaomoldkUESihfaygif;zuf,SOfwGJ
rSD0Ja&maESmavh[d\? wH&XH- xkdwdkif;EdkifiHonf? 'kuH- qif;&JysufpD;jcif;odkYa&mufonf? ba0- jzpf&m\/
odkYusrf;*efvmygonf/ txufwdkif;jynfrysufrDS toQifrif;jrwf xD;eef;pdk;pHawmf rlaomtcgvnf;?
Sdrif;dkUenf; bdufodufawmfudk rcHvDc/ ,ck uHukodkvfyD;vmjyef xD;eef;wdkif;jynfudk &NrJ&jyef&m?
bD;awmfpaom crnf;awmfrif;jrwfdkUenf; bdufodufcHawmfrlNyD;rS NrdKUopfajymif;awmfrlvdkvQifvnf;
ajymif;awmfrloifhygonf/ Sdynm[ddkU trSmpmwrf;xHk;rSmvnf;-

&[ef;dkUrSm? ur0gwif? odrf0ifodum? "rmw&m;jrJoifhaMumif;/ rif;dkUrSmvnf;?

ormrif;jrwfaumif;- [l xHk;a[mif;vmonfhtwdkif; &mZyHkwGifvnf;-

bdufodufcH&m?

&[ef;odum? rif;rSmbdufoduf? olawmfpdwfukd? rzdwfusifhdk;? jrwftrsdK;- [l qdkvwfonf/

wdkif;jynfow0g?
MurmuyfOyg'f?
qdkufa&mufvwf?
tESpfESpfq,fausmfrQ
jrefrmESifhrGefdkU
rif;rlvQuf[dvwf&m bdufodufawmfr*Fvm& yk
Pm;dkUonf yef;wif? apmif;wD;? pED? [l;&m;? [kef;ewf?
y&dwfGwftpdkY
ykP
m;dkUESifha&maESmvQuf[dvwfonf/
bdufodufr*Fvmawmf&yk
Pm;dkU
SdtpOf
usifhdk;aomfum;- tif;? rEmef? qD;? ya,m*? [l;&m;? aA'if? rEmefrsm;udkvnf; ravhvmjcif;? &DrcsdK;rD
qD;uGrf;xrif;ponfdkUudk
rpm;jcif;?
wl&oG,fESifhpvG,fudk
ruGmjcif;?
&moDa&mufaomrdr?
rD;eDaomrdrdkUESifh ra&mrpyfjcif;? vifoD? vifuGmrdrudk tdrfaxmifzufrjyKjcif;? om;ig;? ig;ydrpm;jcif;?
wdkifoljynfom;wdtdrfodkY vSnfhvnfvm;vm awmif;pm;rjyKjcif;/ yd#uwfusrf;*ef tbd"mefpaom
y&dwfr*FvmyDopGm Gwfzwfwwfjcif;? usrf;*efvnf;- &mZbdaourawm oarmawm? om&jAm[
0HomEk&udwaAm- [l vm[dawmfrlaomaMumihf bdufodufawmfquf ykP
m;dkU\t*FgoQpfyg;ESihfjynfhpHkrS
bD;awmfbdk;awmfpaom crnf;awmfrif;jrwfdkUudk bdodufawmfquf&ygonf/ bdufodufoGef; Sddk;rSefatmif
GD;ppfawmfrl
bdufoduf&DoGef;cHawmfrlyg/
odkYtrwfynm[dav;NrdKUpm;u0dausmfavQmufvwf&m
rif;apmrGef uHukefcsdefa&mufvwf udufawmfrrl/ ou&mZf (792) ck? awmfovif;vqef; (1) &uf
wv*FeDed? uefvufuefpef;ESihf ajrmufOD;NrdKUudkwnfawmfrlonf/ NrdKUwnfrNyD;rSD ,m,Deef;ESihfeDawmfrlpOf
a0'emuyfa&mufNyD; ewfGmvGefawmfrlonf/ &cdkif&mZ0ifopf (795) ckwGifrS vGefaMumif;qdkonf/
46
avQmufxHk;trSwf (17)
ajrmufOD;NrdKU e&Ek (tvDcif) ESihf tif;0NrdKUe&ywdrif;dkU tjyeftvSefjyKMuaom &mZoHpmo0PfvTm
ESpfapmif/
e&rdwfvSrif;apmrGef\nDawmftdrf&Sdrif;e&Ekonf
aemifawmfvGefvQif
xD;eef;qufcHpdk;pHawmfrlonf/
eef;wufrdzk&m;um; apmcarmufjzpfonf/ eef;wufaomtcg tvDcif[laom ukvm;bGJUrnfudkvnf;
cH,lvwfonf/ xkdrif; tvDcifvufxuf tif;0bk&ifxlygHk'g,um e&ywdonf &ckdifodkYcsDvmonf/
&cdkifdk;rzkd;acgifEG,fcsKdawmift&yfodkYa&mufvmNyD; wyfcs&yfem;eDonf/ xdktaMumif;udk &cdkifbk&if
tvDcifMum;odvwfaomf wyftpD&ifESihfwuGcsDvmNyD; ]urm} t&yfwGif wyfcs&yfem;onf/ xdkYaemuf
tif;0rif;xHodkY
&mZoHpmyD;&ef
trwfOvif;udkapvTwfvdkufonf/
yD;awmfrlvdkufaom
&mZoHaomfum;wdydaomb*0g? oGuawm? oky#dyaEm- paom *kPfawmfw&m;oHk;yg;ESifhtnD y&d,wd? y#dywd?
y#da0"? omoemawmf rdI;rEGrf;pD&? rlvodum? rif;ormdkUcH&maombdufodufw&m; q,fyg;aom
rif;usihf? wq,fhESpfqifhaom t*Fg? Bud,m'o? owusufoa&? av;awGo*F[? edpjrJpGm? t0dZmESihf?
wPSmrdwfaygif;? olraumif;ESihf? uif;aMumif;vHkYvudk&m? ynmAvyvQuf? rif;dkUtm; ig;yg; p&drm
qkwf,kwfwwfaomvufHk;rmetm;udky,f
teD;t0D;rGD;
yuwdw&m;ckESpfyg;ESifh
ow0gdkUudk
apmifhxdef;vQuf tkyfcsKyfpD&ifavh[daomajrmufOD;aTNrdKUawmfBuD;toQif Mum;a&mufvdkufonf/ tif;0
aTNrdKUoQiftMunfawmf/
vlow0gdkU\"rpm&dwoDv? 0g&dwoDv xdkESpf0aomw&m;udk&m SnfpGmpGJjrJusihfMuH&rnfudk todynm
ormw&m; ruyfr[djcif;aMumihf **Fg0gvk? oJpktrQ? Sdumv yGifhawmfrlMuaom bk&m;oQifdkUonf
oif;yif;odkYr0if?
oHo&mpuf&[wfurvGwf?
wPSmtdkifaysmfydkufvQuf?
aubkru0#ftv,f?
tjrihftedrfh? wGdjrJ"rwm? edAmefrSzDvm? ork',opmudk&m avhvmtm;xkwMf uonf/ xdkow0gdUk
wa,mufaomoltm; ormOmPfuyfa&mufjzpfyGm;[djyefaomf tcsDw? A[d'&efrvGwf[djyefonf/ twd
Zmwy#doaEESihfpGJ&if;rSef edurqdwfjidrf&mokdYxGufvm; um,0dnwf? 0ZD0dnwf? raemorwfESihf
nDGwfjynfhpHkpDvQuf ormynmwufrudk ajzmifhrwfpGmudkif tvGefBuD;us,fpGm Av0grkc? ork',
0JwPSmtkdifjrpfxJrScGJcGm ul;ajrmufawmfrlonf/

tEkZmw y#doaEyD;oldkU\xHk;pOfvmudk usihfMuHjrJpGJvQuf toufxufqHk;eD&onf/ t0Zmuy#doaE

eDaomom;aomfum;
Sdynm[ddkUxHk;udk
r,lqdk;oGrf;aysmfTif?
obifavhvm?
oDpm,pfrsdK;?
aomufpm;rufarm? twaemrwd? rdrdtBudKufudk&m tbdZmrw&m;ojzifh olwyg;Opmudkvdkcsifjcif;?
Asmyg'w&m;jzifh
olwyg;udk
NidKjiifysufpD;atmifMuHaqmifjcif;?
rdpm'dXdw&m;jzifh
trSm;tvGef
azmufjyef,Gif;cRwf ESvHk;oGif;pDjcif;? waMumif;wHkvnf; ormolawmfaumif;dkUESihf acwaygif;azmf
cbl;aom pMum&rEmwfrif;onf rdpmOmPfjzpfyGm; oMum;rif;pnf;pdrftvHk;udk odrf;usHK;xifrSm;acs
b0rjcm; 'dX"rysufpD;&vDaMumif;ESifh rEmukZmwfusrf;*efvmacsonf/ oD&d"rmaomurif;rlvnf;
ZAL'DygwuRef;vHk;udktpdk;&aom rif;jzpfawmfrlvQuf xdkrif;uHpJcsdefeD;wGif trSm;udktrSefxif wd&dpmefb0
a&muf&vDaMumif;ESifh tXuxmpum;&mZ0ifrsm; ynm[ddkU oufoDjyqdkcMuonf/ onfh
usrf;*eftXuxmrsm;udk ESvHk;oGif; tMunfaomfvnf; rif;rnfumr[kwf? tvmaumif;vQuf
tjyefrapmif;pD&? udk,furuGm? ormoQpfxyf? ppfuGyfvdrm? ynmvufeuf? ydk;yGufodkY? ppfwufvmMu?
avmbolykef? ukefatmifowfjzwf? tcGgwwfrS? jrwf&modkYa&mufMurnfhtaMumif; Mum;a&muf
vdkufonf- tMunfawmf/
&mZoHpmo0PfvTmudk
aTyDwGif&GD;
trwfOvif;pm;udk
apvTwfawmfrlvdkufonf/
Ovif;pm;vnf;
tif;0rif;e&ywdxHodkYa&mufvwfaomf
&mZoHo0PfudkyD;qufonf/
tif;0
rif;uvnf; awmifwGif;pm; vuf,mpnfoludk oHqufceYf &cdkifrif;xHyD;vdkufaom &mZoHo0Pfrlum;ocFg&? 0dum&? vuP? edAef? ynufwnf;[laom aO,s"Hw&m;ig;yg;dkUukd rodrjrifpDwwfaom
t0dZmzHk;vTrf;jcif;aMumifh ow0gdkUepfjrKyfvQuf[o
d nfukd u,fwifvakd om orm"dtodtrSev
f UkH v
tusihftMuHawmftm;xkwfaomowdaMumifh? uif;&mjzpfaom tocFw"gwftjrJwnf&m edAmefqdyfOD;odkY
igul;ajrmufjyD/ ykeykEH- wzefighukd oifdkUESdyfpufjcif;rjyK&mjyD/ yxrAk'pepum;awmf? taeuZm
wdoHom&H*gxmudk O'gef;usL;awmfrlNyD;rS vloHk;yg;dkUtm;/ ukovm"rm tukovm"rm xdkESpfyg;aom
w&m;awmfa[mawmfrlonf/ aumif;usdK;raumif;usdK;[k vGwftpOftm;jzifh OmPfenf;oldkU odvG,fpGm/
xdkrS rolawmfdkUqufqHjcif;rjyKaom rpdrmy#dy'g olawmfaumif;vufeufjzpfaom tAsmuw
w&m;awmfESihftnD edAmefa&mufaMumif; aumif;aomvHkYvudk&m ESvHk;oGif;vQuf a0ae,sdkUtm;
apmihfavh[daom &wemyk&? tif;0aTNrdKUawmfBuD;toQif Mum;a&mufvkdufonf ajrmufOD;aTNrdKUawmfBuD;
toQiftMunfawmf/
ow0gdkUwGif orm'dXd? rdpm'dXd ESpfyg;[donf rdpmdkU"avhrSm oHo&mrukef? puf0#fw&m;
rjywfaomtrIrsm;aMumifh ZmwdjzpfvQuf? &rufruGm? cEmkyfemrf? tzefwvJvJjrJwwfaom
owdcdkifcefYjcif;/ ormynm- olawmfaumif;dUk aomfum;/ wa,mba0paom 0#foHk;bHkudkjrifojzifh
w'*Fy[mefw&m;ESihf wyfaomwPSmork',opmpGJ&m ukokdvftukodkvf xdkESpfyg;udkuif;pD um,okc?
pdwokcudk&mcHpm;eDaom yk*dKvfjrwfxH oefY,Sif;aom ypnf;av;yg;yD;vcbl;aom tusdK;axmufyv
hH &D m
avmudDpnf;pdrfeD&dyfyrm pifMunfvQuf? taumif;xifrSm;? w&m;vGwfvm;vDvQif? tvmtjyefrdpmOmPf
ruif;? tvif;odkYra&muf? 0JatmufwGifom? vl;vmyeuf? usdefpmGwfodkY? rysufcEm? oHo&m? rdpmodkY
t,ljrJaMumif;? olawmfaumif;qdkcaom usrf;*efudkod &uyl&wdkif; ajrmufOD;NrdKUjynfoldkUonf
trsdK;Zmwfwl?
t,lrjcm;?
w&m;nDMuvQuf
rormaomtrI?
rjyKrusihftyfaomt&mudk
usifhMuHMuaMumif;Mum;od&? omoemawmfr,Gif;rSm;oifh? jyoqHk;rrnfvmc&m tMunfawmfvnf;
rif;ormdkUw&m;ESifhjrJjrHpGm
ow0gtaygif;udkapmifhxdef;aMumif;
trwfOvif;pm;
wifavQmufcsuftwdkif; o0PfpmwGifvnf; olawmfaumif;kdUt*FgjynfhpHkpGmygvmonf/ w&m;vdrm
omoemawmfukd apmihfa,Smufwwfaomrif;csif;jzpf "ro0epnf;a0;ajymqdkMu&vQif omoemawmf
yGifhvif;owif;tSnf pnfxGef;rnftaMumif;udk Mum;vdkufonftMunfawmf/
pmukdaTyDwGif&GD; Ovif;pm;ESihftwl awmifwGif;pm;vuf,mpnfoludk xnhfvdkufonf/ odkYvQif
&ckdifrif;e&EktvDcifESihf tif;0rif;e&ywddkUonf tcsif;csif;pmo0Pfquf rdwfqGDrsdK;zGJUMuonf/
ESpfzufaomrif;dkUonf rdzk&m;? r;rwf? armifrrdH? om;r,m; dkUpHknDpGmygMuvQuf &cdkifdk;r

zdk;acgifawmifxuf wGdqHkMuonf/ wGdqHkMuonfrSm rif;rSmvnf;rif;csif;? rdzk&m;rSmvnf;rdzk&m;csif;?

om;orD;csif;?
r;rwfcsif;?
r,m;uawmfcsif;rif;qGDrif;rsdK;csif;?
armif;rrdHt>cDt&Hcsif;?
odkYvQifwl&mwl&mtcsif;csif; wGdqHkMuNyD;? aygif;oif;qufqHMuonf/ pm;bG,faomufbG,frsm;udk
tjyeftvSef auR;rGD;pm;aomufMuonf/ rdwfo[m,jzpfMuNyD; ajymMuqdkMujzihf zufvSJwuif;
aysmfTifMuonf/ rif;ESpfyg;wGdqHkajymqdkMuonfrSmvnf; obm0wlolawmf aumif;csif;jzpf om,macsiHorm0gpm aumif;aompum;ukdomvQifajymqdkMuNyD; rdwfo[m,jzpfMuonf/ rif;ESpfyg;nDGwfMuNyD;vQif
&wemoHk;yg;ukdwdkifwnfNyD;
r[mrdwftjzpfcdkifjrJMupD&ef
uwdopmyqdkMuonf/
NyD;vQif
om;NrD;qufrsm;wkdifatmif cspfcifMuifemw&m; cdkifNrJyGm;pD;pD&eftaMumif; rdwmjyKqkawmif;Muonf/
odkYyMuNyD;aomf
tif;0rif;u
tbdk;wodef;xdkufaom
ywjrm;vufpGyfudk
yD;awmfrlonf/
&cdkiftvDcifrif;uvnf; wefbdk;wodef;xdkufaom ykvo
J G,fyD;awmfrlonf/ rdzk&m;tcsif;csif;vnf;
vufpGyfvufaumuf?
t0wftHkdkUudk
tjyeftvSef
yD;qufzvS,fMuonf/
om;orD;?
r;rwft>cDt&HdkUvnf; tcsif;csif;oifh&mudk,fpD zvS,fjcif;yMuonf/ odkY tcsif;csif;zvS,fjcif;
yMuNyD;onfaemuf rif;ESpfyg;onf nDw
G fpGm SdEdIif;ajymqdkMuNyD;? EdkifiHe,fjynftydkif;tjcm;udk owfrSwf
xm;[dMuonf/ xm;[donfrmS 50
zdk;acgifawmifdk; t&Sdbuf&Dusudk &wemyl& tif;0EdkifiHawmfjzpfpD/ zdk;acgifawmifdk; taemufbuf&Dusudk
"n0wD &ckdifEdkifiHawmfjzpfpD- [k owfrSwfydkif;jcm;awmfrlMuonf/ odkYowfrSwfydkif;jcm;MuNyD;aomf
opfyifkdUwdonf udk,hfbufaygufrl udk,fb
h ufodkY&m Gwfudkif;Muonf/ tv,faygufaom
jruf0g;opfyifdkUonf wnhfwnhfrwfrwfaygufMuukefonf/ rif;ESpfyg;dkUonf rif;crf;rif;em;? rif;oHk;
rif;aqmifypnf;rsm;udk xD;jzLawmfrSpNyD; tcsif;csif;vJvS,fMuonf/ xdkodkYvJvS,fawmfrlNyD;vQif ou&mZf
(816) ck? wef;cl;vqef; (6) &uf wvvFmedwGif wyfpOftwdkif;qkwfMuvQuf aejynfawmfoYkd
jyefMuonf/
rif;ESpfyg;rdwfo[m,jzpfMuvwf
ESpfwkdif;ESpfjynfeDjynfoltaygif;
tD;jidrf;om,m
[dMuonf/ aumif;vDpGomvDpG? om"kac:bG,f jzpfcvDownf;/
51
avQmufxH;k trSwf (18)
rif;ygBuD; ukvm;jynfudkodrf;&m tMuHjyKavQmufxHk;/
rif;&mZm\om;awmf oHwGJNrdKUpm; rif;ygBuD;onfou&mZf (893) ck? eH,kefvqef;w&uf peDed? edjcif;
ESpfA[dk&fausmfig;em&DwGif
qifjzLoQiforD;zGm;apmrif;ESifh
&DqdyfwJeef;awmf0,f
bdodufawmfcH
rif;tjzpfodkY a&mufawmfrlonf/ rif;trnftm;jzifhum; ]oD&dol&d, pEr[m "r&mZm} [laomtrnfudk
cHawmfrlonf/ rif;ygBuD;eef;wufaomtcg ukvm;'DvDyqmrif;u txufxHk;[dc[donhftwdkif;
vufrSwfwHqdyfcyfESdyfvQuf ]aZmufaygufosm} [laomrif;rnfyg wHqdyfpmyD;ydkYonf/ xdktcgrif;ygBuD;
trdefYawmf[dvdkufonfum;- bD;awmfrif;apmrGefukd t&Sdtif;0rif;acgif\om;awmf rif;&JausmfpGm
wdkufzsufonfaMumihfysufpD;c&onf/ (20) ESpfwkdifrQ oufjyLwvdkif;dkU rif;jyKtkyfcsKyfeDconf/
xdkaomumv
rif;apmrGefonf
ukvm;jynf
'DvDyqmrif;xHcdkvIHeDxdkifcbl;onf/
xdkodkY
aus;Zl;[donfaMumihf
txufu
igdkUpOfquf
&ckdife,fjynfjzpfaom
b*Fgwq,hfESpfNrdKUudk
yD;tyfaus;Zl;qyfc&onf/ ,ckaomf rif;wq,fhESpfquf ESpfaygif; (70) ausmf&SdcayNyD/ usDavmufayNyD/
&Sd&ckdiftydkif b*Fgwq,fhESpfNrdKUt0if armufolZmNrdKUtxdudk jyefvnfodrf;,lawmfrlrnf/ ppfrxdk;vdkaomf
wq,fhESpfNrdKU ukvm;a'0ef;XmemwdudkvTwfvdkufpD/ xdkodkYtrdefYawmf[dvdkufaomtcg ukvm;jynf
a'vDyqmrif;onf
umwDtrnf[daom
ukvm;trwfwa,mufudk&m
tenf;i,faom
vufaqmifb@mESihfapvTwfvdkufonf/ wq,fhESpfNrdKUrS ukvm;a'0ef;XmemdkUum; rvmra&mufMuacs/
wq,hfESpfNrdKUudkvnf; yD;tyfjcif;ry/ rif;ygBuD;onf taptyg;vma&mufaom ukvm;trwfumwDudk
wpHkwckry? aumif;rGefpGmvufcHqufqHNyD; jyefvm;pDonf/ rif;ygBuD;onf b*Fgwq,fhESpfNrdKUudk
jyef&vdk&um;
ppfxdk;ppf&efrSwyg;
tjcm;r[dawmhNyDukd
aumif;pGmod[dawmhonf/
odkYaMumifh
ppfxdk;&efvdktyfaom
tpDtrHrsm;vkyfaqmifonf/
xdkodkYvkyfaqmifeDcdkuf
jynfoldkUoabm

rnfodkY[donfukdodvdkonf/ xkdYaMumifh taxmufawmfrsm;cefYxm;NyD; axmufvSrf;penf;empDonf/

xdkYaMumihf bk&ifhtaxmufawmfrsm;onf jynfolkdUtMum;vm;a&mufMuonf/ Mum;jrifod[dorQvnf;
rSwfom;Muonf/
jynfoldkUtajcteDukd
taxmufawmfrsm;aumif;pGmod&onf/
jynfoldkUonf
rif;udkcspf\/ dkaocefUjim;\/ tm;udk;orI[dMu\/ rdrddkUwdkif;jynfNrdKUGm wdk;wufom,matmif
pGrf;aqmifEdkifrnhf
rif;aumif;rif;jrwfwyg;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k
tm;xm;,HkMunfMu\/
jynfolkdUonf
Tifvef;wuf<ueDMu\/ [efwjyifjyiftm;wyy[dMu\/ taxmufawmfrsm;onf jynfoldkUtajcteDudk
odkYyifwGdjrifod[d&\/
wedaomtcg
jynfoldkUtMum;0,f
vGwfvyfpGmupm;eDMuaom
oli,ftkyfpkwpkukd wGdjrifMu&onf/ xkdoli,fdkUtkyfpkrS xGufay:vmaomtoHwckudk trSwfrxif
Mum;vkduf&onf/ ]ukvm;ukdEdkifvdk pzdkrSmrD;xnhf} ]0oJ;awmifudk xD;wif} ]ukvm;ukdoQifjyK}
oli,fdkUonf okdUqdkjrnf&if; uZmwfeDMuonf/ taxmufawmfrsm;onf tvGefyif0rf;omvm;Muonf/
tacsrsm;oDqdkaompum;ukdvnf; aumif;pGmrSwfxm;vdkufMuonf/ pum;pkukd taxmufawmfrsm;onf
rsm;pGmpdwf0ifwpm;[dMuonf/
wkdif;a&;jynf&mtaMumif;ay[lum;
tMurf;zsif;em;vnfMuonf/
odkYaomfoldkUonf
,Sif;vif;atmifum;
tukeftpifem;rvnfEdkifMu/
pifppf
pum;onf
tacsdkUEIwfrSxGufvmaomfvnf;
tacsdkUpum;r[kwf/
wdkif;jynf\tajcteDukd
taMumif;yNyD;
wwfodjrifpGrf;olwOD;OD;u xkwfazmfvdkufaomt&m jzpfEdkifonf/ rnfolrnf0g jzpfonfudkum; tolrQ
rodEdkif/
taxmufawmfrsm;onf
oli,fdkUqdkMuonfudkaqmif,lMuNyD;?
bk&ihf&SdawmfarSmufodkY
a&mufMuonf/ bk&ihf&SdawmfwGif trwfBuD;rsm; cpm;vQuf[dMuonf/ taxmufawmfrsm;onf
rdrddkUMum;vmaom oli,fdkUpum;ukd bk&ifBuD;xHavQmufwifvkdufMuonf/
]ukvm;udkEdkifvdk
pzdkrSmrD;xnfh}
]0oJ;awmifukdxD;wif}
]ukvm;ukdoQifjyK}
pum;pkoHk;pkukd
Mum;&aomtcg
bk&ifBuD;onf
tvGefyif0rf;ajrmufawmfrl\/
pum;\tvm;tvmqdkvdkonfh
tjcif;t&mudk xifSm;pGmodvdkvS\/ okdUaMumifh &Sdawmf0,fcpm;vQuf[dESihfaom trwfynm[d
aumif;ausmfxifpm;odkY ,Sif;vif;avQmufxm;pD&ef rdefYawmfrlvdkufonf/ xdktcg trwfynm[d
aumif;ausmfxifpm;avQmufwifonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ ]ukvm;udkEdkifvdk pzdkrSmrD;xnfh} tvdkaomfum; oabFmqdyfabmif;wGwfonf
pzdkjzpfygonf/ ukvm;rsdK; qifyvDrkwfqdwfukd tjcm;tjcm;r[dpD&/ aygif;wGwfwGifom xm;&ygrnf/
]0oJ;awmfukd xD;wif} tvdk 0oJawmifxdyf eHawmfbk&m;wnf&ygrnf/ oQifjyKtvdkrSm ukvm;
[dorQukd qHyifrxm;pD&? acgif;wHk;&dwfpD&ygrnf/ Sdodkufa[mif;wGifvnf; ]ukvm;ykZGef? q,hfESpfwefudk
rvGef&m} [l vmygonf/ rif;q,hfESpfqufvnf; toQifrif;jrwfwGifpdygonf/ EdkifiHawmf
wq,fhESpfNrdKUudk toQifrif;jrwfvufxufawmfwGif &jrJ&ygrnf[kavQmufonf/ xdktcg bk&ifrif;BuD;u
aumif;ausmfxifpm;udk bD;bdk;bDbifyD;NrJbJGU ]0drv} [laomtrnfudk yD;awmfrlonf/ bk&ifrif;BuD;onf
ynm[dtrwfavQmufwifonfhtrIudpdkUudkNyD;pD;atmif OD;pGmyxr pDrHaqmifGufawmfrlonf/ NyD;rS
ukvm;jynfodkUcsDwuf&ef tpDtrHyawmfrlonf/ Munf;aMumif;? &DaMumif;? wyfaygif;rsm;pGmzGJUpnf;onf/
bk&ifBuD;onf wdkif;jynfudk aemufydkif;vHkNcHKatmif tpDtrHyNyD;? rdrdudk,fwdkif tBuD;tcsKyfjyKvkyfonf/
jynfhoQifrif;BuD; r,ljrpfSm yJvGe;f acsmif; a*:awmyvifvrf;rS vSHukdif"g;pGJol&JESpfaomif;? if;wGif
kd;pm;cspfolwAkdvf? &rf;NAJpm;&JatmifEkdifwAkdvf? r,lpm; &efatmifaZ,swAkdvf? ol&Jaygif;ig;aomif;dkUukd
trwfqifuJBuD; wyfawmfOD;ucsKyf/ jynfhoQifrif; t&Hawmfol&Jaumif; udk,f&HawmftrIxrf; av;aomif;?
0if;awmfav;rsufESmwGif
0if;om;ESpfaomif;?
ol&Jajcmufaomif;dkUrSm
0if;r;av;a,mufwAdkvf?
udk,f&Hawmfwyfawmfaemuf
vSH"g;pGJol&Jwaomif;?
uif;pm;owdk;ausmfwAdkvf?
urHav;udkif
ol&Jwaomif;rSm rD;pm;vuf,mausmfwAdkvf? odkif;wyfol&Jwaomif;rSm yef;wif;pm;owdk;atmifwAdkvf?
&Jrufig;aomif;udk
trwf"g;ydkifBuD;wyfaemufucsKyf/
vuf0JppfuJOD;&pfawmifpm;rif;vSwif?
vuf,mppfuJr,lpm;rEk[mdkUESpfa,mufukd
wyfr&SdaemuftkyfcefYawmfrlonf/
om;awmfrif;wdum
tdrf&Sdrif;rSm
r,ljrpfyifv,faMumif;csDonfh&DwyfukdcsKyf&onf/
vSHudkif"g;pGJol&Jaumif;waomif;rSm
trf;pm;cspfolwAdkvf?
urHvSJudkif
umpGJol&Jwaomif;rSm
rmefatmifpm;owdk;rif;jzLwAdkvf?
odkif;wyfol&Jwaomif;rSm ppfawGpm;wAdkvf? udk,f&Hawmfol&Jwaomif;rSm om;awmfukd,f&Hawmfjzpfonf/
upye'DjrpfSm yDacsmif;zsm; ausmufromausmufzsmxuf qdwfcrTD;awmifvrf;? om;awmfoHwGJpm;
Oy&mZmwyf? "g;udkifvSHpGJol&Jwaomif;? yef;axmfpm;&efrsdK;atmifwAdkvf? urHav;udkifol&Jwaomif;rSm

awmifukwfpm;&mZolwAdkvf? okdif;wwfol&Jwaomif;rSm vrl;pm; xGef;atmifwAdkvf/ udk,f&Hawmf

ol&Jwaomif;rSmom;awmf? udk,f&Hawmfol&Jwaomif? &JrufESpfaomif;rSm ukvm;wefpm;udktcsKyf
qifwyfBuD;MuyfcefYawmfrl jruf&DeD;&m awmif;urf;rBuD;? qifawmfryifyef;pD&/ pdefwifacsmif;zsm;
atmfr&vrf;jzifh aqmif,lpDonf/
ppfcsDawmfrlvQif t&SdawmifpOfaus;Gmvrf;aygufrsm;wGif udk,f&Hawmf&JrufESpfaomif;ESifh trwf&mZmBuD;udk
tcsKyfcefYawmfrlonf/
awmifpOfacsmif;pd?
toD;oD;wyfESifhxm;awmfrlonf/
jynfapmifh
NrD;awmfpMum0aw;ESihf trwfjynfpdk;BuD;dkUtm; vSH"g;urH'kdif;um 'dkif;pGJol&JESpfaomif;? udk,f&Hawmf
ol&Jwaomif; yD;awmfrlonf/ csDawmfrl&m oHk;oG,v
f rf;rsm; ta&;taMumif;[daomfvnf;aumif;?
NrdKUwGif;ta&;taMumif;[daomfvnf;aumif;? aygufa&mufavQmufwif vQifjrefpGmodawmfrl&vDatmif
ydef;ESJacsmif;pm;aZ,sAdkvftrwfokdY NcDvQifonfwa,mufudk tyfawmfrlonf/ xdkokdY toD;oD;0DcGJpdpyf
&SdaemufvHkatmif pD&ifawmfrlNyD;rS ou&mZf (894) ck? wefaqmifbkef; vqef; (9) &ufed
atmifwyfxGufawmfrlonf/
avQmufxHk;trSwf (19)
wyfawmfxGuf ppfcsDpOfjzpfaom wdwfedrdwfESpfcsufavQmufxHk;/
bk&ifrif;ygBuD;onf txufygtpDtpOfjzifh wyfpHkcif;ppfxGufcsDvmconf/ ,if;aomtcg pD;awmfqif
ZD0pdk;onf uef;usifopfwyifudk rmef0ifxdk;vwfonf/ uef;usifopfyif tjrpfuRwfxGufNyD;vJonf/
xkdtaMumif;udk qifuJdkUavQmufvmonf/ xkdpOfyif rdk;pnf;uRef;olBuD; aumif;vSatmifuvnf;
ig;uRJwaumifqufvmonf/ xdkwdwfedrdwfESpfckukd trwfynm[d0drvavQmufxHk;um;]umvm0u? 0a*F,sESifh? y@m&ac:? aygufausmfwr? yd*Fv[k? ponfausmf[kd;? qifq,frsdK;xuf?
wefcdk;tvGef? q'efajymifjrwf? ywf&yfnDnm? vuPmum;? oEmpG,fa&mif? tmaygifapG;apG;?
azG;azG;jzLpif? aiGpiftvm;? pG,fzsm;tnD? vuf,mcsD\/ em&DESpfzuf? em;GufESmEk? rpkrGwf?
o&ywfodkY? rjywfrapmuf? aemuf&SdOD;uif;? rpif;rvkH;? udk,fvHk;ausmh,Sif;? &Dqif;nmwif?
av;cGifpufyef;? rcRef;ryk? oQpfcktpGef;? v0ef;o@ef? rSifa&;cHodkU? (----)? &DMunf;ESpfoG,f?
nmb,frGD;? tNyD;tvTm;? e*g;OD;csD? &moDoHk;rnf? ig;wnfoHk;csuf? rkefoufrMuL;? xdyfOD;vnfwdkif?
MuhHcdkifpGrf;oef? &Jrmefwnf;wnf;? NcDonf;eDcsuf? ausmufrsufeDvm? yrmrjcm;? ESmarmif;zsm;wGif?
ywjrm;&dyf? ta&mifzdwfodkY? ttdyfoHk;vD? teDav;yg;? tpm;oHk;csuf? ruGufroef;? awmifuRef;ZAL?
qif[lorQ? rmerydif? OD;qdkifrwefU? aMumufvefUa,SmifNyD;? jroGD;ESmcsyf? NyD;cwf&m[k? puKaumufjrJ?
ykvJtmeD? pHknDr,Gif;? qifrsm;rif;um;? edcsif;ravmuf? ajcmufq,fcefYuGm? ,lZemudk? rMumvQifjref?
edcsif;jyefonf/ q'efaygufausmf? qifawmfjrwfrsdK;? ZD0pdk;vQif? atmifr*Fvm? pMumuGefYjrL;?
wyfawmfOD;wGif? uef;usifopfBuD;? usdKif;xD;wrQ? yrmPudk? iifcsxdk;vSJ? jcdrfhoJyJhwif? oQpfcGifwkefdkuf?
wkdufpu0g? ESHYpGmaMumufrif;? rmefoGif;tvdk? xdkukvm;jynf? rwnfxGm;nuf? ysufrnfrvGJ?
ig;uRJqufvm? b*Fgq,hfESpf? ykqpfGwfwkyf? vuftkyfcsDajrmuf? aTpufatmufodkU? ydkYa&mufvmNyD?
a'vDzqm? ZmwmEGrf;dI;? cdkudk;rnfcsnf;? tvSHvSJ? uyfqnf;0ifvm? &wem&nf? rdk;odkYapGrQ?
usufoa&pHk? aTbHk&dyfzGm;? ukvm;&ifoGD;? rif;orD;udk? tNyD;wzef? qufrnfrSefonf? vQifjrefNyD;pD;?
bkef;eDrD;/
xdkodkUtrwf0drvavQmufvwfaomf bk&ifrif;AmBuD;onf vGefpGmESpfoufawmfrl\/ ppfwyfxGufawmfuyif
ppfwaumif;NrdKUonf SdbD;awmf? bd;k awmfUkd vufxuf trwf0drvdkUtrsdK; pm;dk;jzpfonf/ trdefYawmf[d
0drvtrwftm; ppfwaumif;NrdKUudk NrdKUpm;yD;awmfrlonf/
58
avQmufxHk;trSwf (20)

rif;ygBuD;vufxuf wyifaTxD;csDvm&mwGif r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;/

b0oQifrif;ygBuD;onf txGwftjrwfodkYa&mufawmfrlvQif nDawmfrif;atmifvSudk oHwGJpm;t&mrSEIwf
om;awmfOy&mZmudk NrD;awmfESifhxdrf;jrm;awmfrl oHwJGNrdKUpm;yD;awmfrlonf/ nDawmfoHwJGpm; rif;atmifvS
rMunfrvif awmifilESifh[Hom0wDjynfudktpdk;&aom rif;w&m;aTxD;xH vufaqmifvufeuftrsm;ESihf
0ifa&mufqnf;uyfNyD;
ppfulawmfrlyg[l
toem;cHcGihfyefavQmufxm;vwfonf/
xdktcg
rif;w&m;aTxD;u a,mufzawmfbk&ifhaemifausmfxifaemf&xmudk wyfOD;xm;NyD;vQif ou&mZf (908)
ckwGif csDvmawmfrlonf/
rif;w&m;aTxD;vmaMumif;Mum;odawmfrlvwf penf;empDonf/ yxrpenf;rSm- ]usD;om{nfhvmonf}
'kwd,penf;rSm vomonfjyefvDOD; tkef;yifoQifzrf;rdrnf/ wwd,penf;rSm- tdyfeD vSDOD;wdkif? yJhwdkifukd
cdkifatmifpdkuf? aygif;rdk;zsmudk vdyfoGif;} [l penf;oHk;&yf&vwfonf/ xdkpenf;oHk;&yftvdkudk
trwfynm[dppfwaumif;NrdKUpm; r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ yxrpenf; ]usD;om {nfhvmonf} rSm oHwGJpm;nDawmfrif;atmifvSonf
[Hom0wDjynfhoQif awmifilrif;xHavQmufvDaomaMumifh rif;w&m;aTxD; {nhfonfyrmomvma&muf
jyefygvdrfhrnf/
'kwd,penf;
]vomonfjyefvDOD;?
tkef;yifoQifzrf;rdrnf}
qkdonfrSm
bkef;ynmusufoa&ESihfjynfhpHkaom
rif;rsdK;pdk;rdk;awmfrlaom
wdkif;jynfom,mqJjzpf
rif;w&m;
aTxD;&efrlvmvQif rif;w&m;aTxD;udkzrf;&ygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif jyefvDOD;qdkaomtqdkaomfum;aemifbkef;ynmr[daom rif;vufxuf tkef;[laomeHt& ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfukd t&SdujyLdkU
zsufqD;ydkifEdkifvD&maomtaMumif;rlvQuf penf;xGufygonf/ wwd,penf; ]tdyfeD vSDOD;wkdif? yJhwdkifudk
ckdifatmifpdkuf} tvdkaomfum; avmif;vSDukd wkdifBudK;xdef;ygonf/ jynfxdef;trwfBuD;ESpfa,mufukd
vuf0Jvuf,mxGufcH&ygrnf/ toQifrif;jrwf csDawmfrrloifh? ]aygif;rkd;zsm;ukd vdyfoGif} tvkdawmfrSmawmifilrif;vmvrf;
awmifbufNrdKUGmwjyif
pyg;rsm;udk
NrdKUwGif;odkYoGif;xm;&ygrnf/
,if;odkYavQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;ygBuD;vnf; BudKufawmfrlonf/ NrdKUwGif;wGif udk,f&Hol&Jaygif;
ig;aomif;dkUudk
vufeuftpHkESihfBuD;Muyf
tapmihfteDxm;NyD;rS
trwfudk,f&HBuD;?
'g;ydkifBuD;ESpfa,mufdkUtm; ol&Jwodef;? udk,f&Hig;aomif;yD;awmfrl vufeuftpHkESifh rDiluRef;?
&armif;uRef;rsm;wGifxm;awmfrlonf/
om;awmfppfpw
H ifNrdKUpm;?
cspfaESmif;rif;za,mif;udkvnf;
NrdKoufvif;uJ? acsmif;om;crGD;? av;xl;av;cG? uxl;paom vlrsdK;pkdkUESihf zdk;acgifawmift&SdzufodkY
csDwufawmfrlonf/ om;awmftdrf&SdOy&mZmrif;wdumudkvnf;? b*Fgwq,fESpfNrdKUu ukvm;oabFm
oHk;q,fhig;pif;ESihf
armfwifutapmifhteDxm;awmfrlonf/
,if;odkUtoD;oD;cefYawmfrlNyD;rS
qifhqdkawmfrlonfum;
awmifilrif;w&m;aTxD;vma&mufvQif
t&SduqD;qdkYrwdkufESifh/
csDvm
NrdKUawmfem;odkYa&mufrS aemufuydwfqdkYNyD;vQif &dumrSmpD&? wdkufzsuf&rnf/ trdefYawmfjyefqdkvQuf
xm;awmfrlonf/ awmifilrif;w&m;aTxD;onf ou&mZf (908) ck? wydkYwGJvqef; (2) &ufed
avmif;MuufNrdKUa[mif;wGif wyfcseDvmonf/ if;vqef;oHk;&ufed ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfukdwdkufonf/
&cdkifbufrS rD;ayguf? ajymif;? av;rQm;rsm;jzifhypfcwfojzifh rif;w&m;aTxD;bufrS toDtaysmufrsm;ojzifh
qkwfcGmeD&onf/ trwfBuD;ESpfa,mufvnf; aemufuydwfqdkYwdkufMuonf/ om;awmfppfpHwifNrdKUpm;
cspfaESmif; (rif;zavmif;) onf rif;w&m;aTxD;wyfrS &dumrSmEdkifpD&ef t&SdawmifpOfNrdKU&Gmrsm;udk
0ifa&mufNyD; tdrfESihfqefpyg;rsm;ukd rD;wdkufzsufqD;vdkufonf/ ,if;aomtcg rif;w&m;aTxD;onf
ppfajyNidrf;a&;twGuf
a,mufzawmfbk&ihfaemifausmfxifaemf&xmudk
&cdkifbk&ifrif;ygBuD;ESifhwGdqHk&ef
apvTwfawmfrlonf/
rif;ygBuD;onf
twGdcHawmfrrl?
jynfpdk;BuD;trwf"raZ,sESifh&m
wGdqHkNyD;ajymqdkpDonf/
w&m;obify&mr@yf wGdqHkMuonf/ xdktcg trwfjynfpdk;BuD; "raZ,su ausmfxifaemf&xmodkU
rD;onfum;- trwfBuD;dkUjynfwGif &wemoHk;yg;? bk&m;w&m;awmfudkMunfdkyg\avm/ jynfhoQifrif;vnf;
rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;?
&mZ*kPfoQpfyg;NrJyg\avm/
rl;rwfdkUaum
t*FgoQpfyg;jynfhpHkMuyg\avm/
odkYrD;onf/
xdktcg
awmifiltrwfBuD;ausmfxifaemf&xmqdkonfum;uREfkyfdkUwdkif;jynfwGif
omoemawmfxGef;vif;?
rif;vnf;bkef;tmPmBuD;us,f?
r;rwfdkUonfvnf;
t*FgpHkpGm

ynmAvjynfh0Muonfyif[kqdkvwfonf/
,if;odkYqdkvwfaomftrwfjynfpdk;BuD;"raZ,su
qdkjyefonfum;bk&m;paomolawmfaumif;dkUqHk;rawmfrlaomw&m;?
usrf;*efvmonfrSm'kpdkufw&m;q,fyg;udkapmifhxdef;aomt&yf
omoemawmfwnf&monf/
xdk'kpdkufw&m;q,fyg;
rapmifhxdef;odrf;aomt&yfom;dkUonf
vlrdkuf"avhqdk;oGrf;Murf;wrf;,kwfEGrf;aom
trIESifh&m
toufxufqkH;usifMh uHex
D ikd Mf u&monf/
olawmfaumif;dkU[daomt&yf
&mZ[DeH
tusifhr[d
trsdK;rapmifhaomrif;,kwfonf tu,fpdk;rdk;tHh/ xdkrif;tm; trwfaumif;dkUonf rrSm;r,Gif;pD&ef
toufriJhavQmufwif&NrJjzpfonf/
rif;ESihftrwfdkUpHkvQufqdk;oGrf;vwfaomf
oHCmawmfdkU
usdK;aMumif;jyo a[majymqHk;r&NrJjzpfonf/ usrf;*eftvm Sdynm[ddkUpum;trSmwGifvnf;&DNrDOD;cdkif? EdkifiHydkifrl? wdrf;,dkif&Sdvrf;? tusifhoGrf;onf? rif;uRrf;0ifbd? rwfu0ddkU? EIdif;dSukefjim;?
rif;yg;avQmufoifh? BuD;jrihf*kPfoQif? em;r0if? rif;yifusifh&m? wlpGmpdkuf? rif;vdkvdkuf? rwfrdkufESifhrif;?
oif;yif;nDpGm? jyKjyefMurl? "robif? r*Fvmausmf? oHCmawmfdkU? ta[m0w? Sdurif;aygif;?
r;rwfaumif;dkU? rapmif;wnfhrwf? usihf0wfusrf;*ef? rvGefr,kwf? azmfxkwfjyo? qHk;rxHk;pH? vcHoljrwf?
&[ef;0wfESifh? avQmufywfoifhpGm? ajymqdk&monf? pOfvmed*Hk;? SdusifhxHk; [l
Sdynm[ddkUpum;
rdefYMum;usrf;*efvm[dygonf/
odkY&cdkiftrwfBuD;rSajymqdkNyD;aomtcg
bk&ifhaemif
ausmfxifaemf&xmrSvnf;
oifhavQmfavQmufywfaompum;udk
jyefvnfajymqdk
aqG;aEG;Muonf/ xdkedtzdkYwGif bk&ifhaemifausmfxifaemf&xmonf &cdkiftrwfBuD;ESihf&majymqdkNyD;
jyefvm;&onf/
&cdkifbk&ifESihfrwGdc&ay/
aemufwedwGif
bk&ifrif;ygBuD;onf
bk&ifhaemifausmfxifaemf&xmudk udk,fwdkiftwGdcHNyD; aumif;rGefpGmvufcHajymqdkonf/ bk&ifrif;ygBuD;
rdefYMum;onfum;- &Dr[daomuef? qefr[daompyg;/ w&m;r[daomrif;? aumif;qkd;rodaomrD;?
c&D;a&muf&mvm; <uufukdpm;onhfNrD/ ow0gig;yg;dkUonf ybkwfrnf? olawmfaumif;dkU
rSDcdk&mrtyf/
tusdK;tjypfudkvnf;rod/
xdkow0gdkU[d&mt&yfa'o
tSnfrxGef;vif;Edkif&m/
&efolrsdK;ig;yg;ESihfqufqH&rsm;vwfonfyif/
tpfudkdkUawmifilrif;vnf;?
vufHk;rmetm;vGefonf/
ynm[dESihfeD;uyfaygif;pDOD;[l
trdefYawmf[dvwfonf/
trwfausmfxifaemf&xmjyefaomtcg
jynfhoQifrif;onf ppfwaumif;NrdKUpm; r[mynmausmftrwfukd xnfhawmfrlvdkufonf/
62
avQmufxHk;trSwf (21)
rif;w&m;aTxD;xH trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;/
trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfonf bk&ifhaemifausmfxifaemf&xmESihftwl vdkufvmc&m avmif;Muufpcef;[d
rif;w&m;aTxD;xHa&muf[dNyD;
0ifa&mufcpm;onf/
rif;w&m;aTxD;xH
r[mynmausmf
avQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/
avmuoHk;yg;\txGwftxdyfjzpfawmfrlaom
jrwfpGmbk&m;qHk;rawmfrlonfhw&m;ukd
rwnfaomoldkUonf
oHo&m0#f'ku
qif;&JSnfygonf/
Sdolawmfaumif;dkUpum;vnf;
oabFmpD;vQuf?
&Ddk;&DaMumif;udk
rodwwfaomrmvdef/
awm0ifvwfvQuf awmpOfudkrodwwfaomrkqdk;/ jynhfoQifrif;jzpfvQuf r;rwft&nftedrfhtjrihfudk
rodwwfaomrif;/
trwfjzpfvQuf
rif;&dyfrif;ajc?
t&SnftvQm;?
pum;oihfroihfukd
rodwwfaomtrwf/ ]pwk[De tedXH Orwwaum} av;OD;aomol,kwfdkUonf tvdrmr[donfjzpf
oDjcif;rvSoD&aMumif;
xHk;a[mif;[dygonf/
w&m;vdrm?
oHo&mtjypfukdodaom
rif;aumif;rif;jrwfdkUonf teD;t0D;? olUom;udk,hfom;rGD;? qHk;rawmfrlaMumif; Sdola[mif;dkUtqdk
vmjyefonfrSmusifhacsmf"r? oZD0tm;? jypfrSm;jyif;[def? ZD0dwdefukd? dI;ydefvDpD? >cDaomfvnf;aumif;? waMumif;rdkufrJ?
olUypnf;ukd? csKyfwnf;rJYjim;? jypfrSm;ojzifh? roifhyacs? olYaqGZeD;? cspforD;ESihf? a&mESD;qufqH?
oHk;yg;uHrl? pDrHavmb? eop[k? ,Gif;cGpum;? olESpfyg;udk? cdkufyGm;&efppf? a'gojzpfatmif?
acsmypfwwef? rsufrmefMurf;uwf? zkrsdK;? tusdK;rJhvQif/ odefzsif;0gpm? rdefYrSmpwk? a'gock?

olY&yf&dyfjidrf? pnf;pdrf>cD&H? olaumif;xHudk? zdwfcGe*d? igh[mwd[k? jzpfbdpDvdk? tqdkta&;? rMuHawG;vdrfh?

rdkufarS;waMumif;? apmif;ajrmif;jiLpl/ t,larSmufvSef? rdpmOmPfESifh? oHk;wefum,? ponftm;xkwf?
udk,fEIwfESvHk;? aqmufwnfoHk;u? ydwfzHk;av;yg;? y,fwef;cg;- [l pyfqdkqHk;rawmfrlygonf/ jynfhoQifrif;onf jynfoldkUtm; ormtmZD0 aumif;rGefaom
toufrGD;0rf;ausmif;yMupD&ef BuD;armif;cwfaqmf pnfawmfdkufoGif; wedoHk;Budrf qHk;rawmfrl&monf/
toQifrif;jrwf/
vufHk;tm;udk;
tvdk[daomrif;onf
&efydk?
xkdjynfoldkUrSmvnf;
vufHk;rmeBuD;jcif;aMumihf pnf;pdrfrSnf/ &efolig;yg;? qufqHrsm;&monf/ ESvHk;tm;udk tvdk[daom
rif;\wdkif;om;jynfolonf tylaomuuif;jcif;aMumifh rdbom;NrD;pOfvm ojymawmif;wif;rukef?
qufqHcHpm;vQuf rysufpnfxGef; bk&m;paomolawmfaumif;dkU tcsDtrGrf;cH&aMumif;udk ynm[drsm;
rSmxm;awmfrlygonf/
usrf;*efvnf;kuo
uo[med?
yky ak um0?
aombwd/
lyowo[med? ynm0aEm0aombwd/

e&mowo[med?

ly0aEm0aombwd/

- [l vm[dygonf/
ku owo[med- opfyifwodef;dkUwGif? ykykaum0- tyGihf[daom opfyifonfomvQif
aombwdwifw
h ,f\/
e&mowo[medvlaygif;wodef;dkUwGif?
ly0aEmtqif;vSaomolomvQif?
aombwdwifhw,f\/
lywoo[medtqif;vSaom
vlwodef;dkUwGif yn0aEm0- ynm[daomolomvQif? aombwd- wihfw,f\/
odkYvmaomaMumifh ynmt&if;jzpf rif;usihfruGmynmESihf wdkif;jynfudk apmifhxdef;&maomtaMumif;
usrf;a[mif;vm[dygonf/ xdkrSwzef usrf;*efvmonfrSmcEmedpGm c,aXe? b,aXe'kumpaw? tewmo&uaXe? wdydaom ykeykEH/
cEm- cEmw&m; kyfemrfESpfyg;dkUonf? c,aXe- ukefwwfysufpD;wwfaomaMumihf? tedpmtedprnfukef\/ awp- xdkcEmig;yg;kyfemrfw&m;dkUonfyifvQif b,aXe- zD;[donfjzpfaomaMumihf?
'kum- 'kurnfukef\/ awp- xdkcEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;dkUonfyifvQif? tom&uaXetESpfom&r[djcif;aMumifh? tewm- tewrnfukef\/ wdyd- odkYvnf;? aom- xkdcEmig;yg;
kyfemrfw&m;pkdkUudk? ykeykEH- tzefwvJvJ? ypayudwaAm- qifjciftyf\/ odkYvm[djcif;aMumihf
lyuEm? a0'emuEm? onmuEm? ocFg&uEm? 0dnmPuEm? ig;yg;dkUudk "gwfav;yg;
jyKysifpDrHtyfonfjzpf
tprxifoHo&m0#f
tedrfhtjrihf
puf&[wfyrm?
wGd&jrJ"rwmudk?
igrif;wum;[l axmifvTm;vwfaomf xdkrif;jynfoldkUonfvnf; bk&m;tqHk;tromoemawmfrwnf?
rif;tvdk[d&mvdkuf Murf;wrf;,kwfrmqdk;oGrf;aMumif;udk usrf;*efjyqkdonfrSmykwdrdp? ukoaua,me a&mOyed,Swd/ ukoord ykwd0g,wd? {0H Amvkyao0em/
a,mea&m- tMuifolonf? ykwdrdp? ykwfaomig;udk? ukoa*e- oref;jrufESifh? OyeD,Swd- xkyf\/
w- xdo
k l\ ukoor-d oref;jrufonfvnf;? ykw-d tykwfeHYudk? 0g,wd- vIdif\/ {0H- twl?
Avk0aoem- olrkdufESifhaygif;zufaomoldkUudk? 'XAm- rSwftyf\?
- [l vmygonf/ ,if;odkYvmonfudk ynm[ddkUqdkawmfrlMujyefonfum;rif;vnf;rif;Murf;? trwfoGrf;ESifh? tuRrf;rdwf0if? odkYwnf;vQifrl? jynfol&dyGwf? rif;wnf;jrwfu?

trwfxkdYwl? jynfolrdI;? ppfxdk;r[d? r&dow0g? &Dpmr,Sm;? cdk;om;ray:? jrifajrmfool? MunfjzLjrwfEdk;?

&Dcrdk;odkY/
- [l qdkygonf/ trsm;omrdutoQifrif;dkUrSm ynm&m tm"drvjzpf qkdvmaomoltm; &nfvm;wck?
vlrIw&yf? trwf*kPf&nf? qdkonfpum;? xdkav;yg;udk od&maomtaMumif; usrf;*efvmjyefonfum;uka'ordw? ukvkvukAE0H/ uk'g& uk'go? 'k&awmy&D0Za,m/
uka'o- raumif;aomt&yfukdvnf;aumif;? ukAE0- raumif;aomtqGDtrsdK;ukdvnf;aumif;?
uk'go- raumif;aomuRefudkvnf;aumif;? 'l&aum- 0D;pGm? y&D0Za,- a,SmifMuOf&m\/
odkY
avmuDavmukw&mESpfjzmaomtaMumif;
xHk;a[mif;usrf;*eftwGufESihfavQmufvwfaomf
awmifilrif;w&m;aTxD;onf tvGefBudKufawmfrl\/ odkYESihf trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfudk aTojymw&m?
aiGojymwaxmifqkyD;awmfrlonf/ jynfhoQifrif;odkYum;- apm&efEdkif[laomqifESihfjrif;ESpfpD;? qifpD;jrif;pD;
rif;0wfwefqmtpHkESihfyD;awmfrl\/
jynfhoQifrif;ygBuD;uvnf;
pyg;wodef;ig;aomif;yD;awmfrl\/
awmifilrif;w&m;aTxD;onf ou&mZf (908) ck? waygif;vqef; (9) &ufedwGif "n0wD&cdkifjynfrS
[Hom0wDaejynfawmfodkY jyefawmfrl\/
66
avQmufxHk;trSwf (22)
rif;zavmif;vufxuf NrdKUopfajymif;oifhrajymif;oihfavQmufxHk;/
rif;ygBuD;vGefNyD;aemuf rif;av;qufajrmuf? ou&mZf (933) ckESpfa&mufaomtcg rif;ygBuD;\om;awmf
cspfaESmif;rif;zavmif;onf rdzk&m;&SifvwfESifhtwl xD;rDGeef;rGDqufcHpdk;pHawmfrl&onf/ xdka&mtcgwedwGif
jynfhoQifomuD0ifrif;zavmif;udk [l;&mjzL [l;&m;dkdkUu avQmufxm;Muonf/ ]t&Sifrif;jrwf
ajrmufOD;NrdKUonf NrdKUoufukefjyD? "n0wDNrdKUa[mif;udkwnfawmfrloifhaMumif;} avQmufxm;onfukd
jynfhoQifrif;u
ajymif;vQifrnfodkYtusdK;tjypf[drnfudk
r;rwfuavQmufxm;&rnf/
trdefYawmf
[dvwfonf/ ,if;aomtcg trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;wifonfum;t&Sifrif;jrwf/
&Sdynm[ddkUqdkcaom
xD;eef;pdkuf&m
y#dlyusaom
pufav;yg;nDaom
atmifNrDr*Fvmt&yf NrdKUwnf xD;eef;pdkuf&aomf jrwfpGmbk&m;"gwfawmfrGDawmf? yd#uwfawmfusrf;*ef?
oDv0ef? *kP0ef? q&mrGef? q&mjrwf? r;rwfaumif;jynfhpHk omoemxGef;vif;jcif;? jynfoQifrif;bkef;
usufoa&wdk;jcif;? umVm0u? *a*F,s? wr? rd*Fv- paom qifq,frsdK;xuf wefcdk;vGefaom
q'efqifjzLa&mufawmfrljcif;?
ckESpfjynfaxmifaomrif;dkU
0yfpif;Munfdk
orD;&wem
qufoa&muf[djcif;?
aTaiGausmufoHywjrm;yGm;rsm;jcif;?
&efolrsdK;ig;yg;dkU
rzsufqD;Edkif&m?
&efrmefwumdkUudkatmifjrifjcif;? ynm&SddkUrSmaompum;xHk;yHkt&/ ]yw0dukrdr*Fv pukr[mvmb} [k
usrf;*efvnf; xGuf[dygonf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUwnfpuonf ,ckwdkif &efolzsufqD;Edkifbl;onfr[dyg/
xdkr*Fvmav;yg;jynfhpHkpGmESifh
wdkif;jynfom,m?
ow0gdkUNidrf;csrf;?
Owk&moDajymif;nD
omoemawmfxGef;vif;vQufyifjzpfygonf/ ow0gdkUw&m;vGwf rif;rorm pdk;vmaomNrdKUGmudk
ajymif;onfrlvQuf
om,mjrJr[kwf/
NrdKUajymif;rsm;vQif
jynfoldkUrD;odkYylonfom/
&Sdola[mif;tq&Sdygonf/ jidrf;csrf;om,mpGm jynfoldkUtm; &ifawmfom;uJhodkY tkyfpdk;pHawmfrlyg/
waMumif;rSmvnf;tmumrkd;vwf? euwfeDv? e0wm&m? oQpfjzmN*dKvfvm;? N*dK[fpm;? N*dK[fpk? OwkoHk;vD? &moDoHk;&yf?
eDMuyfvykwf? NrDvIyfawmfvJ? ewfyGJtajrmuf? ypfazmuftoH? OygysHESihf? onf;xefrdk;apG? eDvnf;ESpfpif;?
vwGif;Mu,fvm;? e*g;pufewf? awmifhcwfzDvm? ,MwmESihf? Zmwmpef;vuf? N*dK[fysufiSuf,kwf?

pkef;bkwfwpD? zGwf>rDysm;pGJ? NrDuGJwdrfckd? rdk;BudK;avmifrD;? &DpD;nmqef? jrwfrGefykxdk;? tcdk;a&mifjcnf?

xGufonfxHk;a[mif;? edrdwfaygif;rSm? avmuDomwnf;? ynma0zef? tjrifoefrS? okwu0d?
todajrmufjrm;? w&m;udk&m? vdrmedp? omrdeZmwf? xHk;rSwfoifhpG? oDv0rif;? ESvHk;oGif;odkY?
&efwif;rmefy,f? aysmuf&acsonf? rSefayrkcs? ,Gif;rcGqdkaompum;[dygonf/ avmuDrIqdkorQ? olawmfaumif;udk tjypfryEdkifyg[k trwfr[mynmausmf
avQmufvwf&m jynf&Sifrif;BuD;vnf; tvGefBudKufawmfrlvD\/ trwfBuD;odkY pm;aus;wNrdKU &rf;jAJi,fudk
xyfyD;awmfrl\/
68
avQmufxHk;trSwf (23)
&cdkifbk&if rif;zavmif;xHrS awmifilbk&if(bk&ifhaemif) ausmfxifaemf&xmxHodkY pmo0PfyD;ydkUjcif;/
wyifaTxD;rif;vGefNyD;aemuf ppfolBuD;ausmfxifaemf&xmonf awmifil[Hom0wDxD;eef;udk ou&mZf
(913-943)
&onf/
rif;ygBuD;vufxuf
&cdkifodkYa&mufpOf
rif;jzpfrnfa[mvdkufbl;aom
pMum0aw;yk
Pm;ukdqkyD;vdk arSmfydpm;ukdtac:pDvkdufonf/ rif;zavmif;BuD;onf arSmfydpm;ESihftwl
pMum0aw;yk
Pm;udk
xnfhawmfrlvdkufonf/
xkdpMum0aw;yk
Pm;ESifhtwl
bk&ihfaemif
ausmfxifaemf&xmxHokdv
Y nf; pmo0PfyD;ydkYvdkufonf/ o0PfpmrSm]kuow o[meD? ykykaum0aombwd/
e&ow o[meD? ly0aEm0aombwd/
lyowomeD? yn0aEm0aombwd/
,if;okdYusrf;*efvmonfESifhtnD wqifhxufwqifh
xdef;tyfaomw&m; rif;usifhruGm-

csrf;omvdkaomESvHk;oGif;vQuf

ow0gdkUtm;

]cEmedp c,awe? b ,awe 'kumpaw/

tewm tom&uawe? orZmaempy@dawma0yaomykeyKe/
ygVdawmft&lyuEm? a0'emuEm? onmuEm? ocFg&uEm? 0dnmPuEmdkUonfyx0D? tmayg? awaZm? 0ga,m?
"gwfav;yg;aygif;pnf;vQuf
rysufcdkifcefYaomowdaMumifh
oHo&mow0gdkU
0#fw&m;ukd
jrifvwfaomOmPfjzifh rnfolrjcm; &ifawmfom;uJhodkY o*F[w&m;vnf; udk,fjrJvQufaom
oabmtwdkif; tjcm;jynfaxmifrif;dkUrlvnf; ,if;odkYw&m;ruGm omoemawmfwnfygpDaom rdwm&Djzifh
ykdYavh[daom ajrmufOD;NrdKUaTeef;awmfBuD;oQifMum;vdkufonf/ [Hom0wDjynhfoQif tMunfawmf/
]ormowd tod*kPfawmfaMumifh opmav;yg;w&m;udk tvif;jrifawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
ukovm"rm? tukovm"rm tmPmynwf? ow0guGyf qHk;rawmfrlonf/ avmuDvnf;
wwdkif;wjynf tpdk;&rif;omvQif qif;&Jcsrf;om jynfolow0gdkUudkyEdkifrnf/ waMumif;rlvnf;rif;aumif;rS
trwfaumif;&monf?
trwfaumif;rSvnf;
jynfolaumif;&monf/
rif;trwfjynfolnDrSvnf; wdkif;jynfom,maMumif; xHk;a[mif;[donf/ odkY&mwGif trsm;omrdu rif;om
rlvt&if;jzpfacsonf/
trwfESihfjynfolnDrQpDumrl
rif;oGrf;rif;qdk;jim;vwfaomf
xdkYtwl
jynfoldkUqdk;aMumif; usrf;*efvmonfrSmvnf;ykwrd pu
H o
k a*e? a,mea&m Oye,Sw/d

ukomydykw0g,Ed? Z0HAmvkyao0em/
xdkodkYusrf;*efvmonfESifhtnD
rif;qdk;rif;oGrf;dkUtpdk;&aomt&yfXme
olawmfaumif;dkU
a,SmiftyfaomaMumifh r;aumif;rif;jrwf[daomwdkif;jynfodkY xdkolawmfaumif;ul;ajymif;oifhaMumif;/
rif;aumif;trwfaumif;dkUxdef;aomEdkifiH bk&m;omoemawmfwnfaMumif;udk usrf;*efvmonfrSmcrmZm*&d,kXmeeH? oH0dbma*g',duem/
em,u*kPm{aw? pdwAmowH*kaPm/
todcuf (odxdkuf) aomtaMumif;[donfjzpf Sdynm[ddkUqdkjyef&mum;rif;vnf;rif;Murf;? trwfoGrf;ESifh? tuRrf;rdwf0if? odkYwnf;vQifrl? jynfol&dyGwf? rif;wnfhrwfu?
trwfxdkYwl? jynfolrdI;? ppfxdk;r&Sd? r&dow0g? &Dpmr,Sm;? cdk;om;ray:? jrifajrmfool? MunfjzLjrwfEdk;?
&Dcrdk;odkY? jynfhzd;pHkvif? wdkif;cGiftjcm;? rif;wyg;vnf;? oem;rdwf0if? cspfcifav;jrwf? ESHrfhywfnmnD?
NrdKUeDjynfol? oQifvlaomif;aomif;? r*fvrf;aMumif;odkY? xHk;a[mif;rvyf? xHk;opfxyfvQuf? oQpf&yf'dom?
yGihfvif;omonf? urmpOfqufO'gef;wnf;/
70
[lynm[dpum;tvmudkaxmuf
tMunfawmfvnf;
rif;rnfumr[kwf?
rif;dkUtm;
ynmAv[doljzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif owdrvpfpD&mqkdaom &nfbGm;wck? jypfrIw&yf? trwf*kPf&nfdkUudk
odpDaomtaMumif;uka'eo? ukrw? ukvku? ukAE0H/
uk'g& uk'go? 'kkawm y&d0Za,m/
usrf;vmonfESifhtnD rif;aprif;oHk; rl;rwft*FgjynfhpHkpGmESifh- avmuDavmukw&m? ESpfjzmaom
tusdK;vSpDcsifaMumif;udk a&muf&if;rdwmwGifxyfum ydkYa&mufaMumif;Mum;vdkufygonftMunfawmf/
arSmfydpm;vnf;a&mufvwfvQif
pMum0aw;yk
Pm;ESihftwl
0ifcpm;onf/
bk&ifhaemif
ausmfxifaemf&xmonf qdkconfhtwdkif; aiGudk,fav;csdefESihf aTojymw&m? pMum0aw;yk
Pm;udk
qkyD;awmfrlonf/
ajrmufOD;jynfhoQifESihfwuG
jrif;pD;wefqmESihf
vufaqmifyD;vdkufNyD;?
pMum0aw;yk
Pm;udk jyefydkYvwfonf/
71
avQmufxHk;trSwf (24)
rif;zavmif;vufxuf Ovif;pm;ta&;wGif rif;tm;nTefjyonhfavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg
Ovif;pm;iaygifwdkudk
avQmufonfum;-

pdefwifpm;t&myD;rnf[daomf

trwfBuD;r[mynmausmf

toQifrif;jrwf/ Ovif;pm;iaygifwdkonf ppfxdk;rItvGefvdkonf/ tusdK;tjypfudk trSefodrnfrxifyg/

pdefwift&yfom;dkUonf
udkufwwfaomcGD;yrmjzpfonf/
xdkolESpfOD;dkUudk
twlrxm;oifhyg/
avQmufaomfvnf;
iaygifwdkorD;jroGifdkonf
rif;\udk,fvkyfawmfjzpf
trwfBuD;pum;ukd
,lawmfrrlbJ? Ovif;pm;iaygifwdkudk pdefwifpm;t&myD;awmfrlonf/ iaygifwdkvnf; pdefwifpm;t&mjzifh
pdefwifacsmif;odkY xGufvm;eDxdkif&m ckESpfv[drS? pdefwifacsmif;om;tdkif;rsm;ESifh jcm;em;vwfonf/
xdktaMumif;rsm;udk rif;BuD;odawmfrlvwfvQif trwfynmausmfavQmufonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ &mZmrif;dkUonf trpmeH- trwfdkUtm;? teD;t0D;xm;&m vnf;aumif;? aygoaum-

trsm;oldkUqdkvmaom pum;udkvnf;aumif;? emyduw H- qifjcifEIdif;dSrI r[drlvQuf? ewmwAHrdrdpdwftvdkry&m? oydcwp- qifjcifEIdif;SdNyD;rSomvQif? wmwAH- y&mqdk&m\/ wumwAHqifjcifaom oabmr[drlum;? oEmayg- rSm;aomtrIjzihf ysufpD;jcif;okdY? ba0- a&muf&\/
r[m&mZmb0oQifrif;jrwf? rEk0*- aumufaomoabm[dwwfaomolru
l m;? tv'owaygtukokdvftrIudktm;xkwfwwfaom
vif;uJ'l;AoQL;rsdK;onfvnf;aumif;?
ukv[dEukvm;?
wkwfrsdK;rsm;vnf;aumif;? {aw0- xdktrsdK;om;dkUonf rZygeH- oD&nfoD&ufaomufpm;jcif;?
ygPmwdygwmol\toufudk owfjzwfpm;wwf &ufpufjcif;yavh[daom ESvHk;pGJonfjzpf 0dy&dwm,azmufjyefaompdwfcdkifcefYjcif;ESihfom?
oA'gtcgcyfodrf;[dvwfonf/
r[m&mZmbkef;ormESihfjynfhpHkaom toQifrif;jrwf? tedXd- ,kwfaomtrIukdtvdktm;jzihfyaom? yk&doa,musfm;vnf;aumif;? Zm*H- oDvr[d oGrf;oGyf0efwdkaom? wd- rdrvnf;aumif;? rEmpxdk;uGif;qD;0g;rE&m;ukdtvdk[dwwfaom [l;&m;jzL[l;&m;dkdkUonf vnf;aumif;? 0D- oDpDwwfaom
tqdyfvnf;aumif;? od*- OD;N*dK[daomow0gvnf;aumif;? oayg- tqdyf[daom>rDvnf;aumif;?
Orwaum- tl;vnf;aumif? e'D- jrpfvnf;aumif;? ydaoe- xdkoldkUtm;,HkaomtrIjzifh?
aemyyZaw- rytyf/ wom- yZmaMumifhenf;[lrlum;? O'kr&yawm- &Dozef;oD;onf? Am[d&mty? &war0- ta&miftqif;[d\/ taEm- twGif;rlum;? udrdvdorKE- ydk;aumiftrsm;
pufqkwfzG,f[douJhodkY? 'kZe[',- ol,kwfdkUonmonf/ etwd- tusdK;r[d? bdZeH- ysufpD;wwf\/
y@dawm- ynm[daomoldkUtodrlum;? ol&da,- eDonf? 0dy&dwm,- azmufjyefojzifh? ypdrbma*taemufrsufESmu? O',wd- xGufay:&m\/ arkjrihfrdk&fawmifonf? 0dy&dawe- azmufjyefojzihf?
erwd- Gwf&m\/ w'd- tu,frvGJ? e&*d- i&JrD;onf? odwvd- csrf;ajrh&m\/ y'krm- Mumyef;onf?
yAwa*- awmifxdyfay:? 0dua- yGifh&m\/ om"k0gpm- olawmfaumif;dkUpum;onf? uk'gpeHw&HwqpfrQ? e0dy&daw- raygufvD/ aoav- awmifrnfumrQ? rPdausmufjrwfonf? ewd- r[d/
0aZ- qifrnfumrQ? rkwm*ZH- qifjzLr[kwf/ 0ae- awmrnfumrQ? epEe-pEul;r[d/ rEkavlrnfumrQ/ ey@dawm- ynm[dr[kwf/ r[m&mZme-toQifrif;jrwf/ avmau- avmu? bduK&[ef;onf toEKXm- vdkcsifwwfomtrIdkUudk yojzifhvnf;aumif;? ukv'l o[m- tmywf
toufrGD;jcif;vnf;aumif;? ywwfaom tMuif&[ef;onf? oEmayg- rSm;aomtjypf[djcif;aMumifh
ysufpD;&m\? &mZmaeyd- rif;dkUrSmvnf;? em&HeH- rdrpum;udkem;axmifjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;?
[Detmrapm- rif;rSm;pDrIywwfaomtrwf,kwfESifh vdkufoihfa&maESmjyKwwfjcif;vnf;aumif;? tZ,Hratmiftyfoltm;?
Z,Hatmifjcif;trIudkywwfjcif;vnf;aumif;?
womxdkodkY
oabmtusihf[daom? &mZm- rif;onf? oEmayg- rSm;aomtrIjzifh ysufpD;jcif;odkY? ba0- a&muf\/
rmwm[de- trd,kwfaomom;orD;dkUonfum;? okbmodawm- aumif;aomtrIdkUudk? eyam,srywwfNyD/ ydwm[d He- tb,kwfaomom;orD;dkUrlum;? yumraum- ig;yg;oDvdkUudk?
eya,s- rapmifhrusifhvGefpGmoGrf;ojzifh? t0dZmrIudkjyKwwf\/ 0dom "karm- rdbr,kwf?
ykwtwdZmawm- jrihfjrwfaomom;dkUrlum;? a,m- tMuifolonf? orK'meH- bk&m;avmif;yrm
olwumxufxl;aomtMuHvnf;aumif;?
trEkypolwyg;dkUrjyKEdkifaomtrIudkvnf;aumif;?
trEkrp- olwyg;rjrifEdkifaomtrIudkvnf;aumif;? urawm- aqmifwwfjrifwwf\/ wmeda0t"GefYSnfaomtrIdkUudk aqmifwwfjcif;[d\/
a,m- tMuifoljrwftm;? AEKrdwH- tqGDcifyGef;aumif;? tem*wH- aemifyGihftyfaom bk&m;avmif;om/
xdkolonf? temva0g- rjrifaom? tva'g- pOf;vJtMuHynmOmPfvnf; olwyg;xuf
omvGefwwfaom? wdyeH- qef;Mu,faompum;udkvnf;qdkwwfaom? wxm*wm- vmjcif;aumif;aom
oldkUtm; ynmo0da'g- qifjcifod&maomtaMumif;rlvnf;? O'au- &Dwdrf&Deufudk odvdkaomf?
ukrk'rmvH- Mumdk;MumpG,fukdjrifojzihfod&monf/ yx0DyrmeH- NrDaumif;raumif;ukd odvdkaomf?
wdxmrdvmuH- NrDZmjrufukdjrifojzifhod&m\/
ukvZmwH-

trsdK;jrwfoltm;odvdkrl?

0dea,

A[kokw

ynmAvH/

A[kok-

olYxufvGef

tusdK;udkaqmifGufwwfjcif;/ ynmAvH- ynmtm;BuD;jcif;/ a,m- tMuifolonf? ukvZmawmolYxufjrihfjrwfaomoldkUtm;? ok&udawm- aumif;pGmapmihfwwf\/ t'Kaem- rdrdukd,f? 'kudawmtu,fqif;&JtHh/ wdedurH- ,kwfaomtrIudk? ebmaZ,- rjyKrusifhrajymrqdkjyD? wH- xdkolonf?
ar"g0d- ynm[d[l? an,s- od&m\/
&mZmaem- rif;dkUonf? aum,marm0- w,HomvQif? aoa,sm- tdyfpuf&m\/ MwdwrHoHk;,Haomfum;? A[l- rsm;aomjynfolow0gdkUom,mjcif;ukdvnf;aumif;? oHom&0#'kuawmoHo&m0#f'kurS xGufajrmuf&maomw&m;udv
k nf;aumif;? 0g,arm- vHkYvxkwfeD&m\/
trapm- trwfonfum;? a'G,mar- ESpf,HomvQif? aoa,sm- tdyfpuf&m\/ a'Gy&H- ESpf,Hrlum;
qkdcNyD;aomtrIudkvnf;aumif;?
qdk&tHhaomtrIudkvnf;aumif;?
rdrdtusifhoDvjrJpDaomtrIudk
vnf;aumif;? 0g,arm- vHkYvjyKeD&m\/
oA- cyfodrf;aomoldkUrSmum;? wd,marm- oHk;,HomvQif? oa,smtdyf&m\/ {awm-w,Hrlum;?
orm0g,arm- aumif;aomtoufrGD;jcif;udkESvHk;oGi;f vQuf rdrdoDvjzifh NrJpD&maomvHkYvjzifheD&m\/
pwktae urawm- av;,HvHk;tdyfaomolrlum;? Orwawm? tl;vnf;aumif;? ,mpaumawmif;pm;wwfaom? ,mpum- vnf;aumif;? rZygeH- aomufwwfaomolonfvnf;aumif;? BwdxdkoHk;rsdK;aomfum;? pwk- av;,HvGefpGmtdyfwwf\/
Xme- tMuifXmet&yf? &mZokn- rif;onfpdk;rdk;tHh? om&mZm- tMuifrif;onf? ynmo0Hynmr[djcif;aMumifh? ya&oH- olwyg;dkUpum;udk? cavcav- ,kHrSm;wwf\/ yk&douKwd vmbH/
yk&doH- a,musfm;vnf;aumif;? wd- rdrvnf;aumif;? "eH- OpmyD;onf[daomf? vmbHvmbfudkcH,lwwf\/ ewxm*awm- vmjcif;raumif; xdkrif;dkUpdk;aomt&yf? twdwH- tyif? ywdtGuf? zvHtoD;dkUonf rzGHYNzdK;t&omr[d&m/ 0oaEm- rdk;onfvnf;? eurwd- rnDrGwf[d&m\/
0wH- rTD;&eHUdkUonfvnf;enf;ukef\/
r[m&mZm- toQifrif;jrwf/ ola&- ol&Jaumif;udkvdkaomf? 'oyl&doH- wusdwfaoma,musfm;?
{awm- wa,mufaomolonf? ola&m- ol&aJ umif;udk&ygtHh/ y@dawm- ynm[drlum;?
o[aok- waxmifaomolSmaomfvnf;? {aum- wa,mufaomolukd? Zm,awm- MuHjcif;iSm?
ewd- yZmrSm&tHhenf;/ Amavm- tMuifolrdkufonf? ,m0ZD0H- toufxufqHk;? y@dwH- ynm[dESihf?
ywdlyowd- aygif;zufrdaomfvnf;? Amavm- vlrkdufonf? "rH- w&m;ukd? udZmemwd- yZmrSm
od&tHhenf;/
y@dwmynm[ddkUrlum;?
tw"eHukd,fOpm,Sm;yg;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;?
raem'kuHESvHk;qif;&Jjcif;ukdvnf;aumif;? trEkZmeH- olrdkufvSnfhpm;aompum;ukd vdkufemjcif;vnf;aumif;/
em&dykwnmwumeHom;r,m;rdbqGDrsdK;dkUqdk;oGrf;aom
trIwdudkvnf;aumif;?
twa'goHrdrda'go[djcif;ukdvnf;aumif;? ya&m- olwyg;dkUtm;? eZnm- rodpD&m/ y&- olwyg;\? a'goHa'goudk&m? Znm- odpD&m\/ t'EH- r,Ofaus;aomoltm;? "eH- OpmyD;urf;ajrmufjrifh
,Ofaus;pD&m\/ a'goH- a'gotrsufBuD;aomoltm;? tvD- csDyifhajymqdkjcif;jzihf ,Ofaus;pD&m\/
umau- usD;rsm;tv,f? omr*Fg- [oFmiSufonf? eaombwd- rwifhw,f? a*gaPmEGm;dkUtv,f? oD[&mZm- jcaoFhrif;onf? eaombwd- rwihfw,f/ AmvmeH-olrdkufdkUtv,f?
y@dawm- ynm[donf? eaombwd- rwifhw,f/
tEk'um- &Dr[daom? e'D- jrpfonf? eaomwwd- rwifhw,f/ wd- rdrdkUonf? tomrdumvifr[drl? eaombwd- rwihfw,f? yk&daom- a,musfm;onf? tb&d,m- r,m;r[du? eaombwdrwifhw,f/ &mZm- rif;dkU? etrapmAvH- ynmtm;[daomtrwfr[du? eaombwd- rwihfw,f/
trap- trwfvnf;? ynmo0H- qef;us,faomOmPfynmr[du? eaombwd- rwifhw,f/ &mZmeH-

rif;vnf;? em&Dp- rdrtvdkodkYvkdufojzifh? eaombwd- rwifhw,f/ wd- rdrdkU? lyHtqif;[dvQufESifh? Zm*H- tusihfr[du? eaombwd- rwihfw,f/ bduL- &aoh&[ef;dkU? crmonf;cHjcif;r[daom&[ef;onf? eaombwd- rwifhw,f/ kum- opfyifdkUonf? eywd- tGufr[du?
eaombwd- rwifhw,f/ rkw*ZH- qifjzLjzpfvQuf? c&o- Murf;wrf;ojzifh? eaombwd- rwihfw,f/
em0gavmif;vSDdkU? ey'H- wufr[du? eaombwd- rwifhw,f/ o*F- OD;N*dK[daomow0gdkU eo*FOD;N*dKr[du? eaombwd- rwihfw,f/ r[m&mZm- toQifrif;jrwf? rEkmeH- vldkUvnf;aumif;?
a'0geD- ewfdkUvnf;aumif;? Ak'omoeH- w&m;MoZmt&omxuf? 0&H- jrwfjcif;onf? ewdr[d/
ynmo0H- ynmOmPf[dxdk;xGif;odjrifwwfaomolxuf? 0&H- jrwfjcif;onfvnf;? ewd- r[d/
pwkopH- av;wefaomopmpum;xuf? 0&H- jrwfjcif;onf? ewd- r[d/ tworH- udk,fxuf,Hkoihf
cspftyfoihfaomolvnf;? ewd- r[d/
xdkodkY xHk;oufoDESihf trwfBuD;avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;BuD;trdefYawmf[donfum;iaygifwdk\tbrSmjyL? trdaomfum;ukvm;? jyLukvm;a&maESmonfhom;? oif;bD;bdk;dkUonfvnf;
r;rsdK;rwfrsdK;r[kw?f oif;tbiESKd;onf crnf;awmfbk&m; ukvm;jynfukdodrf;awmfrlaomumvrS
trIxrf;vdkaMumif;avQmufaomf
tjyefwGif
xrf;&nfudkaumuf
dk;pm;t&myD;awmfrlonf/
oifhtbtoHk;&aomaMumifh oif;udkaus;GmyD;onf/ odkY&mwGif oif;ukd ZmokdYy&rnfrD;aomftrwfBuD;avQmufjyefonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/
olrkdufukdEdkifvdkrlajrmufjrihf?
Sdola[mif;dkUpum;twdkif;om
iaygifwdkudk
ajrmufjrihfawmfrl&ygrnf/ avQmufvwfvQif- jynfhoQifrif;BuD;uvnf; &mZy&d,m,fjzifh NrdKUopfpm;odkY
pmyD;awmfrlNyD;rS pdefwifpm;iaygifwdkudk NrdKUopfpm;t&m aus;BuD;GmBuD;yD;awmfrlonfh trdefYawmf
tyfaawmfrlvD&m? iaygifwdkum;ajrmuf tvHk;t&if;rsm;NyDBuHvQuf NrdKUopfudkodrf;rnf[k AdkvfNcDESihf
vm;vD\/ NrdKUopfpm;vnf;? &JrufESpfoif;cGJNyD;? toifhxm;&m iaygifwdkudk vmvrf;uqD;vdkYzrf;\/
iaygifwdkudk
NrdKUopfpm;zrf;rdNyD;?
jynfhoQifodkYqufydkYvSmonf/
,if;aomtcg
iaygifwdkukd
pD&ifrnf[donfwGif trwfBuD;avQmufjyefonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ uRefiaygifwdkukd q,fESpfausmf Ovif;acsmif;pm;yD;xm;onfhumv rnfodkYrQ
taMumif;r[dyg/ wef&mwGifrxm; vGefxm;acsaomaMumihf iaygifwdk rmefajrmufjcif;&m jzpfygonf/
teDtxm;
tpm;aus;GmoihfawmfrS
tSnfojzihf
aus;uReftoHk;&awmfrlygrnf/
vlESihfrwef
vGefvQufyacsaomf uRefudktoQifpD&if&ojzihf aus;uRefukefygrnf/ iaygifwdkudk toQifrif;jrwf
tajrmufvGef
iaygifwdk
rmefvGefonfhtrIomjzpfygonf/
avQmufvwfaomfiaygifwdkukd
csrf;omyD;awmfrl? om;r,m;pnf;pdrfESihfwuG trwfBuD;vufodkY tyfwmfrl\/
77
avQmufxHk;trSwf (25)
rif;zavmif;vufxuf rkpm;ipeDtm; tjypfrSvGwfpDaomavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcgrlvnf; jynfhoQifrif;BuD;onf i,fuRefipeDudk rkpm;t&myD;awmfrlonf/ ipeDonf
pm;aus;rkodkYxGufvm;vDaomtcg rif;oHk;rif;aqmif aTuGrf;csyfudkaqmifpm;oHk;onf/ xdktaMumif;ukd
rif;BuD;Mum;odawmfrl&m
ipeDudkac:awmfrlonf/
aus;pm;t&mrSEIwfNyD;vQif?
rif;ryD;rlvQuf
rif;oHk;rif;aqmifudkoHk;onf/ tjypfvdkufpD&ifrnf[&d m trwfBuD;r[mynmausmf avQmufonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ tebdud- obifonfvnf;aumif;? uwywm- owfykwfjcif;udktvdk[daom
olvnf;aumif;?
ynmo0Hxdk;xGif;odwwfaomynmr[d/
qdkrdqdk&mESihf
olYtwif;udk
ykwfcsajymwwfolvnf;aumif;?
Ak'omoeHomoemh0efxrf;&[ef;jzpfvQuf
xdk;xGif;vufzGJU?
qD;0g;rE&m;udkavhvmaom &[ef;vnf;aumif;? trapm- trwfjzpfvQuf rif;oHk;rif;aqmifudk

tvdk[djcif;vnf;aumif;? rZygeH- oD&nfoD&ufBudKufwwfaom olvnf;aumif;? &mZmrif;\tcspfudk

,Hkaomolvnf;aumif;? o*F- OD;N*dK[daomow0gwdESifh a&maESmuRrf;0ifywwfaomolvnf;aumif;?
tX- xdkoQpfa,mufaomoldkUonf? Orwaum- oll;tESrf;yifwnf;/
&mZmAvHwkorapm a00awm/
&mZmrif;dkU? AvH- tm;y&aom? a00awm- ewfESihfwlaom? pwk- av;a,mufaom
0if;r;trwfdkUomvQif? oHvQufvufpGJ? &mZm- rif;eDaomeef;awmfodkY 0ifpD&monf/ A[kokw
avmuDynmudkvdkaomf? 0dZmrEmefukdwwfaomolxH qnf;uyf&monf/ &mZrap- rif;tcspfudkvdkrl?
pm*awm- rif;BudKufaomtrIudk Gufaqmif&monf/ oap- olwyg;dkUrlum;? ayoaeapyg;aomtcGifh? Zmae,s- pHkprf;qifjcif&monf/
toQifrif;jrwf/
teD;xm;tyfaomol?
t0D;vTwftyfaomol?
xdkESpfOD;
t0D;xm;oifholtm;
tyg;teD;xm;vwfaomf rif;&dyfrif;jcnf? rif;eDrif;vm;? rif;yg;ruRrf;? a[mh&rf;oGrf;oGyfay&monf/
teD;xm;oihfoltm;
t0D;xm;vwfaomfrif;uRrf;0if
rqifrjcif
usihfwwfygonf/
Sdynm[ddkUpum;wGif rif;uvGefaomf rmefukdodrf;oifhaMumif;qdkygonf- avQmufvwfvQif ipeDudk
tjypfrScsrf;omyD; twGif;oHk;NrJoHk;awmfrlonf/
79
avQmufxHk;trSwf (26)
olrdkufdkUpum;ukd r,HktyfaMumif;avQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg
jynfhoQifrif;zavmif;onf
dk;uRef;odkYqifzrf;rnfxGufawmfrlonf/
rif;BuD;onf
qifawmfewfoQifaemifudkpD; qifdkif;udkzrf;tHhaomiSm awmawmiftESHUvSnfhywfvD&m tpmrGwfodyf
yifyef;awmfrlonf/ xdka&mtcg trwfBuD;onf &DNrDhrif;dkU qifjciftyfaomt&mudk xkwfazmfjyo
rif;BuD;xH avQmufxm;onfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ &DNrDudktpdk;&aomrif;dkUonf qifxdef;? jrif;xdef;? obifonf? rkqdk;? wHigdkUESihf
tuRrf;r0if&m? y&H- olwyg;dkU aoG;aqmif&mt&yfodkUvnf;aumif;? y&H- olwyg;dkUqdkvmaom
pum;vnf;aumif;? r,Hkrvm;&m/ olwxl;pum;ukd ,HkaomtrIaMumifh toufrGD;,kwfaom
rkqdk;wHigrSwHkvnf; rSm;aMumif;xHk;a[mif;[dygonf/
rElu
vufyef;onfa,musfm;onf
vufyef;ynm
t*FgpHkwwfoljzpfvQuf
Ava'0ESihf
qdkifydifMurnf[d&m o0efwdk[laomtrwfu qD;0g;yD;vwfonf/ xkdqD;udk,Hkojzihf ayghavQmhacs
Ava'0owfaom'PfaMumihf yGJtwGif; "EluoDqHk;&zl;onf/
rp&d,- wHigrlvnf; tcgcyfodrf; rdrdydkufcsufudk tvdk[daomumv wHigwOD;vSnfhjzm;OmPfjzihf
ig;trsm;udkavmif;wif rp&d,- wHigtdrfqdyo
f dkYvdkufvmonf/ rp&d, wHigu rnfonhft&yfu
vmoenf; rD;vwfaomf **Fgjrpf0 ydkufcwfaumif;&caMumif; vSnfhzsm;ajymvwfonf/ xdkwHig
vSnfhjzm;ajymaompum;udk rp&d, wHig,Hkvwf rdk;xufapmapmx wynfhig;&mESihfvm;vDNyD;
**Fgjrpf0wGif ydkufcsvwfonf/ yifv,f vdIif;wHydk;BuD;pGmjzpfvwf rp&d,wHigESihf wynhfig;&mdkU
oDqHk;Mu&onf/
t,kZyl&wdkif;
'Gg&m0wDNrdKUu
ZrL'Dygudktpdk;&aom
'obmwdunDaemifwusdyfdkUonf
ysufcsdefeD;vwfaomf trwf,kwf *Hk;acsmpum;udk,HkrdMuonf/ nDaemifwusdyfdkUonf &DuZmwf&m
trwf,kwf\*Hk;acsmpum;ukd,Hkojzifh tcsif;csif;owfykwfMu oDqHk;bl;onf/

,if;odkYxHk;a[mif;[donfjzpf trIwumukd ,kwm,kwdudk rdrdOmPfjzifh qifjcifNyD;rSwzef ynm[ddkUESihf

dSjyef&monf/
olrdkuftrsm;
qdk;aumif;ajrmufjrifh
ESdrfhcsqdkaomfvnf;?
tusdK;tjypfr[d?
ynm[dwa,muf
tjypfudkaMumufvQuf
tusdK;vdkqdkonfudk&m
tvdkdStyfygonf/
xdkodkU
xHk;a[mif;[donfESifhtnD Sdynm[ddkUqdkcaompum;rlvnf;tMuifol? vlUyuwd? rrdSnfMum? rdpmZD0? vHk;yrf;Mu? tprxif? cspfoQifjrwfzsm;? bk&m;omoem?
a&mif0gr0if;? tvif;raESm? oabmrukef? olYbHkewf&yf? Murmwwfrif;? aESmiftdrfwGif;odkY? ruif;Zmwd?
rdrdcEm? ol&m,pfrsdK;? ig;yg;qkd;vnf;? rdIl;ruH? awmjcKHydwfaygif;? wPSmacsmif;wGif? Oaumif;rGef;epf?
topfopfom? 0dnmOf{uef? trSefwyfvQOf? oHa,mZOfvnf;? r,SOfaomtm;? uHoHk;yg;rl?
wef;cg;[if;vif;? om;csif;csif;jzihf? ESdrfeif;wwfpGm? ow0gudk? ynma0zef? tjrifoefrS? olYOmPfolY*kPf?
rokefrzsif;?
tvif;0dZm?
oHo&m?
zDvmrvm;?
oHk;yg;AdEK?
v[ko&?
trSwftajc?
nmPf&nfnmPfoGD;? qdk&D;vdrm? olYykpmukd? vG,fumajz&? wcPcsif;? r<uif;odrl? olwa,mufyif?
csDrGrf;vQifrS? vlwGifvljrwf? ewfum;Munfdk? r*fzdk&aMumif;? qkrawmif;vnf;? vHk;aygif;NyD;pD;?
qk&NyD;wnhf? xHk;rSD;usrf;vm? odkYt&mwGif? ynmrajymif? arm[aqmif? oHaMumify'? y&rdkU?
a'goxlxl? jiLplapmif;ajrmif;? raumif;pdkuf? olrdkufuka#? oacFsocsFm? nDnmajrmufjrihf? wjzifhpkwfiJh?
uJh&JUcsKwfcs? qdkjyefuvnf;? jrLrQroef;? rEGrf;pD&m? Oyrmum;? **Fg&DaMum? wdkufvGihfarsmonfh?
oabFmxdkvrf;? qdyfurf;rjrif? yifv,fjyif? ZmwGifZmodkU? a&mufzdkUoenf;/ toJ<uDvk? wkkESihf?
Adkvfxkrsm;pGm? vlwumxuf? oDwmjrpfvrf;? odEdkifpGrf;onf? ajzmifhwef;rwdrf;? Gufodrf;GufzGifh?
qdkufoifht&yf?
vDuyfvDaMumif;?
rapmif;&atmif?
aqmifEdkifoltm;?
wa,mufom;&m?
xifSm;ausmf[def? rmvdefac:Mu? xdkESifhqaomf? Z*Fvom;? w&m;ZmrSm? odEdkif&mvdrfh? rdpmdkUuH?
avmbvQHonf? riHynma[mh&rf;wnf;/
olrdkufdkUvuPm usrf;*efvmonfrSmvnf;a'gaomtwH eZmemwd? arma[m"rH eywd? tworHeZmemwd? ,xm,a'gaom a,mAmavm
trEkAmavm/
- [lvQuf olrdkufdkUpum;ukd r,HktyfaomtaMumif; xHk;a[mif;usrf;*efESihf
jynfhoQifrif;BuD;vnf; Munfdkawmfrl&um; aTuGrf;csyfudk yD;oem;awmfrl\/
82

avQmufvwfaomf

avQmufxHk;trSwf (27)
tusihfysufrdzk&m; oQifaESmif;ta&;wGif u,fraomavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcgrlvnf; ajrmufrdzk&m;oQifaESmif;onf rdrp dk;armfvdyf ukvm;wa,mufudkqD;yD; t*FgpHktcg
,Ofyg;Muonf/
xdktcg
rdpmewf
eef;odkY0ifajcmufvSefYonf/
vihfaumifydk;iSufqdk;onf
rif;pufawmfac:aom taqmifodkY0ifjrnfonf/ rif;oHk;rif;aqmifusdK;ysufonf/ xdktaMumif;ukd
rif;BuD;rD;awmfrl&m trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ bD;awmf&mZdErif;onf O,smOfodkYxGufawmfrl&m? &xm;awmf0ifdk;usdK;vwfonf/
xkdtaMumif;udk trwfBuD;pdw0&avQmufvwfonfhxHk; tqdkaomfum;&mZma'0D- rif;rdzk&m;dkUonfvnf;aumif;? &mZykwd- rif;\om;orD;awmfdkUonfvnf;aumif;? [daee,kwfaom? ukave- trsdK;ESihf? oHcgaowda&m- ,Sufaygif;azmfrdtHh/ &anm- rif;\? y&dabma*gtoHk;taqmifonf? bdZwd- usdK;ysuf,Gif;,dkwwf\/ rdpma'0g'a,m- rormaom rdpmewfqdk;?
vifhaumifydk;iSufqdk;ponfdkUonf?
&mZeda0oeHrif;\eD&meef;awmfwdkufcef;odkY?
y0Dowd0ifa&mufwwf\/

odkYavQmufvwfrl xdkrif;BuD;&mZdEonf rnfodkYrqdkeDawmfrl rif;\y&d,m,fjzifh pl;prf;awmfrl&m

orD;awmfok0P
ukrm&Donf apmif;orm;ESihf,Ofyg;aMumif; odawmfrl\/
83
odkYxHk;a[mif;vmonfukdaxmufvQif ,ckvnf;taMumif;xifvmjyefonf/ eef;oldkU odumrxdef;qdk&ef
[dacsNyDxifygonf[kavQmufvwfaomf rif;BuD;vnf;cyfrqdwfeDawmfrl\/ taMumif;ukd pHkprf;awmf
rlaomtcg
rdzk&m;ESifhukvm;rSm;aMumif;odawmfrl\?
xdktaMumif;udk
trwfBuD;odkYjyefqdkawmfrl&m
trwfBuD;avQmufaomxHk;rlum;bkef;usufoa&BuD;jrwfawmfrlaomtoQifrif;BuD;/ &Sdynm[ddkUqdkcaom usrf;*efvm[donfrSmwd- rdrdkUonf? 0garm&ma*g'- &m*udkvHkUvxkwfjcif;? yl&daom- a,musfm;xwf? a'G*kPHESpfqvGef\/ y'k&myd- pOf;vJjcif;aumufaomOmPfum;? pwk*kaPm- av;qvGef\/ cavcvywwfaomtrIdkUum;? q*kaPm- ajcmufqvGef\/ umr*kaPm- umr*kPfwyfrufjcif;jzpfonfum;?
tX*kaPm- oQpfqvGef\/ oAe'D- cyfodrf;aomjrpfdkUonf? 0uF- aumufauGYvQuf&m [donf\?
oA0em- cyfodrf;aomawmokdY? uk- opfyifdkUonf? 0uF- aumufauGU\/ oaAcyfodrf;ukefaom? wd- rdrdkUonf? {uae0- rdrdtvdk[d&m wa,mufaomolESihfwGdvQif? 0*aumufauGUazmufjyefwwf\/ ,if;okdY usrf;*efvmygonf/
w&m;awmfrSmvnf; opmav;yg;wGif ork',opmonf wPSmtjrpf? xdkork',opmwPSm\tjrpfudk
rjzwfEdkifMu ow0gdkUoHo&mSnfonf/ xdkodkYrdkufrSm;vQuf tpOfvmcaom- t0dZmESihfwPSm
rlvobm0dkUaMumifhyMuaom
xdkoldkUtjypfudk
xdkoldkUESihfaysmufpD&ygrnf/
w&m;vdrmaom?
ynm[daomolawmfaumif;rnfonf olwxl;yaomtjypfudkodaomfvnf; jyefyjcif;r[d? olYxkdufoluH
[doifhygonfavQmufvwfaomf jynhfoQifrif;BuD;vnf; xkdolESpfOD;udk rnfodkYtjypfryD;? rdzk&m;ESihfukvm;ukd
rmefatmifuRef;odkY ykdUxm;HkrQom yawmfrlonf/
84
avQmufxH;k trSwf (28)
rif;\om;awmfvwf oHawmifpm; tjypfusL;vGef&mwGifavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg
om;awmftvwf?
oHawmifpm;ipkefonf
oHawmifGmtonfom;wa,mufukd
toDowfvwfonf/ xdktaMumif;ukd rif;BuD;Mum;odvD\/ xkdtcgrif;BuD;u oHawmifpm;ipkefi,fonf
jynfoldkUtm;EdSyfpufowfjzwf&m rnfodkYpD&ifxHk;[doenf;[k trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfodkY rD;awmfrlonf/
,if;aomtcg trwfBuD;avQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/
om;awmfoHawmifpm;onf
crnf;awmftmPmukdNydKifvQuf?
tmPmykdif
tpdk;&yonfw&yf?
aemifawmfrsm;rjyKusifh0HhaomtrIudk
yusifhonfjzpf
aemifawmfrsm;udk
usL;vGefonfvnf;wjypf? r;rwfjynfoldkUudk rcefYrav;qdk;oGrf;onfvnf;wcsuf? jynfhoQifrif;rSwyg;
jynfoldkUZd0dwda`Eukd rydkifacs/ SdxHk;[dvQufrwnf/ SdxHk;pHa[mif;rsm;ukdzsuf usihfonfvnf;wrI?
odkYtjypfav;yg;xkdufaom om;awmfjzpfygonf/ avQmufvwfaomf pm;aus;NrdKUGmOpm aus;uRefrsm;ukd
odrf;vwfonf/ 0rf;0HkESihf NrHKdkUeD&yf r&dyfacsmif;nma0vmawmifodkU om;awmfoHawmifpm;ukd
ydkUawmfrlonf/
85
avQmufxHk;trSwf (29)
olXD;cGefomBuD; om;orD;trGDr jzwfxHk;/

rif;zavmif;BuD;pdk;pHpOf
rkd;pJuRef;wGif
olXD;cGeo
f mBuD;oDveG fonf/
xdktcg
wrdwnf;om;
a,musfm;ig;a,muf?
rduGJom;orD;ESpfa,muf
usef[dconf/
xdkom;orD;ckESpfa,mufdkU
trGDcGJa0rIw&m;ukd w&m;olBuD;av;OD;pD&ifcsufESihfrNyD;vdkMu jynfhoQifrif;BuD;xH t,lcHrI0ifa&muf
avQmufxm;vmMuonf/
jynhfoQifrif;BuD;onf
trIudk
ukd,fwdkifqHk;jzwfawmfrrl?
trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfokdY vTJtyfqHk;jzwfpDawmfrlonf/ xdktcg trwfBuD;pD&ifqHk;jzwfonfhxHk;rlum;w&m;olBuD;wdpD&ifaom "rowfxGuf tedrfhtjrihf tcGJt0D[lorQwGif trSm;wap&mrsm;onf/
xdk"rowfpmukd Sdynm[ddkUpGefYcaMumif; usrf;*efvmonf/ trSefudkodwwfqdkwwfrS ynm"rowfrSef
jzpfonf/ xdkpm"rowfrsm;rSm onmtu&mrQ&m trSm;rsm; trSefenf;onf/ taMumif;rlvnf;?
tu,f olXD;cGefomBuD;onf olykefoluefyvQuf toQifrif;BuD;tm;jypfrSm;vwfaomf? r,m;BuD;om;?
r,m;i,fom;[l trGDpm;"rowfxGuftvdkuf cJGjcm;NyD; tjypfryD;acs? om;csif;twl om;oDvnf;oD?
&Sifvnf;SifavQmuf? rif;jypfa&muf&onf/ xdkodkYaomtaMumif;aMumifh rdbqdk;oGrf;vD&m om;orD;dkU
Zd0dwda`ErSwHkaomfvnf; uif;&onf/ xdkodkUqdk;rGDcH&aomxHk;[dvQuf? aumif;rGDvnf; xdkenf;twl&m
cH,lMupD/ pD&ifvwfaomf EGDumvpifjzpfvQuf rdk;BuD;onf;xefpGmGmvDaomaMumifh jynfhoQifrif;BuD;u
trwfBuD;odkY ywjrm;vufpGyfwuGif; w&m;qkcsDjrifhyD;oem;awmfrlonf/
86
avQmufxHk;trSwf (30)
jynfolqif;&Jom;dkUtrGDukd rif;dkU cHoifhrcHoifhavQmufxHk;/
rif;zavmif;BuD;vufxufawmf w&Haomtcgrlvnf;? ppfwaumif;NrdKUwGif olXD;OD;pD&mvD oDvGef\/
xdkaomtcg ppfwaumif;NrdKUpm;vma&mufNyD; OD;pD;&mvDwGif trGDcHom;NrD;r[daMumif;avQmufxm;onf/
jynfhoQifrif;BuD;u jynfolqif;&Jom;dkUtrGDukd rif;cHpm;oihfonf? rcHpm;oifhonfukd trwfBuD;tm;
rD;awmfrlonf/ xdktcg trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/
bk&m;avmif;rif;aumif;rif;jrwf?
omuD0ifEG,fawmfpOfvmtaMumif;
xHk;a[mif;usrf;*ef[dygonf/ jynfoldkUvkyfcGex
f Guf q,fbdkUwbdkYudk&m rif;dkUb@mcHxkdufaMumif;
SdtrSm[dygonf/ jynfolomrdu cwd,tpdk;&onfh &DNrDoQifjzpfvQuf rif;rsdK;r[kwfaomoldkU\trGDukd
cH,lxHk;r[dyg/ &DNrDydkifrif;jzpfvQuf qif;&Jom;dkUtrDGukdcH,lcDaomf? 0dvkyE- vk,ufzsufqD;
rif;rlaomrif;rsdK;dkU
cH,laomxHk;vnf;
usrf;*efwGifqdkvQuf[dygonfavQmufvwfaomf
jynfhoQifrif;jrwftrdefYawmf[donfum;]igdkUrSmvnf;om;NrD;r[drl
rif;qGDrif;rsdK;dkU
rif;dk;rysuf
xD;eef;wuf&onf/ qif;&Jom;dkUrSmvnf; xkdokdYtavQmuf om;NrD;r[drl? qGDrsdK;trGDcH&monf/
olXD;OD;pD&mvDtrDGudk qGDrsdK;dkUucH,lpDtrdefYawmf[dvwfaomf &mZyvifay:pdkufaom ueu'efxD;jzL
yGihfvDownf;/
87
avQmufxHk;trSwf (31)
tusihfysufaom wefaqmifrdzk&m;ta&;wGif rif;tm;nTefjyaomavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg wefaqmifrdzk&m;onf bdodufawmfqufyk
Pm;ukd taemufwef;cg;uac:oGif;NyD; taqmif
vufzGJUawmif;\/ ykP
m;vnf; rdzk&m;odkY vufzGJYjyKvkyfyD;\/ okdYtaMumif; rif;BuD;Mum;odawmfrl\/
xkdtaMumif;ESihfywfouf rif;BuD;rdefYMum;vwfonfum;taMumif;jzpfMuonf
rdzk&m;onf
t*Fgr[doljzpf\/
r*Fvmyk
Pm;t&mysufonf/
taemufwef;cg;r;ESihf

yk
Pm;vnf;
bdufodufawmfquf
rdrpdk;armfvdyfdkUvnf;
SdxHk;rod?

,if;odkYav;OD;aomoldkU
tjypf[dMuvwfjyD/
rD;awmfrlonf/ trwfBuD;avQmufxHk;aomfum;-

rnfodkYyoihfaMumif;

trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfodkY

toQifrif;jrwf/ rdzk&m;t*Fg (7) yg;udk Sdynm[ddkUqdkconfrSm&mZma'0D- rdzk&m;onf oDvZm*H- tusihfoDv ajzmifhrSefjcif;/

rHoH- tom;El;nHhpGmESihfjypfqmuif;jcif;/
vuPyg'H- vufNcDao;oG,fEl;nHhjcif;/
auor,SH- qHyifeufaumif;jcif;/
lyH- tqif;vSjcif;/
o'H- toHom,mzG,f[djcif;/
Aokum- rsm;aomarmif;rdkU cspfaMumufzG,f [daompum;ukdqdkwwfjcif;/
xdkodkY xHk;a[mif;avmuDusrf;*efESihftnD jynfhpHkaomt*Fg[dvQif rdrjrwfjzpfygonf/ ,cktoQifrdzk&m;onf
Zm*H- tusifhoDvrrSef oGrf;aomhacsonf/ rdzk&m;? rif;orD;? rif;om;dkU oGrf;aomhtrIdkUukd
ydk;xHk;pHr[dyg/ taemufwef;cg;u a,musfm;udk rdrxH,lroGi;f &xHk;[dygonf/ wef;cg;r;ESihf
rdrpdk;armfvdyfdkU
rdzk&m;tvdkodkYygonfrSmvnf;
rif;okH;aomaus;uRefdkUonf
rif;cGifhr&rlvQuf
rif;rdzk&m;tvkdokdYvdkuf
trItaygif;dkUudk
ravQmufrxm;&m/
Sdynm[ddkUxHk;[dvQuf
vGefusifhaomoltm; rif;roHk;tyf/
bdou
d af wmfr*Fvmyk
Pm;dkUrSmvnf; ueHwmdkUtusihf? aomhorG f;aomtrI? [l;&maA'ifoif [l;&m;wwf
yk
Pm;rsm;uJhodkY tif;? rEef? vufzGJU vkyfaqmifyD;urf;a[majymry&? yu yolyk
Pm; odumr[dygNyD/
xdkyk
Pm;oGef;aom bdufodufudkrcHtyf/
Sdolawmfaumif;dkUqdkcaom avmuDusrf;*efvmonfrSm &X- tMuifwdkif;jynf? &mZ- rif;aomf
vnf;aumif;? &mZa'0D- rdzk&m;aomfvnf;aumif;? &mZykw- om;orD;wkdkYonfvnf;aumif;?
&mZya&m[d- rif;\ykP
m;onfvnf;aumif;? &mZtrapm- rif;\trwfonfvnf;aumif;? tvDa'g
[DeDZm*H- r[kwfrrSef,kwfaomtusifhukd usihfMuvwftHh/ wxm- vmjcif;raumif;aomoldkU[daom?
&X- tMuifwdkif;jynf? A[k- rsm;aomow0gdkUonf? teDavm- qif;&J'kuESihf teDrjrJ
azmufvGJazmufjyef ,lrd,l&m rormaom ynmxGef;vwf pnf;pdrfrwnf? tSnfraumif;
ysufpD;vD&monf/ Owk&moD? rnDrajzmifh? "gwfav;yg;acsmufcsm;vQuf ,rkempaomjrpf? uef&DwGif;?
acsmif;ajrmif;dkUonfvnf;
cef;ajcmufukeftHh/
iHaomt&ma&mufukeftHh/
yx0DNrDonfvnf;
wkefvIyfa<u;aMumftHh/ r*Fvmr[daom wdrfrdk;ud;avmifrD;usjcif;paom raumif;onfhtedXm&Hktaygif;
raumif;aomtaMumif;dkUonf pkaygif;usa&mufwwfygonf/ toQifrif;jrwf/
bkef;ynmusufoa& oHk;yg;jynfhpHkawmfrlaom bD;bdk;pOfvm crnf;awmfdkU usihfxHk;usihfvrf;dkUonf
bkef;BuD;oufSnf usufoa&awmfxGef;aMumif; xHk;a[mif;jzpfygonf/ olawmfaumif;w&m;ESihf trwfBuD;
avQmufvwfaomf jynfh&Sifrif;jrwf trdefYawmf&Sdjyefonfum;89
igdkUrif;rsdK;onf
edZ*Fvrif;rsdK;r[kwf?
r[morw0Ho
ousomuD0ifoefYpifjrihfjrwfaom
rif;dk;rSefayonf/ trwfBuD;avQmufaompum;vnf; Sdynm[ddkUxm;caom xHk;a[mif;olawmfaumif;
pum;rSefayonf/ usrf;*efvmonfrSmvnf;ouskyfyka&oEH? r[modyGHeoduwH/
udpm0kwdtody? wdykpmewywH/
xkdodkYusrf;*efxGufonfhtwdkif;

olawmfaumif;pum;jzpfvQif

usifhtyfodtyfolonfyif/

ol,kwfxm;caom rw&m;t"rxHk;? tbdZm? Asmyg'? rdpm'dXd xkdokdYpaomtrIygacsvQif y,foifhonf/

rif;dkUusifh&m urmOD;w&m;'geHoDvH y&dpm*H? tZ0HrE0HwyH taumcHt0d[o? cEDp t0da&m'eH/
odkYSdOD;pGmuyif wdkif;jynftpdk;&aom rif;dkUusihfxHk; bk&m;jrwfpGma[mawmfrlcaMumif;ukd txiftay:
usrf;*efvmvQuf[yd gonf/
olawmfaumif;xH;k ukd,laomftusdK;?
ol,kwfolrkdufxHk;udkudufrl
tjypfa&mufaMumif;udkvnf; tZmwowfrif;onf ol,w
k fESifhaygif;rdacs tbukdtoDowfNyD;rSwzef
jrwfpGmbk&m;oQifukd jypfrSm;jyefonfhaemufrS ynm&SdZD0upum;udkemcH bk&m;ESihfwGd&m uHBuD;rS
tenf;i,fcsrf;omvDaMumif; usrf;*efvm[dayonf/
rdzk&m;? ykP
m;? wef;cg;r;? rdrpdk; armfvdyfdkUonf ol,kwftusihftMuHt0ifudk usifhMuHMuolrsm;jzpfonf/
rif;roHk;tyfjyD? trdefYawmf[d rdzk&m;ukdO,smOfrSm jznfhonf? ykP
m;ukd yef;wiftpdkYrSmjznhfonf/ rdrpdk;udk
opfckwf,mckwftpdkYrSmjznhfonf/
wef;cg;r;ukd
&DcyfpD&DtpdkYrSmjznhfonf/
,if;odkYNyD;rS
trwfBuD;avQmufjyefonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/
jynfhoQifrif;dkU
bkef;wyg;?
usufoa&wyg;[dygonf/
bkef;usufoa&
ESpfyg;pHk[daomrif;onf pnf;pdrfSnfaMumif;/ bke;f &m[d usufoa&r[daomrif;dkUrSm pnf;pdrfwdk&monf/
bkef;ynmusufoa&ESihfjynfhpHkaom rif;xdef;aom? &X- tMuif wdkif;jynfow0gdkUonf? twDaomvlqif;&Jjcif;onf? ewd- r[d/ Sdynm[dtrSm usrf;*efvmonfrSmvnf;oA'geH? "r'geH Zdemwd/
oA&oH? "r&oH Zdemwd/
wPSmua,m oA'kuHZdaemwd/
- [l ,if;odkYolawmfaumif; pum;usrf;*eftvmESihf trwfBuD;avQmufvDjyef&m jynfhoQifrif;jrwfvnf;
BudKufawmfrlvwf trwfBuD;odkY aiGxGD;cHoem;awmfrlonf/
91
avQmufxHk;trSwf (32)
rif;\ywjrm;vufpGyf oHk;Budrfwdkifjyefa&mufonfwGif rIcif;pD&ifaomavQmufxHk;/
wedaomtcg jynfhoQifrif;zavmif;BuD;onf r[mrkedbk&m;udk zl;ajrmfMunfdk&efxGufawmfrlonf/
rif;BuD;0wfqifawmfrlaom
ywjrm;vufpyG fonfuRwf
&DxJodkYusvwfonf/
vufpGyfudk
ig;waumif&NrdKonf/ wvrQ[dvwfaomtcg xkdig;udk wHigwa,muf&onf/ ig;0rf;rSvufpGyfudk
wHig&onf/ wHiga,musfm;onf aMumufvefYjcif;aMumifh vufpGyfESifhtwl ig;udkygaqmif,lvmNyD;
rif;BuD;xHqufonf/ rif;BuD;u trwfynmausmfudkrD;awmfrl&m trwfBuD;avQmufxHk;rlum;toQifrif;jrwf/ vufpGyfawmf&DokdYusaomtcg ig;onfrsdK,lodrf;xm;onf/ xdkig;onf rdrdtoufukd
toDcHvQuf wHigxH0ifa&mufonf/ xdkig;rS vufpGyfudk wHig& qufovm&onf/ t&mudkaxmuf
rSefwdkif;avQmuf&ygaomf OmPfenf;oldkU NidKjiif&maomtaMumif;[dygonf/
toQifrif;BuD;/ bkef;usufoa&BuD;us,faMumif;ukd jynfoltrsm;odxifpDNyD;rS ckESpfvESihfNyD;atmif
pDpOfygrnf- avQmufvwfaomf ywjrm;udk,lvQuf om;wpftwGif;jrKyfonf/ xdkywjrm;om;wpfudk
tG,foifhawmfatmifvSD;NyD; tjcm;om;wwHk;rsm;ESihftwla&m MuJxm;vwfonf/ xdkom;wrsm;udk
usD;pGefrsm;csD,lMuvD&m ywjrm;[daomom;wpfvnf;ygvm;onf/ q,f&ufcefYMumaomtcg xdkpGefiSufukd
iSufcwfom;dkU&[donf/ pGef0rf;rSywjrm;ukd& iSufcwfom;onf pGefaumifESihftwlwuG ywjrm;udk

rif;xHqufoa&mufvmjyefonf/
,if;odkYaemufrS
rxifSm;olwa,muftm;
ywjrm;ukdtyf
a&mif;pDonf/ ukvm;wa,mufonf tojymw&myD;NyD; xdkywjrm;ukd0,f,lonf/ xkdukvm;onf
ywjrm;udkaTESihfuGif;&ef
yef;wdrfonfwOD;xHtyfonf/
xkdvufpGyfuGif;NyD;vQif
yef;xdrftdrf
ukvm;okdYrtyfrSD olckd;ckd;ygvm;onf/ ukvm;onf vufpGyfudk&vdkrIESihf rif;xHavQmufxm;vmonf/
rif;BuD;u trIudktrwfBuD;odkYtyfonf/ trwfBuD;vnf; trIudkppfqD;&m vufpGyftaMumif;udkod&onf/
trwfBuD;vnf; NyD;atmifpD&ifrnf[kqkdvQuf qdkif;iHheDvwfonf/
yef;wdrftdrfrS vufpGyfcdk;,laomolonf jrpfqdyf&DcsdK;aomtcg vufpGyfudkcRwf weD&mxm;vwfonf/
xdv
k ufpyG x
f m;&mtyg; <uufwiG ;f wck[o
d nf/ <uufonf wGif;rSxGufvmNyD;tpmSm&m vufpGyfukdwGdNyD;
,lvm;vQuf
wGif;odkY0ifvm;onf/
w&m;olBuD;uRefwa,mufonf
<uufom;pm;vdk
<uufSm&efvm;onf/ xdkolonf tqdkyg<uufwGif;udkwGd wl;vwfonf/ <uufwGif;[d ywjrm;vufpGyfudk
&vwfonf/
xdkolonf
ywjrm;vufpGyfudkrxm;0Hhojzifh
rdrdocifjzpfol
w&m;olBuD;xH
tyfESHxm;vwfonf/ w&m;olBuD;onf vufpGyfukdjrifvQif jynfhoQifrif;BuD;vufpGyfjzpfonfudkodNyD;
tMuHjzihf 0rf;omtm;&onf/ trwfr[mynmausmfonf ckESpfvESifh wHigrI? XufcwfrI? ukvm;
yef;wdrfrIrsm;udk pD&ifrnf[k rif;xHavQmufxm;oljzpfonf/ txuftrGDrIwGifvnf; "rowfudky,f
igdkUpD&ifaomtrIudkzsufconf/
w&m;olBuD;onf
r[mynmausmfukd
tNidK;jzifhtSufcGJ&ef
tMuHjzpfvwfonf/
odkYESihfvufpGyfudk
ckESpfvvGefNyD;rS
rif;xHqufrnfMuHvQuf
vHkNcHKpGm
xkyfodrf;xm;vwfonf/ w&m;olBuD; tjcm;tdrfodkYxGufvm;cdkuf r,m;jzpfolonf vufpGyfudk
xkwf,lMunfhonf/ tdyfcsifonfjzpf vufpGyfudkteD;wGifxm; tdyfaysmfvm;onf/ xkdtcdkuf
usD;waumifa&mufvmNyD;
vufpGyfudkcsD,v
l m;um
todkufxm;onf/
w&m;olBuD;onf
tdrfodkYjyef0ifvmNyD;vufpGyfudk MunhfIppfaq;&m rdrdxm;&mwGifrwGd r,m;udkrD;onf/ r,m;vnf;
uG,fomqdkojzifh
vifr,m;&efSufwifjzpfMuonf/
odkYaMumihf
vifr,m;uGm,Sif;vdkaMumif;
rif;BuD;xHavQmufxm;onf/
rif;BuD;vnf;trIudk
trwfBuD;odkYtyfpD&ifpDonf/
trwfBuD;onf
w&m;olBuD;r,m;tm;
trI&if;udk
pHkpdatmifppfaq;rD;jref;onf/
vufpGyfaysmufvDaom
taMumif;jzpfonfudkod&onf/
xdktcgtrwfBuD;u trIudkpD&ifyD;ygrnf/ qdkif;iHhygOD;qdkeDvwfonf/ xdkaomumv wedwGif
ausmif;om;oli,fwOD;onf
usD;odkufudkjrifojzifw
h ufNyD;?
usD;okdufudkEIduf&m
vufpGyfudk&onf/
ausmif;om;i,fonf vufpGyfudk q&mbkef;BuD;odkYyD;tyfonf/ xdkbkef;BuD;vnf; &wemjzpfonf?
rif;ESihfxdkufaomOpm&mjzpfonf/ rif;tm;qufrnf[l jynhfoQifrif;BuD;xHqufoonf/ rif;BuD;vnf;
trwfynmausmfudkac: vufpGyf&aMumif;jyonf/ trwfBuD;onf vufpGyfudk om;wpfxnhf
iSufpmauR;aom vufpGyf&ufup wGufppfaomf&ufaygif; (190) [djyDjzpfaMumif; odvwfonf/ pD&if&ef
&uf (20) omvdkawmhonf/ trIudkpD&ifawmhrnfhtaMumif; rif;BuD;tm;avQmufxm;onf/
trwfBuD;onf
bkef;BuD;tm;
vufpGyfrnfodkY&aMumif;rD;avQmufvDonf/
bkef;BuD;u
wynfholi,f&aMumif;ajymjyonf/ oli,fudkrD;&m usD;odkufrS&aMumif; trwfBuD;xHavQmufqdkonf/
usD;odkufudk oli,fjyodvwfvQif ntcg usD;zdkusD;rpHkukd&atmifzrf; vufpGyfawmfESihfwlaom
vufpGyfwuGif; vkyfaqmifpDonf/ xkdvufpGyfudk usD;EIwfoD; jrJpGmcsOfvQuf eHufaomtcgvTwfonf/
usD;zdkusD;rysHvm;&modkY rif;apvkvifrsm;udkMunhfpDonf/ usD;zdkusD;rdkUonf pm;eDusjzpfaom w&m;olBuD;
tdrfwGifem;onf/ w&m;olBuD;r,m;onf aysmufvm;aomvufpGyfudk usD;EIwfoD;wGifygvmonf[lvQuf
tkwftkwfusufusufvdkufMu usD;udkzrf;aMumif; trwfBuD;xH rif;apdkUavQmufvmonf/ trwfBuD;onf
w&m;olBuD;vifr,m;udkac:,lNyD; rD;jref;vwfonf/ usD;EIwfoD;ygvmaomvufpGyfudk oifdkUZmrSmu
&oenf;rD;&m tdrfrSmapaomuRefuyD;tyf &aMumif;ajymonf/ xdkuRefudktyfpDrD;ppf&m <uufwGif;
wl;&mu&aMumif;avQmufxm;onf/
xkd<uufwGif;udkjypDodvwfaomf
xkdt&yf
vlrjywfcsxm;apmifheDpDNyD; MunfhI&eftcdkif;xm;onf/
xdktcg txufcdk;om;onf tazmfrsm;ESihf&DcsdK;&efvmjyefonfwGif onft&yf rdrdvufpGyfcsxm;&mrS
aysmufvm;aMumif; tazmfrsm;odkYajymqdkonf/ xkdpum;udk rif;apMum;odaomf xdkoltm;ac:,lvm;NyD;?

trwfBuD;xHyD;tyfonf/ trwfBuD;u xdkoludkppfrD;onf/ aysmufvm;aomvufpGyfukd Zmu&oenf;/

rSefuefpGmxGufqdk&rnfajymvwfaomf yef;wdrftdrfwGif cdk;&mrS&aom vufpGyfjzpfaMumif;avQmufxm;onf/
xkdyef;wdrfudk
ac:,lrD;&m
oabFmom;ukvm;tyfaomypnf;jzpfaMumif;?
ukvm;udkrD;&mtojymw&myD;0,f&aMumif;rsm;udk avQmufxm;Muonf/ trwfBuD;vnf; taMumif;pHkodNyD;jzpfaomtcg
xdktaMumif;rsm;udk rif;BuD;tm;avQmufxm;vDNyD;rS trIudkpD&ifxHk;aomfum;vufpGyfawmf&DodkYtuswGif NrDvufrcH ig;odrf;xm;onf/ xkdig;udkwHig&onf/ xdkwHigvufpGyfudkjrifvQif
rxm;0Hh rif;xHqufovmonfrsm;rSm NrDydkif&Dydkifwdkif;EdkifiHtwGi;f [daomoldkUonf tpdk;&toQifh
uRefwapomjzpfMuonf/ vufpyG af wmfukd wHigquf&onfah emufydkif; xdkvufpGyf rif;vufodkYra&muf
aysmufvwfaomf
wHiguyD;&aomaMumifh
vufpGyfwefbdk;udk
wHigodkY
rif;uyD;oifhonf/
wHigqufvmonfhaemuf
xdkvufpGyfonf
ow0grsdK;pHkxHa&mufrS
raysmufrqHk;
qufovma&mufjyef&onf/
w&m;usrf;*ef
olawmfaumif;dkUOpmudk
&DrSmypfvnf;repf/
rD;rSmypfvnf;rcspf[lqdkaom
Sda[mif;ynm[ddkUqdkaompum;[donf/
toQifrif;w&m;BuD;
bdodufcHawmfrl&m
t*FgjynfhpHk
w&m;apmifhxdef;awmfrlonfjzpf
vlewfMunfdkaomaMumifh
oHk;Budrfwdkifatmif vufpGyfawmfudk ewfdkUTef&m vlvmydkYqufvm&onf/
&[ef;aomfum;
w&m;ESihfavQmfonfjzpf
ypnf;av;yg;jrJpDoihfygonf/
wHigESihfiSufcwform;rSm
udk,fESifhrxdkufaomt&mudk
odwwfaomoabm[doljzpf
rif;b@mxdef;tyfaom
uRefaumif;vuPm0ifonf/ w&m;olBuD;rSm <uufESifhwlonf/ yef;wdrfrSm pGefESihfwlonf/ ukvm;rSm
ig;ESihfwlonf/ cdk;olrSm usD;ESifhwlonf/ xdkig;paomow0gav;aumifdkU 'Pfa&mufonfhenf;wl
ukvm;paom vlav;OD;dkU rif;jypfoifh&monf[l pD&ifvwfaomf EGDumvpifjzpfvQuf rdk;BuD;onf;xefpGm
GmvDaomaMumihf rif;BuD;vnf;tm;&awmfrl qifawmfrlaomvufaumufudk r[mynmausmftrwfodkY
w&m;qkyD;awmfrlvD\/
95
avQmufxHk;trSwf (33)
&[ef;wyg;\ aTaiGtrGDrIjzwfxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg ausmif;eDyk*dKvf&[ef;wOD; oDvGefonf/ xdk&[ef; aiGtojymESpfaxmif? aTtojymw&m
usefconf/ xdkOpmudk &[ef;rdbqGDrsdK;dkUuvnf;&vdkonf/ ausmif;eD&[ef;omraPdkUuvnf; &vdkonf/
ausmif;wumdkUuvnf;&vdkonf/
oHk;OD;om;dkU
tvkt,uftjiif;tcHkjzpfvQuf
rif;BuD;xH
avQmufMuonf/ jynfhoQifrif;u trwfr[mynmausmfokdYtyfvDonf/ trwfBuD;pD&ifaomxHk;rlum;&wemoHk;yg;t0ifjzpfaom&[ef;oHCmdkU
bk&m;oQifcGifhyaomfrlonfrSmqGrf;?
ouFef;?
ausmif;?
pwkr"kpaom qD;? av;yg;udk&m oHk;aqmiftyfaMumif;? xdkrSwyg; *[myPpaomaTrsm;rSm
bduK oHCmoHo&mukd aMumufwwfaomcspfom;&[ef;dkU? eurwd- rtyfjyD/ ynwfawmfrlcaom
usrf;*efESihftnD u[mye- paom aTaiGrsm;udk qnf;yl;xm;confrSm bk&m;tmPmawmfudkqef
usifhonf/ vldkU rif;tmPmudkqefaomf rif;'Pfxdkuf&monf/ &[ef;dkUrSmvnf; bk&m;tmPmawmfudk
qefaomoldkUonf? omoeypwdu- ol,kwf&wemoHk;yg;t0ifoHCmr[kwf? vljzpfvwfjyD/ vluJhodkY
oN*dKvf&rnf/
xkdodkYtrGD aTaiGpaomu[myPdkUrSm xdkol[dpOf &[ef;oHCmawmftrSwfjzifhvrdMuonf/ tvrajrmuf?
vlcsif;yD;ouJhodkY&mjzpfonf/
rdrddkUyD;aomOpmxifSm;[dvQif
toD;oD;,lMupD/
xdkoltavQmuf
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fSmrSD;&onfh
u[myPpaom
aTaiG[d&pfonfrsm;rSm
xdkolESihftwl
eD&if;pD;yGm;Smbuf&[ef;dkU trGDukdvdkvQif vl0wfvJ xkdolrdbom;csif;dkUESifh nDrQcGJa0,lMupD/
&[ef;oHk;aqmifxdkufaom

ypnf;av;yg;rSm

jrwfpGmbk&m;ynwfawmfrlaomodumawmfudk

Munfdkapmifhxdef;aom &[ef;oHCmdkUu cH,loHk;aqmifpD/ ausmif;'umrSm rvyfpD/

,if;odkYpD&ifaomtcg
trwfBuD;&Sd
rif;&ifjyif
yef;aygufaygufdkUonf
MuJvQufusvwfaomf
jynhfoQifrif;BuD;vnf; tvGefMunfdkvQuf xGufpnf0ifpnfudk trwfBuD;odkY w&m;qkyD;awmfrlonf/
97
avQmufxHk;trSwf (34)
aiGtdk;wGd&m t0DrnDrIjzwfxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg vlwOD;onf aiGtkd;[daompmTef;udk&onf/ rdrdrvm;? wa,mufudkvTwfvdkufonf/
xdkolonfvnf; vlwOD;tm; ig;ojymyD;rnf qD;jrpfwl;&efvdkufcajymac:vm;onf/ pmTef;&mt&yfokdY
a&mufaomtcg vlimS ;udw
k l;pDonf/ xkdtcg aiGojymoHk;axmifyg[daomaiGtdk;udk&onf/ xkdoloHk;OD;dkU
aiGoHk;axmifukdcGJa0,l&ef rnDrGwfjzpfMuonf/ xdkykpmrIESihf rif;xHa&mufMuvwfaomf jynhfoQifrif;u
r[mynmausmfodkYtyf pD&ifpD&m trwfBuD;pD&ifaom xHk;aomfum;&DydkifNrDydkifwGif &orQOpm rif;b@mESihfruif;/ q,fbdkYwbdkY rif;ESifhxdkufonf/ &aomojym (3000) rS
(300)
tojymudk
rif;b@mqufoGif;oifhonf/
xkdrSusefaomtojymdkUrSmrlum;rnfonfht&yfrSm[donf
Tefaomolonf
trdtbESihfwlonf/
ig;ojymvkdcsifvkdufaomolrSm
uRefESifhwlonf/ xdkolwudk,fbdk; ig;ojym&oihfonf/ TefaomolESifhvdkufaomoldkUrSm qdk;wlaumif;zuf?
ruJGoifh/ tnDtrQcGJ0D,lMupD/ odkYpD&ifvwfaomf ueu'efxD;jzL tvdkvdkyGifhonf/ xdktaMumif;udk
jynhfoQifrif;BuD;odvwf&m
trwfBuD;udk
r,m;twGuf
rdzk&m;vwftaqmiftGuf
w&m;qk
yD;jyefvDownf;/
98
avQmufxHk;trSwf (35)
oD[dkVfrif;u ya[Vdo0PfpmydkY&m ajzMum;onfhavQmufxHk;/
w&Haomtcg oD[dkXfaumvrrif;onf &cdkifrif;odkYyD;ydkY&ef aTyDudkvdyf tem;wGif ]rD;? &D} [laom
tu&mESpfvHk;udk&GD;NyD;? aTyDudkjzefYvQuf aocsmpGmxnhfvwfonf/ if;aTyDudk oHjzpfoltm;tyfESHNyD;
&cdkifrif;xHyD;ydkY&efapvdkufonf/
oD[dkXfwrefvnf;vmvwfNyD;
a&mufvwfaomf&cdkifrif;xH
aTyDudkqufoonf/ &cdkifrif;vnf; xdkaTyDudkMunfhI&m pmwvHk;rQrwGdrjrifjzpfonf/ xkdtcg
jynfhoQifrif;u aTyDudk trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfodkY tyfawmfrlonf/ trwfBuD;vnf; oD[kdXfrif;onf
ynmprf;aom
trIomjzpfacsrnfMuHvQuf
aTyDudkvdyfyGwfonf/
twefi,fyGwfrdaomtcg
tnDtnmjzpfNyD; pmvHk;tu&mESpfvHk;wGd&onf/ pmESpv
f Hk;rSm- rD;? &D rQomjzpfonf/ trwfBuD;vnf;
xdkaTyDudk rif;BuD;xHjyefqufonf/ xdktaMumif;udk trwfBuD;u t"dyg,fzGifhqdkavQmufxm;vwfonf
toQifrif;jrwf/ Sdynm[ddkUpum;yHkqkdxkH;&Sdygonf/ ]rD;} vGefaomfjcpfonf? ]&D} vGefaomfyspfonf/
&mZysdK@wGifvnf;jynfBuD;0efudk? tdk;wefqefcwf? rif;usifh0wfESihf? avQmufywfoifhpGm? pD&if&monf - [k yg[dygonf/
odkYtvm;wlpGm oD[dkVfrif;uyD;aom tu&mESpfvHk;onf jynfhoQifrif;odkYtrD;/ rD;uJhodkYusifhonf?
&DuJhodkYusifhonf/
jynfhoQifrif;onf
rD;uJhodkYjyif;aomtmPmjzifhusifhrl?
jynfolyifyef;&monf/
&DuJhokdYusifhrl? rSL;rwfjynfol rav;rcefYy&monf/
99
&DrBuD;?
rD;rvGefusifh&maomaMumif;
yD;aompmjzpfygonf/
odkYtrwfavQmufvwf&m

oD[dkVfwrefdkUvnf; tvGefMunfdkjcif;jzpf jynfhoQifrif;odkY vufpGyfawmfq,fuGif;? trwfBuD;odkYig;uGif;

qufoylaZmfonf/ oD[dkVf wrefdkUjyefaomtcg xdkaTyDwGif eD-v? [laomtu&mESpfvHk;udk trwfBuD;u
&GD;yD;vdkuf&m aqmif,ljyefvm;Muonf/
100
avQmufxHk;trSwf (36)
oD[dkVfuRef; olXD;\tbkd;vufxufujrDa[mif;trIjzwfxHk;/
w&Haomtcg oD[dkVfuRef;? wrLvolXD;NrD;*krDowfvma&muf bdk;awmfwrLvolXD;onf ajrmufOD;NrdKUodkY
bD;awmfpvuFmolrif;vufxuf oabFmESifhta&mif;t0,fa&mufygonf/ xkdtcg tbdk;wrLvESihf
aygif;xGwfoabFmqdyfolXD; tkef;tmoefdkUESifh cspfMunf,HkrSwfMu tojymwodef;tyfESHxm;cygonf/
olXD;tkef;tmoeftrDGudkqufcHpm;ol
NrD;a':wvDudkyD;oifhaMumif;?
jynfhoQifrif;xHavQmufxm;onf/
jynfhoQifrif;u trIudk trwfynmausmfodkYvTJtyfp&D ifpDonf/ trwfynmausmfpD&ifaomxHk;aomfum;tkef;tmoefNrD;olXD;a':wvDudkrD;Munfh&m
tyfonfrtyfonfukdrod?
rif;q,fqufajrmuf
ESpfw&mausmf[dcygjyD/ tpOftqufvnf;ajymoHrMum;bl;ygqdkonf/ oD[dkVf*krDowfu vlBuD;ESpfOD;
,HkrSwfyD;tyfMuaomumv o0efouv[laomawmifxdy[
f d anmifyif&if;wGif ESpfOD;vufrSwfpmudk
ausmufzsmBuD;&GD; xkdanmifyifBuD;ajrmufbufem;wGif ryfESHxm;caMumif;? tbdk;olXD;&GD;rSwfxm;aom
rSwfpmygaMumif;wifjyonf/
xdkTef&modkY vm;a&mufSmazGpD&m ausmufzsmr[d? anmifyifudkum; ckwfonfhtikwf[dvQufwGd&onf/
,if;aomtcg
aygif;xGwfoabFmqdyftBuD;udkac:
o0efouvawmifxdyfanmifyifudk
rnfonfhumvu rnfolckwfvSJonf? xkdawmifu ausmufcJausmufzsmudk rnfol,lbl;onfudk rD;vwf
oabFmqdyftBuD;jyefajymonfrSm- olXD;a':wvDtbSmtvif wdkufwnfaomtcg ausmufzsmBuD;wck
,lbl;ygonf/
anmifyifrSm
oabFmom;dkU
xif;ckwf,laMumif;xGufqkdonf/
ausmufzsmukd
oabFmqdyfwGif cif;vQufxm;caMumif;xGufqdkonf/ xdkausmufzsmudkvm;a&mufNyD; vSefMunhf&m
olXD;ESpfOD;vufrSwfpmudk wGd&onf/
,if;aomtcg tyfxm;confrSefjyD/ rif;q,fquf? ESpfaygif; (100) ausmfMumaomfvnf;
rif;dk;rif;quf&m qufawmfrlonf? xD;usdK;pnfaygufr[kwf? usrf;*efvmonfrSm uydv0Sa,uydv0wfjynf? pwk&moDwdo[&mZdaem- oQpfaomif;av;axmifaomrif;dkUonf? ab&dow
aumemr- xD;usdK;pnfaygufrnfonfum;? ewd- r[d? &mZ*[- &mZ*d[fjynfvnf;aumif;?
rd"dve*a&rd"dvmjynfvnf;aumif;?
{0ar0xkdYtwlvQifwnf;/
a0omvd,Hyea0omvDjynfrlum;? tZmwowfwdkufcdkufzsufqD;ojzifhvnf;aumif;? yg#vdykwfjynf yurif;udk
cdk;rSKieEmwdkufcdkufzsufqD;ojzifhvnf;aumif;? xD;usdK;pnfayguf[daMumif;vmonf/ &uyl&wdkif;vnf;
Sdrif;dkUvufxuf vk,ufzsufqD;ojzifh rif;Murf;rsdK;jcm;q,fqufjzpfbl;onf/ bD;awmfrif;apmrGef
vufxufvnf; jynfxrf;ydk;usdK;bl;onf/
,if;odkYtaMumif;uHaomumvdkU&m trIdkUudkyvyfpD&monf/ rif;dk;rif;rsdK;rysuf pdk;qufSnfMum
urmywfvHk;MumvQifvnf;? xkdjynfxD;usdK;pnfaygufr[d/ omuD0ifrif;rsdK;rSefonf/ tyfESHvk,uf?
cdk;0SuforQtrIy pDrqdkoifh/ odkY&mwGif xdef;olxifSm;[d awmif;MuyD;MuvQif oabmwl tyD;t,lESihf
nDpDoifhonf/ xdef;&if;tyf&if;olcsif;r[kwfvD/ om;wqufNrD;wwefxdef;odrf;vQuf ESpfaygif;w&mausmf
xkdOpmaysmufqHk;vQifvnf; yD;avQmf&rnfyifjzpfonf/ waomif;ojymudkxdef;ol&pD/ udk;aomif;ojymudk
oD[dkVfjynf
olXD;*krDowfodkYyD;
txufutbdk;ESpfOD;xm;caom
oufoDvufrSwfausmufpmudk
zsufodrf;Mu- pD&ifvwfaomf EGDumvyifjzpfvQuf rdk;onf;xefpGmGmvD\/ olXD;ESpfOD;MunfvifauseyfMu
ojymwaxmifpDudk
trwfBuD;odkYylaZmfMu\/
jynfhoQifrif;BuD;uvnf;
ywjrm;vufpGyfwuGif;
trwfBuD;odkY w&m;qkyD;awmfrl\/

102
avQmufxHk;trSwf (37)
olXD;wOD; NrDjrKyftojymcdk;cH&rIudk azmfxkwfpD&ifaomjzwfxHk;/
w&Haomtcg olXD;wOD;onf aiGojymwaomif;udk NrDjrKyfESH0Sufxm;onf/ odkYxm;onfudk
vlwOD;odjrif wl;azmf,lonf/ olXD;vnf;xm;onfhOpmudk MunfhjrJMunfhI&m rjrifrwGd/ xkdUaMumihf
acsmif;wGifig;SmeDolESpfOD;udkac:
dkufESufppfrD;onf/
xdkwHigESpfOD;vnf;,lonfrSef\/
jrpfv,fokdYcsrdygonfqdk xkdolESpfOD;udk rif;xHodkYydkUqufonf/ rif;BuD;onf xkdolESpfOD; dkufESufaom
'Pf&mudkjrifvQif qifjcifawmfrlonf/ olXD;xH xkdoldkUqdkaompum;udk trSefr,lom/ aMumufvefY
qkdonfvnf;jzpfEkdif\[kqifjcifum trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfodkYtyfawmfrlonf/ trwfBuD;pD&ifaom
xHk;rlum;xdkESpfa,mufxm;aomaESmiftdrfodkY vdrma&;jcm;[dolwa,mufudkajymqdkrSmxm;vQuf tjypf[d[efy
oGif;xm;onf/ q,f&ufcefY[daomf xdkoludk vTwfp
D rD;vD&m xdkolESpfOD;dkU,lonfr[kwfaMumif;
avQmufvwfonf/ trwfBuD;onf r[kwfaMumif;odaomtcg xdkolESpfOD;udkvTwfpDNyD;? ,Hkavmufaom
olxHtyfESHxm;onf/ aiGoQifolXD;eDaom t&yfteD;0ef;usifaus;Gmrsm;odkY rif;apwrefrsm;vTwfvQuf
axmufvSrf;MunfhIpDonf/
wrefdkUMunfhIvD&m
vlwOD;onfobifcHvQuf
tvBuD;yD;eDonfudk
wGdc&aMumif;
trwfBuD;xHavQmufxm;onf/
trwfBuD;onf
xdkoludkac:pDrdwfqGDzGJUonf/
rdwfqGDjzpfvmaomtcg tojymwaxmifwefaomvufpGyw
f uGif;ukd ojymig;&mESihfa&mif;yD;yg[ktyfonf/
xdkolvnf;,lvm;NyD; tjcm;olrsm;xHjyonf/
tojymwaxmifwefaMumif;ajymqdkonf/
xdkolvnf;
waxmifwefonfudk
ig;&mESihf&acsjyD[l
cdk;&xm;aomolXD;aiGojymig;&mudk vufpGyfa&mif;&aiGojymyvQuf trwfBuD;odkYyD;onf/ trwfBuD;onf
xkdolyD;tyfaomojymudk
olXD;tm;ac:jyonf/
olXD;u
rdrdojymaiGrsm;ppfrSefygaMumif;
avQmufxm;xGufqdkonf/ trwfBuD;onf rdwfqGD[efycaomoltm;ac:,lppfqD;onf/ xdkolvnf;
,lrdonfrSefayaMumif;xGufqkdavQmufxm;onf/ xdktcg trwfBuD;pD&ifxHk;aomfum;ig;SmolESpfa,mufukd
olXD;u
emMuifpGmdkufykwfNyD;
olcdk;jzpfonf[k
ydkYtyfvmaomtjypf
tojymwaxmifavQmfyD;pD/ xdkcdk;ol tvyD;rnf[dvQif t&yfteD;tBuD;OD;udkifdkUu xdkol\vuPmukd
rMunfh/ SdESifhrwl/ olOpmZmu&onf/ Zmukefudka&mif; ESpfvrMum tjrwfpGef;&onf/
rpl;rprf;eDMuvwfonfrSm tvdkyg&ma&mufonf/ vukeforQudk vkyfolukdifol pm;aomy&dwfowfdkUu
yD;a,mfpD/ cdk;olrSmrif;'PfcHpD/ odkYpD&ifaomtcg ajrmufOD;ewfeDaom anmifyifwGufrvGwf
uefawmhvwfonf/ jynfhoQifrif;BuD;u w&m;qk qifaygufESpfpD;? trwfBuD;odkY yD;awmfrlonf/104
avQmufxH;k trSwf (38)
oHwGJNrdKUukd rnfolUtm;pm;pDoifhaMumif;avQmufxHk;/
tcgwyg;jynfhoQifrif; zavmif;BuD;wGif orufawmfoHwGJpm;oDvGefonf/ xdktcgjynfhoQifrif;BuD;onf
oHwGJNrdKUudk trwfoHudkifaemiftm;yD;rnf[daomtcg trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;rlum;oHwGJNrdKUonf tpGeftzsm;? jyLwvkdif;dkUESifhteD;tpyf? trwfoHudkifaemifrSm vufHk;&nfom[donf/
tajrmftjrifESvHk;&nf[dolr[kwf/ Sdola[mif;pum;wGifvnf;?
jyLudktajrmuf? wvdkif;ukdtaumuf? ukvm;rSmrD;ayguf - [k

qdkdk;[dygonf/ wwdkif;wjynfodkY oHwrefapaomtrwf? wdkif;pGefjynfzsm;xm;aomtrwf? xdkESpfOD;rSm

vufHk;&nfum; wefkHomvkdygonf/ ESvkH;&nfaomfum;? vGefwdkif;tusdK;[daMumif; usrf;*efxGufonfrSm&mZleH- rif;dkU\"eHOpmrnfonfum;? trapmAvH- ynm[daomtrwfvQifwnf;/
,if;odkYxHk;a[mif;ESihftnD
oltaumuftauGYvmcaomf
aumufvdrfqef;Mu,faomOmPfESifh
ESdrfESif;csdK;zsufEdkifrS atmif&monf/ ESvHk;&nf[daomol vufHk;&nfrSm tvGef[datmifjyKysifEdkifaMumif;
twrif;trwf eEdaoeuqdkaompum; edygwfawmfxifSm;[dygonf/
oHwGJNrdKUpm;xm;&ef trwfawmfav;NrdKUpm;onf av;xkawmifay:om;? w&m;r[d? olYpnf;pdrfudk
zsufqD;wwfvQuf
tvGefqdk;oGrf;,kwfrmtEdkifjyKusifhESdyfpufwwfaom
trsdK;udkaomfvnf;?
,Ofaus;rIESvHk;&nfvufeufdkUjzifh ,Ofaus;pDwwfaom ynmAv[doljzpfygonf/ onfukdaxmuf
av;NrdKUpm;0Eolukd oHwGJpm;yD; 0Eolom;ausmfolukd av;NrdKUpm;yD;awmfrlvQif oifhvSygonf
toQifrif;jrwf/ vufHk;&nfrSm olrdkuftwwf? ESvHk;\tapuRefomjzpfonf/ ESvHk;&nf[daomoltm;
trItaygif;NyD;ukefygonfavQmufvwfaomf
rif;BuD;vnf;BudKufawmfrl
av;NrdKUpm;0Eou
l dk
oHwGJNrdKUpm;t&myD;awmfrlonf/ xdkodkYyD;wESpfcefY[dvQif ykodrf[dkif;BuD;wGif[daom wvdkif;? jyLvlqdk;
(5000) oHwGJNrdKUodkY0ifa&mufum uRefcHvm&onf/
106
ppfcsD&mwdwfedrdwfrsm;taMumif;avQmufxHk;/
rif;zavmif;BuD;vufxuf w&Ha&mtcg ppfcsDxGufedrdwfrsm;taMumif;? tmumowdwf? eDv? euwf?
wdrfcdk;? rD;cdk;dkUudk jynhfoQifrif;BuD;u rD;awmfrlvwfaomf trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;rlum;toQifrif;jrwf/ wjynfodkYppfxGufaomtcg &Sdu rD;avmifonfudkjrifvwfaomf t&dwwdwf?
xkdppfcsDwuf
ppfNydKifvwfrl
ppfolBuD;&efolvufodkYa&muftHh/
vuf,mbufurf;avmifjrifrl*Ztwdwf? qifaumif;? jrif;aumif; wzuf&efolvufa&muftHh/ vuf0Jbufurf;avmifjrifrl,u0Ewdwf?
xkdppfatmifjrifNyD;jynhfpHktHh/
aemufurD;avmifjrifrloumvmbwdwf
xdkppfcsD&mtvHk;pHkNyD;ajrmuf xkdjynfESihfwuG orD;unm&wemtaygif; qufo0yfvQdK;usdK;EGHvQuf
0ifvmtH/h
ppfxGufaomtcg &JvHaemufodkYvJaomf jynfhoQifrif;oDtHh/ &efolaomfvnf;ysuftHh/ SdokdYvJaomfxkdjynfrif;oDtHh/
jynfwyg;aomfvnf;ppfyeDvwfrS
csDtHh/
tvHusdK;aomf
&efolEdkiftHh/
ukd,fcHNyD;vm&tHh/
ppfxGufaomtcg
ppfolBuD;pD;aomjrif;?
toHjyif;pGmjrnfrl?
ppfolBuD;
&efolYvufeufxdtHh/
ppfolBuD;pD;aomqifjrif;dkUonf
jyL
tjcm;udkxkd;aomf?
uefausmufeif;usdK;aomf
ppfolBuD;
usufoa&wdk;wuftHh/ xkdppfNyD;ukefatmifjriftHh/ ppfxGufaomtcg vuf0Jvuf,mcsDvm;vwfaomf
&Jrufwyftydkif;teif;jywfcsDrl
xkdppfysufNyD;&tHh/
ppfolBuD;aqmif;aomxD;rStoHk;taqmifdkUudk
vDyGDaqmif,lvwfrl xdkppfrNydKif&? ESpfjynfaxmif oifhwifhajymqdkMu om,mrIjidrf;csrf;ajyvnfMutHh/
ppfolBuD;toHk;taqmifusdK;ysufaysmufqHk;vwfaomf?
xkdppfolBuD;r,m;aomfvnf;aumif;oDtHh/
a,musfm;wyg;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;eDtHh/ tdrfaomfvnf;rDavmiftHh/
ppfxGufaomtcg ppfolBuD;aomfvnf;aumif;? pD;aomqifjrif;aomfvnf;aumif; vJaomf? xkdppfolBuD;
tdrfodkYrjyefvmbJoDvwftHh/
ppfxGufaomtcgrdk;Gmaomf
xkdppfiwfrGwf,Sm;yg;?
ol&JAdkvfNcD?
qifjrif;oDaysmufemzsm;rsm;tHh/ ppfxGuf&m vloDvuf0Jujrifrl ppfr[d? wzuf&efoljyefvDtHh/
vuf,mjrifaomf udk,hf&Jrufol&Jaumif;? olYvufokdYa&muftHh/ ppfolBuD;dI;i,f&tHh/ edrfhaomNrDMurf;?
&DxGufaomNrD/ paomtrIudk rodaomoldkUtm; ppfolBuD;rcefY&m/ um; ppfBuD;ppfxGuf
wdwfedrdwfy&d,m,f/

wdrfy&d,m,f/
ppfxGufaomtcg
wdrfonfeDvQuf
vlkyfo@mefvufpGJudkifjyvwfrl
xdked
r&yfrqdkif;&monf/ wdrfonf wrdk;vHk;rnf;ykwfjrifvwfaomf xdkppfBuD;pGmwkduf&tHh/ wdrfonf
rdrkyfuJhokdY t0wfcHonfho@mefjrifvwfrlum; &efudkEdkiftHh/ wdrfonf vlkyfuJhodkY Oaumif;ryg
jrifvwfrlum;- ppfolBuD;vufeufxdtHh/ wdrfonf jcaoFhuJhodkYtkyfo@mefjrifaomf ppfatmiftHh/
wdrfonf EGm;kyfuJhodkYjrifvwfrlum;- ppfrydifcifysuftHh/ wdrfonf e*g;kyfo@mefjrifvwfrlum;ppfydifvD tmiftHh/ wdrfonf >rDuJhodkYjrifrlum;- xdkppfSnfMumtHh? tpm;,Sm;yg;tHh/ wdrfonf
owdk;ppfonfwefqmuJhodkYqifvQuf
o@mefvlkyfjrifvwfrlum;xGufrvdkuf&m/
oltvmcHwdkufvQif atmiftHh/
108
wdrfonf aus;kyfo@mefjrifvwfrlum;- &Jruf0ajymom,mtHh/ wdrfonf Oa'gif;kyfo@mef
jrifvwfrlum;- ppfolBuD;usufoa&[dtHh/ qifjrif;vefYaomf ppfrNydKif&m/ wdrfonf pdrf;pdrf;ESihf0g0g
a&mvQufjrifvwfaomf ukefonfdkUjyefYajymom,mtHh/ wdrfonf tpdrf;tjymwef;vQufjrifvwfaomf
qefpyg;yGm;tHh/ temtzsm;enf;tHh/ wdrfonf tpdrf;ESifhtjzL axmifvQufvdIif;o@mefjrifvwfaomf
wdkif;wyg;u wrefa&muftHh/ wdrfonf yk
Pm;o@mefjrifvwfaomf rif;qGDrif;rsdK;udkjypfrSm;tHh/ wdrfonf
rdacsmif;kyfo@mefjrifvwfaomf
rif;qGDrif;rsdK;dI;i,fromr,m[dtHh/
wdrfonf
vzdkifuJhodkY
tkyfjrifvwfaomf
rif;rdzk&m;orD;dkU
tjcm;olESihfaESmtHh/
wdrfonf
eufeufrJrJwef;vQuf
xdktwGif;qD;a&;ouJhokdY tpif;wydkif; tauGYtaumufwydkif;jrifvwfaomf rdk;aumif;tHh? >rDrsm;tHh/
wdrfonf enf;tajymuftajymufjrifvwfaomf Murf;ydk;? tdrfarQmif? ydk;[yf? <uuf? wufwDwl;rsm;tHh/
wdrfonf tpdrf;twefYtwefYjrifvwfaomf rkd;OD;raumif;? rdk;v,frdk;aESmif;aumif;tHh/ wdrfonf
tjzLqD;a&;ouJhokdUjrifvwfaomf qifjzL&tHh/ wdrfonf xD;uJhodkY trdk;txGwftpHkESifh tjzLwpd
jrifvwfaomf wjynfrif;vufuvufaqmiftHh/ wdrfonf jrLuJhodkY twufusdK;vQufjrifvwfaomf eef;u
jynhfoQifrif;qif;NyD;&tHh/ wdrfonf wHcGefuJhodkY tjymjrifvwfaomf rif;udktrwfykefpm; trwfoDtHh/
wdrfonf wHcGefMuufvQmuJhokdYjrifvwfaomf ckd;olxl rif;udkjypfrSm;tHh/ wdrfonf tjzLtjymuGuf
vdIif;o@mefjrifvwfaomf rdzk&m;BuD; bkef;usufoa&wdk;tHh/ wdkif;wyg;urdwfqGD 0ifa&mufqufovmtHh/
109
wdrfonf wrkd;vHk; oQOfhrsufESmoGD;uJhodkYeDeDwGwfwGwf tuefYtuefYjrifvwfaomf xkdjynfwdkif;vHk;ow0g
Oyg'fBuD;pGma&muftHh/ ppfBuD;ay:tHh/ tdrf&Sdrif;oDtHh/ wdrfonf eDvnf;aumif;? awmifuJhodkY
tvHk;tqdkif;jzpfvwfaomf wjynfuolvQdKa&mufvmtHh/ wdrfonf vSDo@mefarSmufvQufjrifvwfaomf
vm;aomvldkUysufpD;thH/ wdrfonf tjymwGiftjzLajymufjrifvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;usufoa&wdk;tHh?
rl;rwfdI;i,ftHh/ wdrfonf qifkyf? usm;kyf? uRJkyf? or0dkyf? ,kefkyf? vif;wkyf? e*g;kyf? rdacsmif;kyf?
vydkifkyfrsm;o@mefuJhodkYjrifvwfrl Z*Fg;vwdwf? ow0gtaygif;dkU jynftrIrsm;tHh/ wdkif;jynfaomu[dtHh/
wdrfonf
qifcRef;uJhodkYESpfckqdkif;vQufjrifvwfaomf
qifoDjrif;aysmufrsm;tHh/
wdrfonf
vSDo@mefuJhodkYwnhfrwfpGmjrifvwfaomf jynfolom,m0ajymtHh/ wdrfonf teuftjym twefYtwefY
axmifvQufjrifvwfaomf rD;avmiftHh/ wdrfonf tjzLwGif tv,fedrfh tem;ESpfbufaxmifvQuf?
tzsm;tpdrf;a&mifjrifvwfaomf rif; (--)/ wdrfonf oufwefYyrmukdif;nGwfvQuf ESpfcktv,f
tjzLtem;ESpfzuf tzsm;jcif;qufjrifvwfaomf rif;,m,Dvm;aomf Oyg'fa&muftHh/ wdrfonf
c&rf;oD;o@mef ESpfvHk;NydKifvQuf teDwpdjrifvwfaom? rl;rwfjynfoldkU tcsif;csif;trsufvdk
&efSufwiftHh/
wdrfonf
yef;yGihfuJhodkYjrifvwfaomf
r&bl;aomvmbfvmb&tHh/
wdrfonf
Oa'gif;kyfuJhodkYjrifvwfaomf
rif;rSmom;&tHh/
rif;a&m*g&tHh/
wdrfonf
wdrfjzLv0ef;uJhokdY
o@meftwGif;&yfvQufjrifvwfaomf
jynfhoQifrif;toufSnftHh/
wdrfonf
uRJaumifuJhodkU
jrifvwfaomf r&bl;aomvmbfvmb&tHh/ wdrfonf NrDuteufoydwfvHk;yrm okH;vHk;xGufu
xdkoHk;vHk;twGif; usdwfcdk;tjymxGufonfukd jrifvwfaomf NrD[dorQ tyiftoD;ysuftHh/ 0
wdrfonf awmifuJhodkYeD xkdwdrfxufvQyfw0if;0if;jrifaomf rpdrmusdwfrnf\/ rif;ESihfjynfol
owkjzpfthH/
wdrfonf
tjymESihft0ga&mvQuf
tusm;tusm;eDonfukdjrifvwfaomf
xkded
vQyfw0if;0if;pGyfaomf
tmumousdwfrnf\/
jynfhoQifrif;,m,Dvm;&tHh/
jynfoljynfom;
Oyg'fBuD;pGma&muftHh/ um; wdrfy&d,m,fwnf;/

eDy&d,m,f/ eDwGif teDoef;jrifvwfaomf jynfolOyg'fjzpftHh/ eDwGif t0gwef;jrifvwfaomf

olXD;ol<u,foDaysmufysufpD;tHh/ eDwGiftjzLvTrf; eD&,fyonfudkjrifvwfaomf ol&Jaumif;oDtHh/
eDwGiftxufum; teD? atmufum;t0g? tv,frSm trJoef;vQufeDonfudkjrifvwfaomf ppfcsDvGef
xkdppfysuftHh/ eDwGif vlNcDuJhodkYjrifrlum; ppfratmif&m/ eDwGif 0ufkyfo@mefjrifvwfaomf cdk;olrsm;tHh/
eDwGif txufatmufteD? tv,ftrnf;oef;onfudkjrifvwfaomf rif;om;rif;orD;oDtHh/ eDrmS
tv,ftrnf;?
tem;ESpfzuf
tjzLoef;onfudkjrifaomf
jynfhoQifrif;c&D;rvm;&m/
vm;vQif
Oyg'fa&muftHh/ eDonf rifuJhodkYcJ ywfvnfteDt0grD;a&mifuJhokdYjzpfaomf rif;ukdtrwfykefpm;tHh/ eDwGif
MuufNcDcwfjrifaomf rif;tema&muftHh/ eD wHceG fMuufvTmuJhodkYjrifaomf rdzk&m;? rif;om;?
rif;orD;dkUoDtHh/ eDwGif &JvHuJhokdYjrifaomfppfa&muftHh/ eDonfjzL eDtxuf t0ga&mifxGufaomf
tpm,Sm;yg;iwfrGwftHh/ eDonf txufteD? atmuftrJjrifvwfaomf rdk;acgiftHh/ eDonf tv,fwGifjzL
tem;ywfvnfeDvQufrD;vQHa&mifuJhokdYjrifaomf rdk;onf;tHh/ eDwGif tv,fwGifteD? teD;tem;av;csuf
tzsm;xGufjrifaomf rdk;oD;rsm;pGmustHh/ eDonf tv,fwGiftjym? tem;av;csuf teDtuGufjrifaomf
rdzk&m;BuD; a,musfm;wyg;ESihfa&maESmthH/ *drEOwk eD0gxGufaomf yx0D"gwf xdk&moDrif;rlonf/
yljyif;\/ urmemausmuf? 0ufoufxltHh/ OD;acgif;ESihf0rf; ow0gdkUtema&muftHh/ 0oEOwk
eDjzLxGufaomf xdk&moDtmayg"gwft"du rif;rlonf/ vlemzsm;enf;tHh/ rkd;aumif;thH/ a[rEOwk
eDwGifxGufaom awaZm"gwf xkd&moDrif;rlonf/ tcsrf;enf;tHh/ ow0gdkU NcDESihfOD;a*gif;tema&muftHh/
tyGifhtoD;enf;tHh/ tawmif[daom ow0gOyg'frsm;tHh/ xdk&moDoHk;yg; eDonf tjymESihfteuf
a&mifa&mvQufxGufaomf xdk&moDoHk;ck yif0ga,m"gwf t"durif;rlonf/ jynfhoQifrif;,m,D rvm;&m/
ydk;rTm;xlthH/ qifjrif;uRJEGm;Oyg'fa&muftHh/ rdk;&Dcg;tHh/ opfyifwumtemrsm;tHh/ xdkOwkoHk;yg;wGif
eD0ef;wjcrf;jzL? wjcrf;pdrf;jrifvwfaomf xdked rkd;onf;xefpGm&GmtHh/ eDeDHk t0ef;eDvwfrlvnf;
xdkedrdk;onfwcPGmtHh/ eDonf va&mifuJhodkYjzL0ef;vQuf tpdrf;teDta&mifrsm;pGmjrifvwfaomf rif;udk
jynfoldkUylaZmftHh/
eDxGuf&m
Mu,fwvHk;tyg;eDvQufygvmaomf
jynfhoQifrif;oDtHh/
eDonftpdrf;tjymtdrfzGJUvwfaomf trwfBuD;oDtHh/ eDonf wGwfwGwfeD0ifvwfaomf tema&muftHh/
eDonf
jzL
teufusufoa&jrifvwfaomf
rif;,m,DeDraumif;tHh/
eDonf
tcdk;oHk;oG,fjzmxGufonfudkjrifvwfaomf
wjynfuppfa&muftHh/
eD0ef;wGif
tjyma&mifESpfxyf
jrifvwfaomf
xkdNrdKUxkdGmysuftHh/
rif;wyg;odkYNyD;&vDtHh/
eD0ef;wGif
vuJhokdYjrifvwfaomf
tcsif;csif;ppfjzpftHh/ eDwGif cifykwfiSufo@mefjrifvwfaomf cdk;om;"g;jyx oGD;acsmif;pD;tHh/ eDonf
wdrfjymwjcrf;tkyfvQufxGufvwfaomf
rdzk&m;ukdjypfrSm;vDtHh/
eDESpfpif;xGufonfudkjrifvwfaomf
rkefwdkif;BuD;pGmvmtHh/ rdzk&m;oDtHh/ eDonf trJa&mifjrifvwfaomf rD;avmiftHh/ eDonf tv,fjzL
tem;eDonfukdjrifvwfaomf oaErdrdkUysuftHh/ eDxGufaomtcg jcaoFhkyf? uRJkyf? qifkyf? jrif;kyf?
0ufkyf? qdwfkyfrsm;o@mefjrifvwfaomf xdkjynfNrdKU&Gmrom zD;BuD;pGmjzpftHh/ um; eDy&d,m,fwnf;/
vy&d,m,f/ MumoywD;Mu,f vodkYjrifvwfaomf wkdif;jynfacsmufcsm; pyg;ajymif;yJysuftHh/ v
tpdrf;w0uf[djrifvwfaomf
rif;tema&muftHh/
vqef;
awmifodkYapmif;rl
rdk;acgiftHh/
temtzsm;xltHh/ ajrmufokdYapmif;aomf rD;avmiftHh/ rdk;aESmif;aumif;tHh/ vjynfhed wjcrf;jrifvwfaomf
olykefoluefrsm;tHh/ varSmufjrifvwfaomf rif;oDtHh/ vqef;udk vjynfhuJhodkY t&pfukef0ifvQuf
jrifvwfaomf jynfow0gOyg'fa&muftHh/ vjynhf vi,fjrifvwfaomf iwfrw
G Mf utH/h vBuD;
jrifvwfaomf jynfol0ajymom,mtHh/ vtv,frnf;jrifvwfaomf iwfrGwf,Sm;yg; NrdKUGmysuftHh/
vonf rla,mpnfuo
hJ dYk tv,fBuD;onfujkd rifvwfaomf xdjk ynfom,mtH/h vwGif tv,f
taygufESihfjrifvwfaomf rif;udkolwyg;vufaqmifqufa&muftHh/ vxlonfukdjrifvwfaomf rdzk&m;
om;aumif;&tHh/
vqef;BuD;ay:vmaomf
yk
Pm;dkUOyg'fjzpftHh/
vqef;i,fay:aygufvmaomf
r;rwfOyg'fa&muftHh/ vqef;tjrif vSnfay:vmaomf olXD;ol<u,f? ukefonfdkU Oyg'fa&muftHh/
vonf rSefuJhokdYjrifvwfaomf &[ef;dkUOyg'fjzpftHh/ vtem;udkvnf; ig;Muif;uJhodkY tcdk;xGufonfudk
jrifvwfaomf jynfxJcsrf;omtHh/ vqef;vuG,f vESpfckxyfvQufjrifvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;BuD;
temBuD;pGma&mufoDtHh/ vxGufaomtcg wdrfeDv&SdeDonfukdjrifvwfaomf ukef;&Dvm;orQc&D;onfdkU
csrf;omtHh/ vtcdk;xGufonfudkjrifvwfaomf rif;ESifhjynf oldkUppfjzpftHh/ aomufMumMu,f vESifhwGdaomf
rif;dkUrdzk&m; wjcm;olESihfa&maESmtHh/ vrGef;wnfhwGifjrifvwfaomf jynfow0gcsrf;om tv'gersm;tHh/

vrGef;vGJrS wGdvwfaomf jynhfoQifrif;rSm orD;unma&muftHh/ v0ifcgeD;wGdvwfaomf wdkif;jynfow0g

ylqmdI;EGrf;tHh/ v ESpfpif;Mu,fwGdvwfaomf rif;Oyg'fa&muftHh/ vESihft*FgMu,fwGdvwfaomf rif;udk
wkdif;jynfpGefzsm;oljypfrSm;tHh/ Ak'L;Mu,f vESihfwGdvwfaomf iwfrGwf,Sm;yg;rkd;acgiftHh/ vusdyfcdk;xGufaomf
jynfysuftHh/ vudk a&mwdPdMuufwdkufESifhwGdvwfaomf w&m;[daomrif;aumif;ay:tHh/ qdkif;wef;ESifh
MuufwdkufvudkwGef;vm;rl jynfysuftHh/ MwwdwmMu,fESifhvwGdaomf ivQifvqufvIyftHh/ a&0wDeuwf
vESifhwGdvwfaomf rif;rdzk&m;oDtHh/ oabFmMu,f vESihfwGdaomf pMum0aw;rif;aomfvnf; cEmuif;tHh/
azsmufqdwfMu,fESifh MuufwkduftMum; vvm;aomf ivQifBuD;pGmvIyftHh/ oabFmESihf ykEzkoQtMum;
vvm;aomf qifjrif;uRJEGm;oDaysmufrsm;tHh/
a&0wD? [ow? owbdoQ? tovD? yAmoVf xkdeuwfdkU vESihfvuf,mvSnfhvm;Mu
wGdMuvwfaomf ppfBuD;a&muftHh/ vrif;vuf,m 0domcg? teK&m"vm;wGdMuvwfaomf jynfGmysuftHh/
vrif; vuf,moGmwd rmoeuwfvm;wGdMuvwfaomf rif;BuD;Oaumif;qD;&tHh/ rmC? rlveuwfESifh
wGdMuaomf &DeDow0gOyg'fa&muftHh/ 0domcgESihfe*g;wGdMuaomf iwfrGwf,Sm;yg;vDthH/ peDMu,f?
t*FgMu,fwGdMurlum; jrifaomjynftjypf? xdkrif; ig;vESihfysufpD;tHh/ peDt*Fgjyef [ow rlva&0wDdkU
euwf (7) ckESihf,SOfaomf rdk;acgiftHh/ ppfa&muftHh/ um;vy&d,m,f/
euwfy&d,m,f/ pdMweuwfta&mifdI;aomf prme*dk&fjynf rjidrfr0yf[dtHh/ oGmwdeuwfta&mifdI;aomf
"n0wDjynfrjidrfr0yf[dtHh/ tEl&m"euwfta&mifdI;aomf oif;wGJjynfrjidrfr0yf[dtHh/ aZXeuwf
ta&mifdI;aomf uarmZjynfrjidrfr0yf[dtHh/ rlveuwfta&mifdI;aomf wuodkvfjynf rjidrfr0yf[dtHh/
yAmo#feuwfta&mifdI;aomf
yv&mZfjynfrjidrfr0yf[dthH/
Ow&mo#feuwfta&mifdI;aomf
"rmjynfrjidrfr0yf[dthH/ 0domcgeuwfta&mifdI;aomf a0omvDjynfrjidrfr0yf[dthH/ owbdoQeuwf
ta&mifdI;aomf
aumorDjynfrjidrfr0yf[dthH/
yAbj'ydk'feuwfta&mifdI;aomf
&mZN*dK[fjynf
rjidrfr0yf[dthH/ o&0Pfeuwfta&mifdI;aomf arm&jynfrjidrfr0yf[dthH/ reodXeuwfta&mifdI;aomf
oD[dkVfjynf? oQrf;jynfrjidrfr0yf[dtHh/ a&0wDeuwfta&mifdI;aomf Eywe*dk&fjynf ukoDemHkjynf
rjidrfr0yf[dtHh/ to0eDeuwfta&mifdI;aomf yk*jH ynfrjidrfr0yf[dthH/ b&PDeuwfta&mifdI;aomf
uydv0wfjynfrjidrfr0yf[dtHh/ Mwwdumeuwfta&mifdI;aomf Hkjynfrjidrfr0yf[dtHh/ rd*odeuwf
ta&mifdI;aomf ,Gef;jynfrjidrfr0yf[dtHh/ ykEzkoQeuwfta&mifdI;aomf uvd*&mZfjynf rjidrfr0yf[dthH/
tovDeuwfta&mifdI;aomf Zif;r,foxHkrjidrfr0yf[dtHh/ rmCeuwfta&mifdI;aomf t>r0wDjynf
rjidrfr0yf[dtHh/
yAzv*kedeuwfta&mifdI;aomf
Am&mPoDrjidrfr0yf[dtHh/
Ow&zv0kedeuwf
ta&mifdI;aomf rdxDvmjynfrjidrfr0yf[dtHh/ to0eDeuwfta&mifdI;aomf yAm0wDjynf rjidrfr0yf[dtHh/
zkoQeuwfta&mifdI;aomf yJcl;jynfrjidrfr0yf[dtHh/ um;euwfy&d,m,f/
Mu,fy&d,m,f/
0domcgeuwf
t*FgMu,fxdvwfaomf
vlemvlzsm;rsm;tHh/
t*FgMu,f
ta&mifxdk;xGef;aomf
rif;\om;BuD;orD;BuD;dkUoDBuDysufpD;tHh/
a&m[PDESihfazsmufqdyfxdMuaomf
vDjyif;pGmvmtHh/ oGmwdESihfrdMwxdMuaomf &m[kN*dK[fpD;rl eHa&mufwdkif;jynfrD;odkYyl&tHh/ iwfrGwf,Sm;yg;tHh/
a,musfm;wa,mufudk rdrwusdwfSmvwHU/ Mu,fwHcGef t&SdrsufESmuxGufaomf xkdt&yfysuftHh/
awmifbufuxGufaomf
awmifbufrsufESm[d
wdkif;jynfNrdKUGmpnfum;tHh/
taemufu
Mu,fwHcGefxGufaomf taemufrsufESmwdkif;jynfNrdKU&Gm rom[dtHh/ taemufrsufESmuolykefay:tHh/
ajrmufbufrsufESmuMu,fwHcGefjrifrl
jynfhoQifrif;Oyg'fuif;tHh/
wdkif;jynf0ajympnfyiftHh/
&ufpOfMu,fudkedrSwf
Mu,fxGef;onfhMu,feHa&muf&m
wdkif;jynfNrdKUGmpnfyiftHh/
um;
Mu,fy&d,m,fwnf;/
NrDy&d,m,f/ xdkrSwyg;vnf;NrDt*Fgrl- jzLaomNrDyP
km; EGm;EdkYtpmvdktHh/ teHYaomfum;MumwHqdyf
teHY[dtHh/ xkdNrDwGifeDaomfbkef;BuD;tHh/ aus;uRefrsm;tHh/ eDaomNrDum;NrDrif;wnf;? ydawmufyef;oif;aom
teHU[d\/ xrif;t&ompm;vdktHh/ xkdNrDxufeDaomfrif;jzpftHh/ tqif;rJaomNrDum; NrDuRefwnf;?
oD&nfoD&ufudktpmvdk\/
teYHSDeHY&\/
xkdNrDxufreD&m/
O,smOfv,f,momvkyf&tHh/
tqif;0ga&mif[daomNrDum; teHYaomf ylykyfeHY[dtHh/ tpmaomfum; qifom;vdktHh/ &[ef;eDtyf\/
ta&mifrsm;a,mif[daomNrDum; auoyHokaoavm'uNrDrnf\/ tpmaomfum; om;wvdktHh/ NrdKUwnf

reD&aomNrD/ teHYaomfum; y'krmMumteHY[d\/ xkdNrD vjynfh0ef;yrm rsufESmuJhodkY[d\/ nDGwfaom

NrD'l;av;udkif;uJhodkY[daomNrD?
EGm;acgif;yrm[daomNrD?
vwjcrf;uJhokdY[daomNrD?
xkdNrDoHk;&yfonf
pD;yGm;csrf;om?
Opmwdk;wufusufoa&[dtHh/
vdyu
f kef;uJhodkY[daomNrD?
tdk;uif;arSmufxm;aom
yrmP[daomNrD/
jrif;acgif;yrmP[daomNrD?
vsvsvHk;vHk;[daomNrD/
Muufyrm[daomNrD/
bDvl;kyfyrm[daomNrD? e*g;uspfuJhodkY[daomNrD/ xkdNrD (7) &yfreDtyf/ pD;yGm;csrf;omr[d/
temtzsm;xltHh/ jzLaomNrD? eDaomNrD? jymaomNrD? xkdNrDoHk;&yfvnf; vuf,medrfh vuf0JjrihfaomNrD?
r;rwfeDaomf rif;jzpftHh/ olqif;&JeDaomf pD;yGm;wdk;wuftHh/ t&Sdjrifh taemufedrfhaomNrDeDaomfvnf;
pOf;vJ0efwdk *Hk;acsmaumufuspfwwftHh/ txufjrifh tem;edrfhaomNrDeDaomf &efrsm;tHh/ xkdNrD
ausmufcg;uJhokdY[dtHh/
awmifujrifhajrmufuedrfhaom
NrDeDaomf
xkdatmufyvifuJhokdY[d\/
awmifutif;[dthH? ajrmufua&pD;tHh/ t&Sdutkdif[dtHh/ NrDr*Fvm aTaiGrsm;tHh/ trIwumudkEdkiftHh/
tem;ywfvnfjyefY tv,fedrfhaomNrDeDaomf xkdNrDatmufausmuf[d\/ taumif;tqdk;rsm;tHh/
um;NrDy&d,m,f/
,if;odkYtaMumif;
Sdynm[ddkUqdkconfavmuDrI
,Mwm&o0wD
usrf;xGuf[dygonf/ ,if;odkYtaMumif; wdedrdwfdkUudkvnf; taMumif;qdkuftHhaom wkdif;jynfdkUuom
qifjcifjcif;[daMumif; pma[mif;TefvQuf[dygonf/ xkdtaMumif;xifvwfaomf rif;udkjyjcif;? rdzk&m;?
rif;om;? r;rwf? &[ef;? ykP
m;? jynfolpaom? uRJEGm;qifjrif;paom ow0gdkUjzpf&mtaMumif;
cGJa0pdwfjzmodwwfrS tjzpftysufSdEdIif;ygonf/ avmuDrSm rSefwdkif;odcsifaom? avmukw&mrIrSmvnf;
jrwfpGmbk&m;qHk;rawmfrlaomw&m;udk trSefodusifhaqmufwnfjcif;/ ,if;odkYpHkrS avmuDavmukw&m
ESpfjzmwwfyGef? olawmfrGef[l usrf;*efxGufygonf/ waMumif;wHkvnf; &efoludkatmifEdkifaom
trwft*Fgudkqdkcaom aoe*FysdKUtvmaomfum;q'efajymifrkef? &J[kefESihfcsdK;? cRefcRefxdk;odkY? tusdK;[doifh? dkUcGifhrom? r*FvmatmifNrD? teDoifh&m?
Adkvfygqifjrif;? odrf;oGif;rysuf? &JrufrNydKif? &efudkESdyfEGH? tMuHynm? onf&mjzpfc? vl&Jr,Sm;?
vufHk;tm;rSm? trSm;trSef? tvGeftMuL;? tl;t*Fg? rdpmtusifh? edrfhjrifhHk;Edkif? tydkifcJcuf?
vufeufAdkvfNcD? toDtqHk;? xHk;ryavmuf? xGif;azmufajrmufjrm;? *kPfudk;yg;pHk? ynmvHkrS? AdkvfyHkryef;?
OmPfpGrf;e*d? wGif;jyif[du? BuD;bdocif? qifjrif;&xm;? NcDonftm;ESihf? av;yg;tpHk? a&mufvmwHkonf/
ydkufcHNyD;pD;? ppfolBuD;odkY? xHk;rSD;vdrm? okdYudk&mvQif? ppftifav;rnf? tyfonfSddk;? &efcsdK;Edkifonf?
ynm&nfaMumihf? aTjynfom,m? 0womodkY? yrmwlrQ? turif;? ppfwGif;IH;rnf? odkYonfpum;?
odMum;pifvQuf? ysufonfhxHk;rSef? eEdaoe? turwf? nDGwfjynfhpHk? ynmvHk? AdkvfyHk&efjidrf?
uvd*F&mZf? olUppfEGrf;dI;? tusdK;r[d? yef;ES,f&d? u"dupuf? aMunufb&rf;? trwfoGrf;ESifh?
rif;Murf;woGef;? rmefwHcGefudk? uJvGefpwif? udk,foQifudk,f0,f? tvrg,fokdY? tE&m,fa&muf?
NyD;aygufvrf;rSm;? oDaysmufjim;vnf;? w&m;r&? rif;ygy/
xkdodkYqdkcNyD;aom Sdynm[ddkUpum;vnf;[dygonf/ ,if;odkY xHk;a[mif;oufoDESihf trwfBuD;avQmufvD&m
jynfhoQifrif;BuD; trdefYawmf[donfum;rif;? rdzk&m;? rif;om;? rif;orD;? qGDawmf? rsdK;awmfrSp trwfNrdKUpm;? aus;pm;twGif;
oHk;tjyifoHk;orQdkUonf trwfBuD; r[mynmausmfpum;udkemcHNyD;rS avQmufwifcGifh[donfrsm;udk
avQmufxm;pD- ynwfawmfrlonf/ trwfBuD;onfvnf; rif;? rdzk&m;? rif;om;? r;rwf?
jynfol[lvQufrjcm;?
trIvm;udk&m
&Sdaemufwdkif;xGmjyoqHk;r
rif;xHavQmufcGihfrsm;udk
avQmufvwfaomf
rnfolwa,mufdI;jcif;r[d?
trwfBuD;pum;udkem;axmifMuvD
xkdjynfom,mjidrf;tD;onf/
rSwfcsuf/ / ppfcsD&m wdwfedrdwfrsm;avQmufxkH;onf &Sdtxufumvrsm;uyif &ckdifpOfvm
okH;pGJvmMuaom avmuDrSKqkdif&m ,MwmC0wDusrf;rSxkwfESKwfNyD; rif;zavmif;BuD;vufxuftcg
rif;rD;aomaMumifh trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufxm;jcif;jyKconf/
117
avQmufxHk;trSwf (39)

om;awmfoHawmifpm;ipkef tjypfusL;vGef&mwGifavQmufxHk;/
tcgwyg; rif;zavmif;BuD;\om;awmf oHawmifpm;ipkefonf jrHKdkUt&yfu vif;uJ? jrHK? oufdkUESihf
yl;aygif;jcm;em;NyD;aomf
'g*gNrdKUpm;aumif;GefYolukd
tvdkodkYjynfhvQif
jynfydkiftrwfBuD;cefYrnf/
odkYtaMumif;udk
'g*gNrdKUodkY
vlapvTwfajymqdkpDonf/
xdktcg
aumif;GefYolMuHonfum;awmow0gukdvdkvQif
tdrfow0gESihf&if;ESD;zrf;&onf/
om;awmfipkefonf
qdk;oGrf;aomtMuHjzifh
roifh&mudk MuHbdonf/ odkYaomf qdkvmaompum;udk tvdkwlryu tusdK;rJhtusdK;,kwf&m jzpfacsrnf/
odkYaMumifh tvdkodkYyg[efyNyD; zrf;rnfMuHonf/ odkYESihf oHawmifpm;ipkefu apaomoltm; oifhvSygonf/
&Jrufvufeufrsm;vnf; toifhyifjzpfygonf/ rnfonfudkrQ pdk;awmfrrlygESihf/ vufaqmify@m
avQmufpmESihf
vlxnfhvdkufonf/
xkdtaMumif;udk
jynfhoQifrif;BuD;
Mum;odawmfrl
trwfr[mynmausmfudkrD;awmfrlonf/ xdktcgtrwfBuD; avQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ / 'gumNrdKUpm;aumif;GefYol bDbdk;tpOftrsdK; rSL;dk;rwfrsdK;jzpfygonf/ xD;eef;rif;quf
t0D;teD;xm;orQ rnfonhfumvwGifrQ olykefoluefvlqdk;vloGrf;dkUESifhaygif;zuf toQifrif;tm;
rdkufrSm;bl;onfr[dyg/ crnf;awmfbk&m;vufxuf ukvm;jynfudk odrf;,lNyD;aomumvjyefMuaomtcg
'gumNrdKUpm;aumif;GefYol tbowdk;jzLtrwfonf pD;aomvSD ppfcsDpOfu yD;oem;awmfrlaom
aygif;jzLudkqifvQufpD;onf/ xdktcg crnf;awmfbk&m;u ppfcsDom igyD;awmfrlonf/ ppfjyefvQif
odrf;oifhvQufrodrf;/ owdk;jzLonf rmefajrmufvGefoljzpfonf/ rsufawmfrlvQuf tjypfESihf
rmefatmifokdY ydkYxm;awmfrlonf/ wESpfausmfeD&aomtcg t&SdjyLwvdkif;rif;dkUu apvTwfac:pD&m
rSL;aumif;rwfaumif;dkUt*FgESifh
pHknDpGmyD;vdkufaompmrlvnf;?
rwfaumif;dkUt*FgESifh
pHknDpGm
yD;vdkufaompmrlvnf;?
0da'[&mZftrwfra[mo"mudk
ymv&mZfrif;uac:aomf
aus;Zl;opmoQifrSp
om;NrD;qufumrSeforQpdk;rdk;vQif
aus;Zl;opmapmifhtyfaMumif;
xHk;a[mif;ESifhavQmfpGm pmyD;vdkufygonf/ trsdK;tdk;ukd 'g*gNrdKUpm;aumif;GefYol zsufrnfr[kwfyg/
taMumif;qdkuf&mwGif OmPfqif 'gumpm;MuHonfhtrIom jzpfygonf/ tjypfyD;xm;aomom;awmf
oHawmifpm;onf vif;uJ? jrHK? oufdkUESihf yl;aygif;qdk;oGrf;onfht&mrSmvnf; ta&;rqdkavmufyg/
trwfawmf 'gumpm;aumif;GefYolwa,mufESifh NyD;ukefygvdrfhrnfavQmufvwf&m jynfhoQifrif;BuD;vnf;
rif;odkYrqkd eDawmfrlonf/
,if;odkYtrwfBuD;avQmufonfudk
'g*gNrdKUpm;aumif;GefYolMum;odvD&m
igta&;a&mufNyD;MuHvQuf
oHawmifpm;rSmaomeda&mufvwfaomf
&JrufvufeufAdkvfNcDpnf;MuyfvQuf
oHawmifpm;[d&modkY
csDvm;onf/
wGdaomtcg
'gumpm;qdkonfum;
toQifrif;om;
wyfOD;csDawmfrlyg/
uRefawmfhaemufuuGyf ppftm;yD;ygrnf/ qdkvwfaomf oHawmifpm;vnf; tm;&csDvm;vDonf/ ouf?
NrdK? vif;uJdkUrSm awmifNcDomuRrf; vSDrI&DrI ruRrf;Muacs/ r,ljrpf0odkYa&mufaom tcgumv 'g*gpm;u
rdrdvldkUukd
toifhxm;NyD;aomf
NrdKUESihfvnf;eD;jyD?
oHawmifpm;ESihfwdkifyif&ef[donfqdkvQuf?
wyfOD;odkYvmconf/
a&mufvQif
'g*gpm;u
oHawmifpm;odkYajymonf/
]toQifhom;wdkifyif&ef
uRefawmfhvSDodkYwufyg} qdkonf/ oHawmifpm;vnf; ,HkrSwfaomESvHk;jzifh aemufygvltwefomac:
'g*gpm;vSDodkYwufonf/ xdkaomtcg 'g*gpm;u rdrdvSDrsm;ukd &Sdaemufxm; ydwfqdkYxm;pDonf/
xdkodkYpDpOfNyD;aomf aomif;aomif;jim0dkif;vQuf oHawmifpm;ukd zrf;qD;vdkufonf/ jrpf&Dvnf;wufjyDjzpff
NrdKUawmfodkY xGufcsDvm;Mu&m eHeuftcsdefqdkufa&mufMuonf/ 'g*gpm;onf eef;awmfokdU0ifNyD;
oHawmifpm;udk
rif;BuD;xHqufoonf/
oHawmifpm;vlrsm;jzpfaom
oufacgif;tBuD;?
NrdKvif;uJacgiftBuD;ESihf
aemufygvltrsm;udkvnf;
'g*gpm;orufaomif;wD;pm;u
zrf;qD;qufovmjyefonf/ ,if;aomtcg trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufonfhxHk;um;toQifrif;jrwf/
bk&m;oQifwumjzpfawmfrlaomAdrdom&rif;BuD;
rdzk&m;
tZmwowfrif;udk
y#doaEpGJ,laomumv
raumif;aom
wdedrdwfxifojzifh
tBudrfBudrf
oaEudkzsufaMumif;
rif;BuD;odawmfrlonf/ xdka&mtcg trdefYawmf[donfum;- ]oQifrdzk&m; oHo&m0#f'ku[daom
vlow0gdkUonf rdBuD;bBuD;qGDrsdK;paomoltm; tjypfxdkufjim;aomfvnf; trdsK;apmifhaomw&m;ukd

olawmfaumif;dkUrzsuf&macs/
rdzk&m;urGD;zGm;aomom;onf
w&m;rapmifh
t0Zmwom;jzpfc
ightm;rSm;vdkaomfvnf; igomoDpD&monf/ olUtm;rSm;aomtodjzifh w&m;rvGwf aumif;vD&m}
odkYrdefYawmfrlaMumif;
usrf;*efxifSm;xGuf[dygonf/
xdkrSwyg;vnf;
rif;dkUbkef;
vufHk;usufoa&awmfckESpfyg;? vldkUtm;rnfonfudk usrf;*efqdkonfrSm&mZleH- rif;dkU\? "eH- Opmrnfonfum;? trapmAvH- ynm[daom trwftm;vQifwnf;/ yk&domeHa,musfm;dkU\? "eH- Opm rnfonfum;? twd*kaPm- ynm*kPfvQifwnf;/ wdeH- rdrdkU\? "eHOpmrnfonfum;? lyZm*Htqif;tusifhwnf;/ oygeH- >rDdkU\?"eH- Opmrnfonfum;? 0doHtqdyfvQifwnf;/ bduLeH- &[ef;&aohdkU\? "eH- Opmrnfonfum;? oDvH- oDvtp[daomudk,fusifh
w&m;vQifwnf;/
r*Fvmw&m;OD;wGifvnf;
rmwmydwmrdbdkUonf?
ykw'g&oom;orD;dkUvnf;aumif;? ykw'g&o- om;orD;dkUonf? rmwmydwm- rdbdkUvnf;aumif;?
Omwume- qGDrsdK;om;csif;dkUvnf;aumif;? o*F[- auR;rGD;yD;urf;rpoifhonf/
waMumif;rlvnf; r[m&mZm- toQifrif;jrwf? rmwmydwmp- rdbdkUudkvnf;aumif;? *kkp- q&mocif
aus;Zl;oQifdkUukdvnf;aumif;?
nmwumeqGDrsdK;om;csif;dkUudkvnf;aumif;?
trapprif;tusdK;udkvdkaqmifwwfaom trwfudkvnf;aumif;? Orwaump- tl;udkvnf;aumif;? bduKpoHo&mzD;ukdIavh[daom
&aoh&[ef;ukdvnf;aumif;?
y@dawmpynm[dolawmfaumif;udk
vnf;aumif;? owEar0- xkdckESpfyg;aomoldkUtm;? &mZm- rif;onf? a'god- trsuf[dojzifh?
ZD0dwda`E- oDpDaomysufpD;jcif;udk? eya,s- rytyf/ xdkodkYtaMumif; xHk;a[mif;oufoD
usrf;*ef[donf/
120
om;awmfoHawmifpm;rSmZrKywDrif;ESihfwlygonf/
om;awmfukdygatmif
ac:aqmif,lEdkifaom
'gumpm;rSm oMum;wrefESifhwlygonf/ toQifrif;jrwfwHkaomfum; bk&m;oQifESifhOyrmwlygonf/
,if;odkYtaMumif; xHk;a[mif;[donfhtwdkif; jynfhoQifrif;BuD; rwdrf;rapmif;&acs/ avmuDavmukw&m
ESpfjzmaomtusdK;[dvS bk&m;paomolawmfaumif; ynm[dcsDrGrf;pD&m r;aumif;rwfaumif; ynm[dpHkpGm
ynmAvtm;BuD;aom
trwfBuD;avQmufvwfaomfjynfhoQifrif;BuD;u
]ipkefi,fonf
tvdrmr[doljzpfonf/
vdrmatmifoGefoifjyoqHk;r
pDcdkif;odrf;xm;vDavmh}
trdefYawmf[d
trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfodkY tyfawmfrlvkdufonf/
'g*gpm;aumif;GefYoludkrlum;
om;awmfoHawmifpm;taqmiftGuf
t0wfwefqmyD;awmfrlonf/
'g*gpm;onf oem;awmfjrwfukd&m cH,lonf/ raqmifroHk;? jynfhoQifrif;BuD;odkY jyefvnfqufoNyD;
avQmufxm;onfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ rl;rwfaus;uRefukd o'gawmfrl om;awmforD;awmfdkUenf; yD;oem;awmfrlaomfvnf;?
toQifhom;awmftaqmifESihfwlatmif
roHk;aqmiftyfyg/
rl;rwftoHk;taqmifrQukdom
oHk;aqmifxdkufygonf/ vGefyacsaomf tvdrmr[daomoldkUudk wefqmaqmif rmefjrihfwwfygonf/
oem;awmfudkcH&vQif oHk;aqmif&ouJhodkY wax0wljzpfygonf/ Sdynm[dxm;caomxHk;vnf;jzpfygonf/
okdYavQmufvwfaomf
rif;om;taqmiftGufudk
jyefodrf;awmfrlonf/
trwfBuD;dkUenf;
taqmiftG,f yD;oem;awmfrlonf/ om;awmfoHawmifpm; ouf? vif;uJ? NrdK? tBuD;acgif;rsm;udkvnf;
toufrowf/ ukov
kd af wmf&wemyHb
k &k m;rSm vSLawmfrlonf/
121
avQmufxHk;trSwf (40)
Hkjynf yoDukvm;rif;tm; rif;BuD;\bkef;awmfudkodpDaom tpD&ifavQmufxHk;/
w&Haomtcg
HkjynfyoD
ukvm;rif;u
&uyl&wdkif;
bkef;usufoa&ynmESihfjynfhpHkonf/
trwfynm[drsm;onf/

omuD0ifrif;zavmif;BuD;onf
odkYMum;od&onfhtwdkif;

rSefonfrrSefonfudkodvdkayonf/
okdYESifh
ta&;vdrmaom
ukvm;trwfwa,mufukd
pHkprf;pD&efapvTwfonf/ ukvm;trwf'gukpDonf pHkprf;&efa&mufvmonf/ xkdukvm;trwfonf
qufo&ef
vufaqmifawmfywjrm;ckESpfvHk;yg[daMumif;
ywjrm;txkyfudkjyonf/
xdkaomtcg
r[mynmausmftrwfu igdkUtoQifudk twdkif;wdkif;tjynfjynfu qufa&muforQ obifBuD;pGmcHNyD;rS
oGif;jrJjzpfonf/ xdkodkYajymNyD; ywjrm;xkyfudk oHwJwGiftapmifhteDESihfxm;vQufeDpDonf/ NyD;aomfrS
trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfonf rif;xH0ifavQmufxm;onf/
toQifrif;jrwf/ ukvm;rsdK;dkUwGif yoDukvm;onf taumuftvdrftnpfxlvSygonf/ ,ckvmol
'gukpDonf
yoDukvm;?
oif;dkUtoQifvnf;
yoDvlrsdK;jzpfygonf/
rnfodkYapaMumif;quf&ef
vufaqmifvnf; rnfodkYygaMumif;rsm;udk odatmifyNyD;rS &SdawmfokdY0ifpDygrnf- avQmufvwfaomf
rif;BuD;vnf; oabmBudKufawmfrlonf/ ,if;aomtcg trwfBuD;onf txkyfudkMunfhIonf/
aTcsnfjzifh ,ufonhfyrm vHkNcHKpGmxkyfxm;onfudk jrifwGdonf/ trwfBuD;awG;MuHonfum;122
uJhodkY xnfhdk;r[donfudk xnhfconf/ xkdtxkyf
taMumif;xl;ygonf/ odkYqifjcifvQuf
tMuHyonf tbdk;waxmifwefaom y&duyg&m[laomydwt
f kyfudk c0gonfodkY tpkwftjywfrygjyNyD;aomf
c0gonfrjrifrD uwfaus;ESihf cHkSif;cefYudkufjzwfvdkufonf/ ydwftkyfudkacgufodrf;NyD; c0gonfodkY
yD;tyfvkdufonf/
c0gonfvnf;
ydwftkyfudk,lcNyD;
tdrfodkYa&mufvQif
zGwfavQmfvSef;onf/
ydwftkyfwGifyg[daomtaygufudk wGdjrifaomtcg tvGefaMumufvefYvm;onf/ oabFmqdyfodkYvm;NyD;
taygufzmwwfaomoludkSm&m oabFmrS tyfvQdKorm;wa,muf& zmpDonf/ rlvtxnf
om;ESihfwlatmifzmNyD;rS trwfBuD;odkYtyfonf/ xkdtcgtrwfBuD;onf udkuf,lxm;aomydwfpudkjyNyD;
rD;onf/ rnfolzmonfudk trwfBuD;rD;&m c0gonfu zmolukdjyonf/ trwfBuD;MuHjyefonfum;
]r&rmudkjym'g?ukvm;rSmrJem} Sdola[mif;dkUqdkdk;[donf/ xkdukvm;udkac:rD;&rnf/ c0gonfudkajymvQif
c0gonfvnf;
ukvm;udkac:yD;onf/
trwfBuD;onf
ukvm;udkrD;onf/
ukvm;utrwf
'gukpD,lvmaomtxkyfudk olcyfyD;&aMumif;? if;txkyfwGif tbdk;rxdkufaom ywjrm;tysuf
ckESpfvHk;ygaMumif;ajymjyonf/
xdktcg
trwfBuD;u
oabFmukvm;tm;
odkYrD;aMumif;udk
wyg;aomoludkrQ rodpDESihfajymNyD; tojymw&myD; oHwrJ S ausmufxyk u
f kd wdww
f qdw,
f pl o
D nf/
trwfBuD;onf
ausmufxkyfESifhjynfhoQifrif;BuD;xH0ifonf/
ausmufxkyfudkzGifh&m
csufausmufywjrm;ckESpfvHk;udk wGdonf/ trwfBuD;onf xdkcsufausmufywjrm;ckESpfvHk;udk z,fxkwfNyD;?
ojymwaxmifpDwefaom jynfhoQifrif;ywjrm;ckESpfvHk;udk xnhfonf/ xdkodkYxnfhNyD; ukvm;tm; txkyfudk
rlvtwdkif;jcKyfpDonf/ xkdYaemuf if;txkyfudk xm;jrJtwdkif; oHwJwGifjyefxm;pDonf/ xkdodkY
taumufOmPfyvmaomtrIudk
taumufOmPfjzifhyaqmifpDNyD;rS
ukvm;trwf'gukpDukd
twGif;awmfodkYoGif; txkyfudkzGifhpDonf/ txkyfwGif tbdk;rsm;pGmxdkufaom ausmufaumif;ckESpfvHk;udk
ukvm;trwfjrifwGdonf/ tvGefvnf; tHhMojcif;jzpfonf/ cdk'gtoQiftrSefjzpfayonf[l ukvm;trwf
aMumufvefYdkaopGmESihf rumbk&m;? ukvm;dkU txGwftxdyfrSefayonfqdkvQuf tBudrfrsm;pGm
bmom&Sdcdk;jcif;jzifh&Sdcdk;onf/ xdkukvm;trwf'gukpDjyefaomtcg rif;BuD;u tpfudkdkU toQifHkrif;odkYvnf;
ywjrm;ckESpfvHk; yD;vdkufrnf/ ausmufaumif;ckESpfvHk;udk ukvm;odkYjyNyD;aomf trwfBuD;odkY xdkausmufudk
tyfawmfrlonf/
trwfBuD;vnf;
rif;tyfaomywjrm;ckESpfvHk;udk
ukvm;trwfBuD;'gukpD&SdwGif
aumif;rGefpGmxkyfonf/
ukvm;r[donfhaemuftcg
ukvm;wGifyg&if;
csufausmufckESpfvHk;udk
xkdtxkyfESifhwlatmifxkyfpDNyD;rS xdktxkyfudk ukvm;trwfodkYtyfonf/ ukvm;trwfvnf; txkyfudk
aumif;rGefpGmaqmif,ljyefonf/ HkjynfokdYa&muf Hkrif;xHtxkyfudkqufoonf/ xkdtxkyfudkzGifhMunfh&m
yD;vkduf&if; csufausmufckESpfvHk;udkwGd&onf/ Hkrif;u trwf'gukpDtm; taMumif;udkrD;onf/ xkdtcg
ukvm;'gukpDu
odjrifc&onfhtwdkif;
pHkvifpGmavQmufxm;onf/
ukvm;rif;u
rumbk&m;
cdk'gtoQiftrSefyifjzpfonf/ zl;ajrmfoifhonf/ xkdodkYNyD;vQif Hkrif;udk,fwdkif vufaqmify@mtrsm;
oabFmtpif;w&mESihf vma&mufzl;ajrmfonf?
avQmufxHk;trSwf (41)

dk;uRef;rS oQifa,mifapwDzsufrIwGifavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg yk*HNrdKUeDqdkol &[ef;wOD;a&mufvmonf/ dk;uRef;tr&mawmifwGifeDonf/ xdk&[ef;tm;
dk;uRef;om;dkU MunfdkvQuf udk;uG,feDMuonf/ pnf;acsmif;pm;owdk;atmifonf xdktr&mawmifodkY
orifvdkufrnfvm;onf/
xkd&[ef;ESihfwGdNyD;
ESD;aESmajymqdk&if;ESSD;Muonf/
owdk;atmifonf
xkdrSjyefvmNyD;aomtcg
trwfBuD;xH0ifa&mufcpm;NyD;avQmufxm;onf/
yk*Hom;&[ef;wyg;
,dk;uRef;tr&mawmifrSm wGdc&aMumif;? w&m;"rESifh olawmfaumif;vuPm MunfdkbG,f&m
[dygaMumif;ESifhavQmufonfudk rif;BuD;u trwfr[mynmausmfodkYrD;onf/ xdktcg r[mynmausmf
avQmufxm;onfum;toQifrif;jrwf/
pnf;acsmif;pm;owdk;atmifonf
olawmfaumif;udkodEdkifrnfh
ynm[dtHhrxifyg/
Sdolawmfaumif;dkUpum;wGif trIwumudk ,kwd,kwmEIdif;dSrodwwfoltm; rElAmvolrdkuf?
olrkduft*Fgav;yg;[daMumif;?
av;yg;[l&marxkefrSD0Jjcif;?
tdyfpufjcif;?
0pmpm;jcif;?
oufrGD;OpmSmazGjcif;/ xdktaMumif;rQESihf&m eDavh[dolonfolrdkuf/ xkdolrdkufdkUonf tpm;rwwf t0pm;?
c&D;rod ta&mufvm;? pum;rwwf p&kdufajym? usdK;jypfrod qdkrdqdk&mqdkwwfygonf/ ,if;odkY
xHk;a[mif;pum;[dygonf/ pnf;acsmif;pm;trwfowdk;atmifonfvnf;? ynm[dxH qnf;uyfonfr[d/
ol,kwfdkUESihfa&maESmaygif;oif;? om;ig;xdk;owf aomufpm;rl;,pf? aysmfTifrIrsm;yvQuf eDavh[dol&m
jzpfygonf/
pnf;acsmif;pm;wGdcaomolonf pnf;acsmif;pm;ESihfwlaomol&m jzpfwef&mygonf/ avQmufvwfaomf
rif;BuD;rnfodkYrqdkeDawmfrlonf/ xdkrSrsm;rMumrD if;olonf tr&mawmifxdyf[daom "gwfawmfZmwDudk
wl;NzdKonf/ xkd Sdrif;dkUXmyemcaom aTaiGdkUudktukef,l xGufNyD;aMumif;od dk;uRef;om;dkUvnf;
xdkolukdaqmif,lcNyD;
aTaiGrsm;ESihftwl
rif;BuD;xHyD;qufMuonf/
xkdtcg
trwfBuD;u
rif;xHavQmufavQmufxm;jyefonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ w&m;usrf;*efvmonfrSm Ak'g ukape? "rm ukpe? oHCm ukpe/ xkdoHk;yg;aom
&wemjrwfdkUtm; jypfrSm;aomolonf tjypfoHo&m0#f av;pGmcH&rnhfholjzpfygonf/ xkdol,kwfrmtm;
olawmfaumif;dkU
a,Smif,Sm;tyfaMumif;
usrf;*efvmygonf/
,cktrI
ol,kwfrm
olawmfaumif;xifrSwfNyD; dk;uRef;om;dkU qnf;uyfaygif;zufMuonfaMumifh Sdrif;dkUaumif;rIysufpD;jcif;
jzpf&ygonf/ oQifa,mifyolESihf dk;uRef;om;dkUrSm olckd;ESifhvufcHoltvm; avmuyrmwljzpfygonf/
oif;dkUESpfOD;vHk;yif oHo&mtjypfxdkuf&monf/ t&mwGif q&myolzsufqD; ysufvDaom
"gwfawmfZmwDukd txufenf;wl aumif;rGeo
f yg,fvDatmif xdkoQifa,mif,lvmaom aTaiGXmyemrsm;udk
xnfhjrJxnfh dk;uRef;om;dkUudk wnfvkyfpD&ygrnf/ xkd"gwfawmfZmwD NyD;pD;ajrmufvwfatmifvnf;
trwfpnf;acsmif;pm;u BuD;Muyf&ygrnf/ xkdyk*Hom;oQifa,mifudk trsm;odpdrfhaomiSmpmxdk; rdrdeD&yfodkY
ESifxkwfvdkuf&ygrnfavQmufvwfaomf
jynfhoQifrifBuD;vnf;BudKufawmfrl
trwfBuD;
avQmufwifonfhtwdkif; toD;oD;pD&ifonf/ pnf;acsmif;pm;owdk;atmifvnf; aemufaemifrawmforQ
trwfBuD;qHk;rawmfrlyg 0efcsNyD; 0wfpHkwefqmESihf uefawmhonf/
126
avQmufxHk;trSwf (42)
ukvm;rsmvD rD;acsmif;pm;t&mawmif;jcif;ESifh rdzk&m;BuD;vmbfpm;rIavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg rD;acsmif;pm;oDvGefonf/ xkdrD;acsmif;pm;t&mudk acgif;xkyfuRef;eD ukvm;rsmvDu
ojymwaxmifyD;NyD;?
rdzk&m;BuD;xHawmif;cHonf/
rdzk&m;BuD;vnf;
ojymwaxmif,lNyD;?
rif;BuD;xHavQmufonf/ xdktcgrif;BuD; trdefYawmf[donfum;- ]eHufrif;yGJcH&m ukvm;rsmvDudk
avQmufpDavmh}
xdkodkYtrdefYawmf[donfaMumifh
ukvm;rsmvDonf
eHeufrif;yGJcH&m

0ifa&mufavQmufxm;vmonf/ ,if;aomtaMumif;ukd trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ &cdkifESihfukvm;onf vlcsif;omwlonf/ pdwfcsif;rwlyg/ &cdkifdkU rddk;zvmt,ltusifhrSm

bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm &wemoHk;yg;udk tjrwfjyK ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfMuygonf/ okdYjzifh omoemawmf
t&SnfqufNyD; rysufrpD;wnfwhHvmcygonf/ ,if;odkY &ckdifESifukvm; t,lrwlacs/ ukvm;dkUonf
kyfyGm;qif;wk?
"gwfawmfrGDawmfrsm;udk
tvD-vuftkyfcsDrdtHh?
vufudkjzwfypfpD?
,if;odkY
ukvm;bk&m;trSm
usrf;*ef[donfqdkaomt,lESifh
eDolrsm;jzpfygonf/
&cdkifdkU
rif;usifh0wf
o*F[w&m;av;yg;vnf;
jrwfpGmbk&m;t,lawmfudk
jynfoldkUtm;TefjyqHk;rwwfrS
rif;aumif;rif;jrwf[l
&cdkifdkUbk&m;Ak'bmomusrf;*efvmygonf/
ukvm;eD&yfaus;GmrSm
&cdkifudkr;rwfwifvQif
ukvm;t,luG,f
&ckdift,lodkYa&mufatmif
aoG;aqmifygorQonf
rif;r;rif;rwf tusdK;vdk&ma&mufygonf/ rif;vnf; o*F[w&m;wnfygonf/ ,if;odkYr[kwf
&cdkifdkUNrdKUaus;Gmrsm;rSm ukvm;udkr;rwfxm;vwfaomf ukvm;t,lodkYygatmif aoG;aqmifyvD&m &cdkifrSm
Ak'bmomw&m;uG,fvGwf
ukvm;tusihft,lodkYygvwfaomf
jynfoltm;oem;jcif;r[d?
xdkrif;tpdk;&aomwdkif;EdkifiH
rdk;rrSef?
toD;tyGifhrnD?
t&omr[d?
Owk&moDrajzmifh?
"gwfav;yg;ajcmufjcm;aMumif; Sdynm[ddkU trSm[dygonf/ rsmvDudk aus;pm;Gmpm;yD;awmfrlvdkvQif
wdkif;jynfawmftwGif;
ukvm;NrdKUGmtrsm;[dygonf/
rdrddkUtusifhtrl
wl&mobm0csif;nDaom
aus;Gmrsm;udk&m aus;pm;Gmpm;yD;&ygrnf/ toQifrdzk&m;vnf; odum awmfckESpfyg;paom om"ke&w&m;udk
vTwfawmfrrloifhyg/ avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;BuD;uvnf; rdzk&m;BuD;onf wcgw&m;vGwfacsonf/
trwfBuD;u tusdK;taMumif;jyoqHk;ravQmufxm;&rnf/ trdefYawmf[donf/ rdzk&m;BuD;vnf;
Sufjcif;BuD;pGmjzifh
ukvm;rsmvDodkY
aiGojymwaxmifjyefyD;NyD;vQif
trwfBuD;ukdac:pDonf/
trwfBuD;a&mufvwfaomf aemufaemifravQmforQ orD;trSwfxm;qHk;ryg/ trdefYawmf[dNyD;aomf
trwfBuD;odkY 0wfpHkwefqm qkyD;awmfrlonf/
128
avQmufxHk;trSwf (43)
rdrwOD;\oaEoQif,dk;pGyfrIjzwfxHk;/
w&Haomtcg awmeD&[ef;wOD;udk rdrwa,mufonf edpOfrysufqGrf;ydkYvonf/ xkdrdronf
qGrf;ydkYxm;NyD;? ausmif;jcHpnf;dk;jyifbuf[d opfyifatmufwGif tjrJtdyfvQufeDNyD;rS tdrfodkY jyefvmavh
[donf/ umvtwefMumvwfaomtcg xdkrdry#doaE[donf/ xdkrdrvnf; tSuf&tcufuHvD&um;?
eD;&mzrf;qGJ&vDawmhonf/ oaEoQiftjzpf &[ef;udkyif pGJpGyfonf/ awmeDf&[ef;uvnf; r[kwfrrSef
rSm;,Gif;aMumif;jiif;qdkonf/
odkYESifh
trIrSm
atmufNcDwGifrNyD;EdkifbJ
jynfhoQifrif;BuD;okdYwdkif
a&mufvmonf/
rif;BuD;vnf;
trIukd
trwfr[mynmausmfodkYtyfonf/
xdktcg
trwfBuD;pD&ifaomxHk;rlum;rdrdkUwGif y'kreD? pdw&eD? ocFg&eD? [w&eD[l av;rsdK;[donf/ xdkav;rsdK; [w&eD? pdw&eD?
rdrESpfrsdK;onf a'GwdZ*ukvJ- ,kwfaomrdrrsdK;jzpfonf/ [w&eD ukv,uZmwuH? pdw&eD
ukvAs*[DeH[l Sdynm[ddkU trSm[donf/ [w&eDrrd a omfum;- ,um- bDvl;pdwfESihfwl
tpm;vGef\/ pdweDrdraomfum; As*musm;pdwfESihfwl ttdyfvGef\/ ,if;odkYavmuD usrf;*efvmonf/
rdraomfum;
pdw&eDvuPmyif&Sdacsonf/
ttdyfvGef&maomtaMumif;[drnf/
OmPfjzihf
trwfBuD;qifjcifonf/ trIudkvnf; NyD;atmifpD&ifrnf/ qGrf;udkvnf; ydkYjrJydkYpDqdk rdrqGrf;rjywfydkYonf/
qGrf;ydkYNyD;aomf ,cifeD&myif tdyfjrJtdyf eDjyefonf/
129
trwfBuD;onf xdkrdrqGrf;ydkY&maemufokdYvkdufNyD; taxmufawmfrsm;udk vQdKU0SufaxmufvSrf;pDonf/
taxmufawmfjzpfolvnf;
xdkrdraemufrSvdkuf
vQdKU0SufMunfhIonf/
xdktcg
qGrf;ydkYtNyD;
opfyifatmuf tdyfvQuf[daomrdrtm; xkdopfyifay:eDaom arsmufxD;BuD;onf qif;vmcNyD;?
pyfSufrIyonfudk rsuf0g;xifxifwGdjrif&onf/ xdktaxmufawmfonf rdrdwGdjrifc&onfhtjzpfudk

trwfBuD;odkY wifjyavQmufxm;onf/ trwfBuD;onf xdkrdrtm;ac:pDNyD; a&mufvmaomtcg

trwfBuD;u ][Jh rdr ausmif;uqGrf;ydkYtjyef eiftdyfeDaomopfyifxuf eihfvif[donf/ rGD;aomtcg
rsufESmwGiftrGD;ayguf arsmufacgif;uJhodkYygvdrfhrnfqdk xdkrdrukdjyefpDonf/ oaEvpdzGm;aomf
oli,frSmacgif;rSm
arsmufacgif;?
NcDvufrSm
vlYNcDvlYvuf?
zGm;jrifonf/
xkdtaMumif;udk
jynfhoQifrif;BuD;Mum;odawmfrlvwfaomf
trwfBuD;odkY
w&m;qk
ojymwaxmifyD;awmfrlonf/
xkdawmeD&[ef;tm;vnf; ypnf;av;yg;'g,um jynfhoQifrif;BuD;cHawmfrlonf/
130
avQmufxHk;trSwf (44)
,dk;',m;trwfa[mif; uHomNrdKUpm;tm; csDajrmufu,fronfhavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg yJcl;rif;ausmfxifaemf&xmonf ,dk;',m;NrdKUudk vm;a&mufwkdufcdkufonf/ ,dk;',m;rif;
Asmomwd&mZm\trwf bGefapmrIdif;onf vufvGwfxGufNyD;&onf/ trwfbGefapmrdIif;onf ajrmufOD;NrdKU
rif;zavmif;BuD;NcDawmf&if;odkY
a&muf[dcdkvIHonf/
jynfhoQifrif;BuD;onf
trwfbGefapmrdIif;tm;
t0wftpm;eDtdrfrsm;yD;NyD;? trwfr[mynmawmfEiS hftwl xGuf0ifcpm;pD/ trdeYf[donf/ xdkrS
aemufig;vcefYMumvwfaomf ,dk;',m;trwf bGeaf pmrdIif;t&nftcsif;udk trwfBuD;od[dvD&mavQmufxm;aomxHk;rlum;toQifrif;jrwf/ ,dk;',m;trwfbGefapmrdIif;onf vufHk;&nfxuf ESvHk;&nfaumif;[doljzpfonf/
arm[w&m;tm;BuD;ol r[kwfyg/ rl;rwfaumif;dkU vuPm[dt*FgpHkaom rif;oHk;&efvdrmaomOmPf[dol
jzpfygonf/ avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;uvnf; xdkolYESvHk;&nfudk igvnf;odawmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/
trdefYawmf[d trwf'gumpm;orD;udk,fvkyfawmfrif;dkudkxkwf yD;jrm;awmfrlNyD;? uHomNrdKUudkvnf;
pm;pDawmfrlonf/ wESpfcefY[daomtcgwGif uHomNrdKUajrmufbuf wvc&D;wGif[daom uydkyDNrdKUrif;udk
,Ofaus;atmif
ESvHk;&nfjzifhjznfajzmif;
uHomNrdKUpm;bGefapmrdIif;ESifh
rdwfqGDjzpfMuonf/
uydkyDrif;rm&oGefonf orD;emvdrvmudkqufoGif; 'g;rusdK;? vSHrusdK;yJ uydkyDrif;NcDaomf&if;odkY
0ifa&mufvm&onf/
wedaomtcg yJcl;rif;ausmfxifaemf&xmuap[efEiS fh vlESpfa,mufonf udsrfwvDvrf;uvmMuonf/
awmifcGifpm;uac:acsaomf- twGdrcH? pmudkypfcscNyD; xGufNyD;onf/ awmifcGifpm;onf xdkpmudk,lcNyD;
jynfhoQifrif;xHqufoonf/ xdkpmukdxnfhaom pmxkyw
f HqdyfvufrSwfudkMunhfNyD; zGifhNzDMunfhI&m
pmwGifygonfum;trwfbGefapmrdIif;onf
aus;Zl;opmukdapmifhoddkaopGm
trIawmfxrf;aqmif
&uyl&wkdif;ukd
tvdkawmfjynfhvQif ydwfcvkHNrdKUpm;oem;awmfcHpdrfhrnf/ rif;dkUpum; qifpG,fyrmazmufjyefjcif;r[d
yuwdxm;awmfrl &uyl&wkdif;odkY apawmfrlvdkufonf/ oHk;ESpfausmf[djyD? rnfodkYtaMumif;t&m
rnfonfh&ufvcsDaomfrlum;
ta&;awmfukefrnf/
xkdjynf
rl;rwfNrdKUpm;
rnfoldkUESihf
aygif;zufnDGwfrdonfrsm;udk ESvHk;&nfjynfh0onfhtwdkif; apvla&mufcsdefoifhvQuf ra&mufrvmonfrSm
raygufra&mufrapom&m Mumonf/ ,dk;',m;rif;trwfjzpfaomfvnf;? r;aumif;rwfaumif;dkU
t*FgynfhpHkoljzpf
ynmtavQmuf
,HkMunfapoHk;awmfrlonf/
trIudkOmPfjzifhMuHNyD;aomf
rSmawmfrl&if;trIpum;a&mufatmifavQmufwifapvTwfrS
ynm[dt*Fgajrmufrnf/
,if;odkY
pmwGifygvmonfudk Mum;awmfrlvD&m trwfBuD r[mynmausmfjynfhoQifrif;xHavQmufxHk;rlum;toQifrif;jrwf/ rif;ESifhtrwfdkU 0uFw&daw'- MuHenf;jzifh MuH&maomtaMumif;onfvnf;
OyuyfOmPf- Oyg,fwrnfjzifhpOf;vJ trSmtwm pum;a&mufayguf[donf[lvQuf wdkif;jynf[daom
rvdkoldkUudkoDpDaMumif; pum;trSmtxm;pmyD;csMuHjcif;/ ya,m*OmPfjzifh tif;rEmef? qD;0g;? ,Mwmy
xdkoltm;
oDpDrIMuHjcif;
xdkodkYESpfrsdK;[dygonf/
waMumif;rlvnf;tMunfawmf
ausmfxifaemf&xmrif;onf wyg;EdkifiH rif;jyKvQuf ppfruftvdkBuD;pGm ow0gtaygif; oDBuDaysmufqHk;

vufHk;rmeaxmifvTm;?
rw&m;tusifhtMuH?
bk&m;paomolawmfaumif;dkU
rESpfvdkaom
t,lESifheDvwfaomf xkdrif;tm; rdrdwdkif;oljynfom;dkUuvnf;aumif; tjcm;wdkif;wyg;om;dkUuaomf
vnf;aumif;?
idjiifMuysufqD;pDvdkjcif;[d
ESvHk;jzifhzefvDaomOmPf/
]cHxJcJypf}
yaom
taMumif;vnf; [d&mygonf/ ,if;odkYaom taMumif;wckESihf pmomjzpfygonf/ uHomNrdKUpm;bGefapmrdIif;
aus;Zl;opmawmfudk azmufjyefpOf;vJojzifh xkdpmwGifygonfhtwdkif; usifhMuH0ifa&mufvmolr[kwfyg/
avQmufvwfaomf- jynhfoQifrif;BuD;vnf;BudKufawmfrl uefomNrdKUpm;trwfbGefapmrdIif;udkac:rQyif
rD;awmfrrl ]odoH} [laom trnfudkxyf yD;ydkYoem;awmfrlonf/
133
avQmufxHk;trSwf (45)
i,fuRefivHk;wif trf;NrdKUpm;awmif;&mavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg
trf;pm;cspfoloDvGef
jynfhoQifrif;i,fuRefivHk;wifu
trf;pm;t&mudk
rif;xHavQmufawmif;onf/ jynfhoQifrif;u trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfudkqdkacsawmh trdefYawmf[dvD&m
ivHk;wifvnf;
trwfBuD;xHvm
taMumif;udkqdkvmonf/
trwfBuD;u
,ckpm;eDaom
cGefao&oabFmuif;omaumif;onf/ trf;pm;t&mESihfrawmf- ,if;odkYqdkvdkufonfudk ivHk;wifreD?
i,fuRefjzpfaom*kPfudkudk;pm;vQuf eHeufrif;yGJcHaomtcg avQmufjyefonf/ jynfhoQifrif;u trwfBuD;udk
rD;awmfrl&m trwfBuD;avQmufonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ &DNrDudktpdk;&aomrif;dkU teD;t0D;rGD;om? jynfusdK;rif;usdK; ESpfrsdK;odwwfoltm;
rif;eD;yg;vnf;aumif;? t0D;aus;Gmpm;yD;&m vnf;aumif;? jynfusufoa&[d jynhfoQifrif; ypKyef
oHo&mESpfjzmaom tusdK;[dvSonfyifjzpfonf/ rvdrmaomoldkU usdK;jypfrod? rdrdpdwfBudKuf
rif;vdkvdkufonf[lvQuf jynfoldkUxH? xkyfcGefb@mrsm;pGm,liif? jynfhoQifESvHk;oihfpD&ef csDjrifhyD;urf;jcif;
yvDu jynfGmrom,m? ow0gyifyef;acsu xkdolaMumifh rif;tyg,fvm;&monf/ waMumif;rlvnf;
olwa,mufudko'gawmfrl
wkdif;jynfNrdKUGm?
jynfolGmom;tysufrcHaumif;yg/
i,fuRefawmf
ivHk;wifonf
ynm[dESihfaygif;zufjcif;r[d?
Muufwdkuftefcwf?
apmif;jiif;ywvm;?
aomufpm;aysmfTifrIESihfom eDrdeD&m? qdkrdqdk&m ynmr[dyg/ xkdoltm; wNrdKUwGmpm;acsaomf NrdKUGmysuf
ow0gyifyef;jcif;odkY a&mufrnftrSefjzpfygonf/ tyg;awmfwGif&m 0rf;pm0HkyD;vQuf xm;oifhygonf/
avQmufvwfaomf
jynfhoQifrif;vnf;BudKufawmfrl
ivHk;wifudk
pm;jrJoabFmuif;ESihfom
xm;awmfrlonf/ trf;pm;eD&mudkrlum; uHomNrdKUpm;oDoH\nD jAJuGefqdkifudk jAorGeftrnfESifh
NrdKUpm;yD;awmfrlonf/
135
avQmufxHk;trSwf (46)
xm;0,fom; waxmifcefYcdk0ifvm&mavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg xm;0,fpm; tavmrIwwfGeYfonfa,musfm;? rdrvlaygif;waxmifrQESifh 0ifa&mufvmonf/
xdkaomtcgtrwfBuD; r[mynmausmfavQmufxm;onfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ wwfGefYdkUonf SdbD;awmfrsm;vufxuf r&drfacsmif;eD jrHKudk;acgif;trsdK;om;dkU
jidrfoufpGmreD?
NrdKUGmudkwdkufzsuf?
vk,ufqdk;oGrf;,kwfMurf;aomtusifhaMumihf
xkdt&yfu
oif;dkUudkac: bDawmf'o&mZmrif;u rmefatmifuRef;wGif csxm;awmfrl&m wESpfcefY[daomtcgwGif
xGufvm;vD ,dk;',m;ESihf yJcl;ESpfjynftMum;wGifeDvD&m jrHKudkxm;0,fwGifonf/ ,if;dkUESifhwlaom
Zmwd&if;Oyrmaomfum;awmBuD;jyif;aomow0gudk?
vl,lrGD;xm;vwfaomf
wyg;aomtaumifjzpfvQif ,Ofaus;aysmfydkufMuonfyif? awmMuuftrsdK;onfum; vHkpGmxm;rSeDygonf/
rvHkvGwfacsrl awmokdYomvm;onf/

xkdUtwl jrHK? xm;0,f? yoQK;? av;wl;? csif;? vif;uJ? ucsif trsdK;om;dkUonf awmMuufESifhwlygonf/
wdkuf,lvk,ufpm;aomufry&aomf
tSnfeDrnfhvlrsdK;r[kwfyg/
vleDNrdKUGmteD;tyg;xm;acsrl
oif;dkUaoG;aqmif&myg
vlqdk;aMumifh
vlaumif;ysufwwfygonf/
oif;dkUcsnf;wpkwnf;
tkef;uRef;rSmcsxm; tkef;oD;b@mudk&m oif;dkUu ESpfpOfqufoGif;pD&rnf/ avQmufvwfaomf
jynfhoQifrif;BuD;vnf; BudKufawmfrlonf/ jrHK? xm;0,fdkUudk tkef;uRef;rSmcsxm;onf/
136
avQmufxHk;trSwf (47)
crnf;awmfeef;a[mif;&m zsufoifhrzsufoihfavQmufxHk;/
tcgwyg; 'g*gNrdKUpm;xHodkY ukvm;olXD;tpvifqdkol a&mufvmonf/ xkdolXD;onf txufrif;ygBuD;onf
ukvm;b*Fgwq,fh ESpfNrdKUdkUudkodrf;,lpOf 'g*gNrdKU eef;awmfaqmufvkyfpHawmfrlcaom NrDeD&ma[mif;wGif
wkdufaqmufvdkonf/ odkYaMumifh 'g*gpm;odkY aTojymwaxmifyD;NyD; xdkNrDudk &vdkaMumif;ajymonf/
'g*gpm;u bk&m;crnf;awmfpHcaom eef;awmfeD&mjzpfonf/ eDawmfrqdk0Hhodrfh? olXD;aTojymwaxmifudk
rif;BuD;xHqufo
avQmufwifOD;rnf/
,if;odkYqdkNyD;
jynfhoQifrif;BuD;xHavQmufxm;vmonf/
rif;BuD;um;rnfodkYrQrqdk?
r[mynmausmfodkY&m
Munfhawmfrlonf/
xdkaomtcgtrwfBuD;
avQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ Sdumv 0goka'0rif;onf t,kZyl&wdkif; 'Gg&mywdNrdKUwGifrif;yonf/ ZAL'Dyg
wuRef;vHk;udkvnf; tkyfpdk;awmfrl&onf/ odkYjzpfvQuf xdkrif;ysufcsdefeD;vwfaomf trsdK;rapmihf?
r*Fvmw&m; vGwfvDaomaMumifh xdkrif; oDjcif;rvSoD&onf/ a0omvDNrdKUwGifvnf; jA[P&mZmrif;\
tEG,fawmfajcmufquf aemufo&befrif;\tEG,f
wq,fhajcmufquftqHk; jA[od'drif;onf
ysufcsdefeD;vwfaomf rdbbdk;bD;toHk;taqmifudkzsuf Sdrif;dkU tvm;teDtpm; tajymrwl?
SdxHk;vGwfaomaMumifh uyfOyg'fqdkufa&mufysufpD;bl;ygonf/
137
"n0wDNrdKUwnf
rm&,lrif;tEG,f
ig;q,fhav;quftqHk;?
rif;i,faysmfvSpnfolonf
usdK;jypfrodwwfaom
ol,kwfrmdkUpum;udkem
bD;awmfbdk;awmf
crnf;awmfdkUtm;jypfrSm;vQuf
uefoHk;qifhNrdKU[l wnfNyD;aomf Sdrif;dkUvkyfcaom tcrf;tem;? bk&m;? ykxdk;? *lausmif;?
Z&yfrsm;udkzsufqD; trwfrdkufdkUESifh aygif;zufaysmfyg;eDonf/ trsdK;rapmifh w&m;r[dvDjcif;aMumihf
jynfoldkUidjiifjcif;[dvwfaomtcg trwfoHk;a,mufykefpm; xkdrif;vGef&onf/ wdkif;jynfudk ykefpm;ol
trwfoHk;a,mufdkU tkyfpdk;Muonf/
vldkU rdBuD;bBuD;dkUvkyfaqmifxm;caom tcrf;tem;? taqmuftOD;dkUudk rzsufaumif;vSyg/
zsufqD;acsaomf tusdK;r[d/ tjypfoma&mufygaMumif; xHk;a[mif;oufoD[dygonf/ xkdodkY trwfBuD;
avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;BuD; trdefYawmf[donfum;crnf;awmfbk&m;
ukvm;jynfudkcsDawmfrlaomumv
pHawmfrlcaompcef;?
eef;awmf&mrsm;wGif
aus;Gmcsxm;awmfrlconfhtwdkif; rysufpD&/ BuD;us,fatmifudk&mypD/ ppfwaumif;? 'g*gNrdKUrsm;wGif
wnfxm;confh NrdKUeef;rsm;udkvnf;rysufrpD;pD&/ aumif;rGefpGm tapmifhteDESifhxm;pD/ ,if;okdY
trdefYawmfxm;ynwfawmfrlNyD;?
'g*gpm;qufaomaTojymwaxmifudkvnf;
jyefyD;awmfrlonf/
'g*gpm;uvnf;
xdkaTudk
olXD;BuD;okdYjyefyD;NyD;?
t"GefYSnfwnfwefYatmif
eef;awmf&mwGif
ausmufarmfuGef;wdkif pdkufxm;onf/
138
avQmufxH;k trSwf (48)

jyifNrdKUa[mif; zsufoifhrzsufoifhavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg yJcl;rif;ausmfxifaemf&xmcsDvmonf[k Mum;vwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;zavmif;BuD;onf
jyifNrdKUBuD;ukd aumif;rGefcdkifcefYatmifjyKvkyfpDonf/ wef;cg;? jytdk;? usHK;? ajrmif;rsm;udkvnf;yvkyf&rnf[k
trdefYawmf[donf/ vkyfaqmifMuaomtcg vufqD;uefESifhtdkifdkUtMum; NrdKUwxyfqD;umvQuf
vkyf&onf/ ausmuftkwfrvHkravmuf[donf/ jynfhoQifrif;BuD;u yef;pDs;ajrmif;zsm; awmifbuf
NrdKUESpfxyf[donfrSm jyifNrdKUonf &Dumvkyfaqmifxm;caom t&momjzpfonf/ NrdKUwHwdkif; t0ifr[kwf/
jyifNrdKUudkzsuf,lpD/ trdefYawmf[dvwfonf/ xkdtcgtrwfBuD; r[mausmfavQmufxHk;rlum;toQifrif;jrwf/ bD;awmf? bdk;awmf? crnf;awmfdkU oifhavQmfwifhtyfaom trI? vkyfaqmifxm;corQudk
rzsufqD;aumif;yg/ waMumif;wHkvnf; vldkU toQiftxGwftxdyfjzpfaom rif;{u&mZfdkUpHawmfrl&m NrdKU?
eef;? xD;? A[dk&fpnf? em&D? xdkav;yg;dkUonf pwkpufxGef;&mr*Fvmcsnf;jzpf ta[mif;tEGrf;[lorQudk
Sdrif;dkUoHk;aqmifbl;onfhxHk;r[d? roHk;aqmifoifhyg/ Oyrmaomfum;- tyifxuf yGifhaomyef;onf
xdktyifu <uDvDrl wzefxdktyifodkY xkdyef;yGifhra&mufEdkifjyDuJhodkY SdoldkUvkyfaqmifxm;orQudk
rdrdeD&mwGifom a[mif;EGrf;qGD;NrdpD&monf/ aemufom;,l r*FvmrjyKtyf/ waMumif;rlvnf; &Djrif;oeif;
rif;dkUusihf&m t"dywdoHk;&yf[dygonf/
rif;pufawmfrlaom usufo&D eef;awmfaqmif/
obifcH&m &mZyvif[daom eef;aqmif/
ab&DpnfBuD; A[dk&f[daom eef;aqmif/
xdkoHk;&yf t"dywddkUonfvnf; jynfhoQifrif;[dvQuf rqdwfrnHtyfyg/ ,if;odkY xHk;a[mif;oufoDESihf
trwfBuD;avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;vnf; BudKufawmfrl xif;rD;orm; ukvm;waomif;dkUudk
tee'Djrpfzsm;[daom ausmufdkUudk aqmif,lpDNyD;rS vufqD;uefESihftdkifESpfcktMum;? NrdKUdk;? ol&JNyD;?
ol&Jcdk? jytdk;? wef;cg;[dorQraumif; a[mif;EGrf;ysufqD;onfrsm;udkvkyfaqmif ol&JvufeuftpHk?
Munf;&Dtjynfhpnf;MuyfNyD; armfwifaMumif;vnf; 'g*gpm;ukd oabFmESpfq,hfig;pif;ESifhapmifhMuyfeDpDonf/
nDawmfukvm;wefpm;ukdvnf;
udk,f&Hawmfol&Jig;aomif;yD;awmfrl
trwfudk,f&HawmfBuD;ESifh
awmifpOfacsmif;aygufwdkif; ydwfqdkYeDpDonf/
140
avQmufxHk;trSwf (49)
'DvDNrdKUudk wdkuf,loifhroifhavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg
armufolZmNrdKUpm;Owrausmfacgifu
'DvDNrdKUukvm;yoDrif;onf
jynfoldkUudk
ESdyfpufyusihfavh[donf/ wdkif;jynfNrdKUKUGm romr,m? NrdKUGmysufjym;vQuf qlylaomif;usef;[dygonf/
'DvDNrdKUudk wdkuf,lawmfrlvQif tvG,fESifh&ygrnf[l jynfhoQifrif;zavmif;BuD;xH avQmufxm;vmonf/
xdka&mtcg trwfynm[d r[mynmausmfavQmuf xHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ SdbD;awmfbdk;awmfrif;rsm;vufxuf ukvm;EdkifiH 'DvDNrdKUonf&uyl& wkdif;tydkifr[kwfacs/
taemufrsufESm armufolZmNrdKU/ taemufajrmufbuf bdvwfNrdKUwGiftqHk;/ ,if;odkY ausmufpmordkif;
&mZ0iftxiftSm;[dygonf/ bD;awmfrif;apmrGefvufxuf t&Sdbufrif;apmfuJBuD;om; rif;qGDonf
jrwfpGmbk&m; omoemawmfrStyjzpfaom tusifht,ludk&mESpfvdkaomrif;jzpf olawmfaumif;ynm[ddkU
pum;udkremr,l? ol,kwfrmdkUpum;udk&mem,laomaMumihf w&m;vGwfvQuf Sdutid;rajyrukefonfjzpf
rif;qGDom; rif;&JausmfpGm vma&mufzsufqD;aomtcg bD;awmfrif;apmrGefonf xGufNyD;a,SmifeD&aom
umv taemufb*Fgwq,fhESpfNrdKUudk&m&vQuf tkyfcsKyfeD&onf/ xdkaomumv 'DvDrif;uyif t&Sdbuf
jyL? wvdkif;dkUudkwdkufcdkufpD rif;apmrGefudk eef;wifonf/ ,if;odkYaus;Zl;aMumifh b*Fgwq,fhESpfNrdKUudk

'DvDrif;tydkifyD;tyfconf/ odkYaMumifh rif;wq,fhESpfquf? ESpfaygif;w&mausmf b*Fgwq,fhESpfNrdKUdkUudk

ukvm;rif;ydkifjzpf[dcygonf/
bk&m;crnf;awmf rif;ygBuD;vufxufa&mufrSom Sddk;twdkif; b*Fgwq,fhESpfNrdKUdkUudk odrf;,lawmfrlonf/
xdkonfhtcg w&m;r[daomrif;uJhodkYtvGefyaomf 'DvDNrdKUwdkifatmif tvG,fESifh&rnfudkodawmfrlvQuf
rodrf;r,l/ 0dvkyEed Z*Fvrif;uJhodkYryoifh? trdeYfawmf[d SdtpOf EdkifiHawmfudk&m odrf;,ljyefchJygonf/
toQifrif;jrwf/ vk,lwdkufzsuf? owfjzwfSif;qJ? vufEdkiforQyaomtrIdkUonf olawmfaumif;?
rif;aumif;? trwfaumif;dkU tavhr[kwfyg/ ol,kwfrdpm? ynmuif;aomoldkUtavh&mjzpfygonf/
OyrmxHk;aomfum;ol,kwfdkUtusifhtMuHonf
cGD;ESihfwlonf/
cGD;dkUonf
rdrdwyfpGrf;aom
trSKudkjrifvQufrl Sufjcif;r[d/ a'gojyif;pGm EdkifwwfESdyfpufwwfaomtusifh[djcif;? cifrifaomaMumihf
trsdK;apmifhjcif;r[d?
usD;dkUrSmrlum;taMumif;qdkufa&mufvwf[drl?
rdrddkUtrsdK;0dkif;tHkpkHk;vQuf?
trsdK;om;csif;
ESdufpufavhr[d/
aumif;vnf;twl?
qdk;rltrQ
jyKavh[djcif;?
,if;odkYyrm
vlrdpmrsdK;dkUonfvnf;? cGD;uJhodkY EdkifxufjyKavh[dygonf/ Sdynm[ddkUqdkcaomtaMumif;rSmvnf;&Dr[daomuef?
qefr[daompyg;?
w&m;r[daomrif;rsdK;?
tcdk;r[daomrD;?
xdkav;ckonf
tvm;wlaMumif; xHk;a[mif;[d&m &Dr[daomuefonf ow0gdkU rSDcdk&mr[djcif;aMumifh rpnfum;&m/
qefr[daom pyg;zsif;dkUonfvnf; toHk;r[dpGefY&onf/ w&m;r[daomrif;rlvnf; qdkrdqdk&mESifh
wdkif;jynfrpnfum;&m? tcdk;r[daom rD;[lonfum; wefbdk;[donfr[donfrod? tqdk;taumif;rcGJjcm;?
avmifrdavmif&mavmifwwfjcif;/ ,if;odkY tedXav;yg;wlaMumif; xHk;a[mif;[dygonf/
waMumif;rlvnf; OwrausmfacgifeD&yf armufolZm? ukvm;rif;eD&yf a'vDESifh teD;tpyf jzpfMu
aomfvnf;aumif;?
aus;uReftrIxrf;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;?
&efSufwifMu&m
a'gotavQmuf
ysufpD;pDvdkvQuf avQmufvmonfhtaMumif;vnf; jzpf&mygonf/ armufolZmNrdKUpm; rw&m;aompum;udk
avQmufvmoltm; xkdt&yfxm; oifhrnfr[kwfyg/ trwfBuD;avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;BuD;vnf;
BudKufawmfrl
awmifcGifpm;aZmfwoludk
awmifcGifuEIwf
armufolZmNrdKUpm;yD;awmfrlonf/
uif;pm;csif;zkdukdvnf; uif;aus;uEIwf awmifcGifpm;t&myD;awmfro
l nf/ uif;acsmif;om;dkUaomfum;
wdef;eDqdkwdkif;emaomolrsm;jzpf armufolZmNrdKUpm;Owrausmfacgifudk uif;pm;t&mxm;awmfrlonf/
142
avQmufxHk;trSwf (50)
qifuJBuD;oDvGef&mwGifavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg trwfawmfqifuJBuD; aZ,sAdkvfuG,fvGefonf/ rSL;rwfdkUtaMumif;udk jynfhoQifrif;
odawmfrlvdk trwfwGif ouf[doufrJh[dorQ ypnf;pm&if;,l&rnf/ trdefYawmf[dvwfonf/ odkYESihf
pm&if;,lMuonf/ pm&if;,laomtcg aus;uRef? uRJEGm;? v,f,mO,smOfESifh rl;rwftaqmiftGufrsm;
pm&if;/ if;jyif aTojymckESpfq,f? aiGojymwaxmif&aMumif; jynhfoQifrif;BuD;xHavQmufvwfaomf
trdeYfawmf[donfum; ]qifuJBuD;aZ,sAdkvfonf bDbdk;qif;ouf qifuJtrwfBuD;t&mESifhvmol?
crnf;awmfbk&m;
vufxufawmfuonf
,ckwdkiftxdtoufoQpfq,fausmfrS
oDvGefonf/
ojymOpmr[donfht&mrSm rnfodkYtaMumif;t&m[donfudkavQmufxm;&rnf} trdefYawmf[dvwfonf/
xdktaMumif;udk trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;rlum;toQifrif;jrwf/ omuD0ifrif; rif;ok"r&mZm? ynmy@dawmpaomrif;aumif;kdY? vmabm"eHaTaiGojymrsm;udk
rw&m;ojzifhr,ljcif;/
eobmobifr[kwf
oGr;f aomtavhudrk jyKjcif;/
rkom0g'paomtrIdkUukd rqdkjcif;? wxm*wm- tvmtvm;? tpm;ttdyf tajymtqdkteDwwfaom
&mZanm- rif;dkUpdk;aomEdkifiHonf tvGefom,mbG,f[d\/ olawmfaumif;dkUvnf; taygif;oifh&m
olawmfcsif;csif;? ol,kwfdkUvnf; oif;yif;oifhpGm ol,kwfrmcsif;/

,if;qdkcNyD;aom Sdynm[dpum;/ rif;cspftyfaomol wusdyfav;a,mufaomtrwfaumif;onf1/ rif;tyg,frSvGwfatmif ajymqkdwwfaomol

2/ tusihfoDvynm[daomol
3/ rif;\toufudkapmifhaomol
4/ rif;\tusdK;udkaqmifGufwwfol
5/ rif;trI[daomtcg tazmf&aomol
6/ rif;\&efoludk atmifwwfaomol
7/ NrdKUGmudk pnfyifatmifywwfaomol
8/ rif;tukodkvfaysmfydkuf aumif;usdK;rrdavQmh&m aumif;pGmavQmufwwfaomol
9/ wnfMunford rf adG omol
10/ trIBuD;i,fudk NyD;atmifpD&ifEdkifaomol
11/ olwyg;rvm;0Hhaomc&D;udk vm;Edkifaomol
12/ ol&Jaumif;aomol
13/ tjrdeft&omukd aumif;pGmcsufwwfaomol
14/ wkdif;wyg;rSm[daomoldkUtm;? a&mufatmifaoG;aqmif,lEdkifaomol
xdkoldkUtm; rif;jypfra&muf&m/
&efatmifaom taMumif;av;yg;rlum;
1/
2/
3/
4/

opH- rSefaompum;ukdqdkjcif;
"rH- w&m;ojzifhusihfMuHjcif;
0D&d,H- ynm0D&d,[djcif;
vHkYvacrH- ynmvHkYv[djcif;/

raygif;tyfaomol ig;a,mufrSmum;
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

ttdyMf uL;aomol
,pfrsdK;udufaomol
rkdufaomol
trsdK;rapmihfaomol
pOf;vJaumufuspfaomol

pum;t&m t*Fgav;csufrlum;-144
1/
2/
3/
4/

olbmodw0gpm- aumif;aompum;udkqdkwwfjcif;
yD,0gpm- w&m;ESifhnDaompum;ukd embG,fcspfbG,fjzpfatmifqdkwwfjcif;
op0gpm- rSefaompum;ukd&mqdkwwfjcif;
"r0gpm- w&m;ESifhavQmfaompum;udk&m qdkwwfjcif;/

*wdav;yg;rlum;
1/
2/
3/
4/

qEm*wd- trSm;trSefrGD;rlvQuf xkdoltvdkodkYvdkufwwfjcif;

a'gom*wd- trsufa'goaemufokdYvdkufwwfjcif;
arm[m*wd- rdrdrdkufrSm;jcif;
b,m*wd- zD;udkaMumufvdkufemjcif;

paom enf;emdkUESihftnD trwfawmfqifuJBuD;onf rl;aumif;rwfaumif;t*FgESihf jynfhpHkaomol

jzpfygonf/
rw&m;enf;jzifh
aTaiGudkrSmrSD;onfaMumifh
ypnf;Opmenf;yg;&onfjzpfygaMumif;ESifh
avQmufvwfaomf- jynfhoQifrif;vnf;BudKufawmfrl trwfawmfqifuJBuD;udk wdkufawmfuaiGxkwf
oN*dK[fawmfrlonf/
avQmufxHk;trSwf (51)
AvausmfolESihf wk&ifrPdoldkU cdk0ifonfhta&;wGifavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg tif;0NrdKUEdkifiHudk yJcl;rif;ausmfxifaemf&xm wdkufcdkufodrf;,lonf/ tif;0rif;pnfausmfxif
udkvnf;
vuf&zrf;qD;,laqmifvmvwfonf/
xkdtcg
tif;0rif;pnfolausmfxif\trwf
avmif;Snfpm;AvausmfESifh tjrifhNrdKUpm;wk&ifrPd olESpfa,mufonf vGwf&modkYxGufNyD;Muonf/
xkdokdYxGufNyD;Mu&m
&cdkifjynfhoQifrif;xHa&muf[dMuonf/
&ckdifrif;u
pm;&ef&dumeDtdrfrsm;yD;NyD;
aumif;pGmxm;awmfrlonf/
wvcefY[daomtcg
tif;0rif;trwfESpfOD;t&nftoGD;udk
trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfodkY rD;awmfrlonf/ trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufwifaomxHk;rlum;toQifrif;jrwf/
avmuDavmukw&mESpfyg;wGif
jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mMum;awmfrlonfum;-

avmukw&m

wPSmukef&maomw&m;udk

taeuZmwdoHo&H? oEm0dHtedAHwH/
*[um&H*a0oaEm? 'kumZmwdykeyKeH/
*[um&u'daXmod? ykaea*[Heumwod/
oAm awzmokumb*g? *[ul#H0docH/
0docFg&*wHpdwH? wPSmeHc,r*g/
pum;awmfonf yxrw&m;
w''gedbdua0tmrE,mrda0g
0,"rmocFg&? tyrma'e? orga'x/
pum;awmfum;tqHk;w&m;
,if;odkYusrf;*efvmonfhtwdkif;?
oHo&m0#fdkUukef&mjzpfaom
wPSm\taMumif;udkodtyf&monf/
wPSmukefqHk;aomf oHo&mvnf;qHk;vDawmhaMumif; Ak'\
tpOD;ESifhtqHk; w&m;awmfjzpfygonf/ ,if;ESifh
pyfod&maomtaMumif;
avmuDrIrSmvnf;
rif;aumif;rif;jrwfdkU
eD&yfNrdKUt*FgckESpfyg;[daMumif;
usrf;*efvmonfrSmvnf;omrsmrapmocgaumaom? 'k*0dZdwHAvH
&Zmedodoawau od,Hkyuwdaxmydp/
xdkokdYusrf;*efvm&m1/ w&m;udkod vdrmpGmtrsdK;udkapmifhaomrif;vnf;wyg;/
2/ rif;ESifhwdkif;jynfusufoa&[datmifaqmifEdkifaom tusdK;tjypfudkod avmb? a'go? arm[paom
ynm[dtrwfaumif;vnf;wyg;/
3/ ppfrufr[d wdkif;wyg;rif;dkUtm; rdwfqGD0ifjcif;vnf;wyg;/
4/ jynfoldkUtcGefudkrvGefpD&? rSefaomb@m? OpmaTaiG? qef&Dpyg;rsm;jcif;vnf;wyg;/

5/ usKH;? ajrmif;? NrdKUdk;? jytdk;? wefaqmif;cdkifvHkpGm NrdKUwGif;NrdKUjyif oefYpif,Sif;vif;? pufqkwfzG,f

r[dpD&? nDGwfjcif;vnf;wyg;/
6/ aus;vufEdkifiH pnfum;jcif;vnf;wyg;/
7/ &JrufAdkvfNcD? jrif;? qifpaom vufeufrD;aygufrsm;jcif;vnf;wyg;/
,if;odkYpHkaom wkdif;jynfudkrSom wdkif;BuD;jynfBuD;yD rif;aumif;rif;jrwfEdkifiH[l usrf;*efvmygonf/
xdkrSwyg;wnf; ynm[dt*Fg[d jyefygonf/
okpdykbm0dedrkwm? uxHaomy@dawm awmba0/
okpdykbmerkpwm? wom y@dawm a[mwd/
xkdodkYusrf;*efvmaom av;cGef;tu&mESifhqifjcifaomf avmif;Snfpm;Av&Jausmfonf t*Fgr[dol/
rl;rwfpOftEG,fr0if? w'*Fjzpfaom olvuPmjzpfygonf/ tjrihfpm;wk&ifyPdrlum; ynmOmPfavQmuf
ywfpGmrl;dk;? rwfdk;? rwfrsdK; vuPm[dygonf/ ,if;odkYtaMumif; avmuDavmukw&mESpfjzmaom
usrf;vmxHk;a[mif;ESihf avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;BuD;trdefYawmf[donfum;]vlESpfa,muft&nfudk
igvnf;odawmfrlonfyif}
odkY&mwGif
csrf;omvdk
rSDcdkvmoltm;
csrf;ompD&monf/ olraumif;rl olU&mtjypf? igrlum; tusdK;om;jzpfrnf- rdefYawmfrl wk&ifrPdolrSm
rD;jy? uif;Av&Jausmfudk >yefn
S fuif;pm;t&m yD;awmfrlonf/
xkdodkYyD;awmfrl wESpfcefY[drS Av&Jausmfonf uif;cGefaiGudkcdk;,lNyD; waG;acsmif;vrf;u t&SdjynfokdY
xGufNyD;onf/ xdkoltm; csif;dkUzrf;rdydkUqufvmMuonfwGif trwfBuD;avQmufjyefonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ ol,kwfdkUt*Fg vuPmudk usrf;*efvmonfrSmvnf;tvaomp yrma'gp? tew a'poHoa,m/
ed'gwEdp awqda'? oAaomeH0da,mZa,/
xdkodkYolawmfaumif;trSm[dygonf/
toQifrif;jrwf/ ol,kwfdkUtm; zD;&ef[daomc&D;udk a,SmifMuOfouJhodkY ynm[daomoldkU a,SmifMuOf&rnfh
taMumif;jzpfygonf/ tjypfryoifhyg/ avQmufvwfaomf aysmf&momeDvDawmh trdefYawmf[d
pm;oHk;&eftojymw&myD;awmfrlNyD;? jynfrSxGufcGmcGifhyawmfrlonf/ wk&ifrPdoludkrlum;- udk,fvkyfawmf
armif;roZifdkudkxkwf yD;jrm;awmfrlNyD;vQif Ovif;acsmif;pm;t&myD;awmfrlNyD; r;rwft&mESihf
xm;awmfrlonf/
wedaomtcg wk&ifrPdol Ovif;odkYxGufvD&m NrdKUdkUt&yfwGif xl;qef;aomoabFmyifBuD;wyif
wGdonf/ xdktyifESifhtoD;rsm;udk aTcs,lcNyD; aTya'omyif&[dconf/ ,lvm&mjynhfoQifrif;BuD;u
toHk;uif;pm;ivHk;wifudk tBudKapvTwfawmfro
l nf/ ivHk;wif &vmuif;qdyfwGif wGdvDonf/
ivHk;wif&Sdyif ydwumoD;wvHk; <uDusonf/ ivHk;wifjrif qdkonfum;]aygufuefjynfom;? pum;r[kwf? rsufvSnfhonfodkY} &Sdola[mif;dkUqdkconf/ ajymif;jympm;wGif&m
Mum;&onf/
,ckrSm
udk,fwGdyifjrif&jyefonf/
odkYqdkNyD;rl
xdkydwumoD;t<uDudk,ljyefonf/
uif;pm;ivHk;wif
a&mufvmaMumif;ukd
trwfBuD;odvwfaomfivHk;wifonf
SdxHk;wrf;udk
uRrf;olr[kwf
aumif;usdK;raumif;usdK;ukdvnf;rodoljzpfonf/
rif;&SdawmfodkYr0ifrDS
ivHk;wifudk
ac:pDonf/
ivHk;wifa&mufvmaomf
jrifconfhtwdkif;
trwfBuD;odkYjyefqdkonf/
xdktcg
trwfBuD;qdkonfum;wdkif;a&;jynfrIr[kwf rif;*kPfomjzpfonf/ rif;xHravQmufoifh? vm;BudKjrJudk&m cefYawmfrl&if;twdkif;

BudKcD/
trwfBuD;qdkaompum;udk
ivHk;wifremr,l?
rif;xH0if
xdkydwumoD;udk&m
qufjzpfatmifqufonf/ jynfhoQifrif;BuD; trdefYawmf[donfum; ]ivHk;wif? eifhudk tBudK&mvTwfonf/
xdktyiftoD;udk t,lvTwfonfr[kwf/ rif;tmPmudkvGefusihfoljzpfonf/} xkdokdY trdefYawmf[dNyD;?
ivHk;wifudk rmefatmifuRef;odkYydkYonf/ Ovif;pm;qufaom oabFmyifudkrlum;? eef;OD;NrDwvif;wGif
pdkufNyD;rl? aTa'gif;ysHjcHumvQufxm;awmfrl&m jynfoltaygif;dkUylaZmf rif;zavmif;vufxuf eef;OD;wGif
aTya'omyifaygufonf[l &mZ0ifxGufonf/
149
avQmufxHk;trSwf (52)
rif;ESifhpyfaom taqmiftGufESifhywfoufaom avQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg jynfhoQifrif;BuD;u
avQmufxHk;aomfum;-

xD;ig;pif;udkrD;awmfrlonf/

xdktcg

trwfBuD;r[mynmausmf

toQifrif;jrwf/ Sdynm[ddkUqdkaompum;rlum;1/ rif;dkU\xD;ig;pif;onf rif;pHawmfrlaomovGex

f uf0,fzGifhvQuf tjrJpdkufxm;aomxD;? xdkxD;
&wemckESpfyg;jzifh pDjc,fxm;&monf/ xdkxD;udkrlum; MuiSef;xD;jzL[lonf/
2/
wESpfwBudrfobifcH&m
zGifhaqmif;aomxD;
e0&wfudk;yg;pDjc,f&monf/
xkdxD;aomfum;
OkxD;jzL[lonf/
3/ xGuf0ifrjywfaqmif;aomxD;jzLum; aTdk;? aiGdk;xGwfESifh wrGwfxD;jzL[lonf/
4/
wwkdkif;wjynfu
oHBuD;wrefBuD;a&mufvwfaomf
aqmif;aomxD;jzLrlum;
tdk;tvGwf
aTjc,f&monf/ tGufdkU &wemudk;yg;pDjc,f xdkxD;udkaomfum; ueu'efxD;jzL[lonf/
5/ qif,Ofjrif;,OfdkU aqmif;aomxD;jzLudkrlum; tdk;tvGwf aTjc,f&monf/ xdkxD;jzLrlum;
brKwdxD;jzL[lonf/ ,if;odkYvQif xD;jzLig;pif;onf SdxHk;pHtwdkif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkYavQmufxm;NyD;
trwfBuD;u
rif;aumifrif;jrwfbk&m;avmif;dkUwwf&maomtaMumif;
usrf;*eftvmESihf
avQmufxm;jyefygonf/
toQifrif;jrwfokwdorKwdocsFmp? a,m*geDwd0daooum?
*EAm*Pdumap0? rElaA'gp ayg&mPm?
wdudp m wd[mo? aZmwdrm,mpqEwd?
auwkrE po'gp? odyg Xm&oumar/
xkdodkYusrf;*efvm[dygonf/ rif;ajrmufwefqmig;yg;udk usrf;*efvmonfum;pa*gp qwOPSdH? zm'kumVADZed
aru ukrAEmed? b0Edy&mZleH/
,if;odkYt& teufrlum;1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

oefvQufvnf; wyg;
xD;jzLvnf; wyg;
oif;uspfvnf; wyg;
NcDeif;vnf; wyg;
om;jrD; ,yfvnf; wyg;/

,if;rSwzef [djyefodrfhonf/
y'l&d,m- ig;yg;[lonfum;tmwwD 0dwwa0? tmww0dwwdCeH/
olwd&a0wl&d,H? y*Du? rk'D&dwH/
[lusrf;0,fjyonf/ t"dyg,fum;1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

wzufydwfaom pnf/
ESpfzufydwfaom pnf/
tvHkydwfaom pnf/
wcJeuftoH[daom pnf/
tacgif;[daom pnf/

wcJeufaomtoH[donfrSm armif;? BuD;eif;? vif;cGif;? BuD;pnf/ tacgif;[donfum;- c&m? 'Hkrif;?

ckoif;? ESJ? >yD? wHydk;[l&monf/
bk&m;avmif;dkUjznfhtyfaom yg&rDq,fyg;udkusrf;*ef jyjyefonfum;'geHoDvedurH? ynm0D&d,yrH/
cEDopmt"dXmeH? arwKayumpdar'o/
,if;odkY yg&rDq,fyg;w&m;awmfudk usrf;*eftvmESihfavQmufvwfaomf rif;BuD;vnf; BudKufawmfrlonf/
151
avQmufxHk;trSwf (53)
twGif;oif;rSL;cspfoludk om;awmfxGD;\tBuD;awmfceYfoifhrcefYoifhavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcgum; om;awmftxGD;apmaESmifcifudk aus;pm;rm*"&mZfNrdKU? uxl;? [,f? jrHKdkUeDaomt&yfudk
yD;awmfrlonftwGif; oif;r;cspfolukd om;awmftm; txdef;ttkyftBuD;jyK&ef cefYawmfrlrnf[d&m
trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ Sdaomtcg oDvorm"d[daom &[ef;wOD;onf ed*kH;GmwGif a&muf&SdeDxkdifonf/
xkdGmeDvldkUonf
rdrddkU\rddk;zvmudk;uG,favh[daom
rSm;aompdkuf[donhf
tvZD&[ef;dkUudk
udk;uG,fqnf;uyf v'gef;rsm;pGmyvQufeDxdkifMuonfrSm SnfMumvSvDjyD/ aemufrS a&mufvmaom
oDvorm"d[dol&[ef;u xdkGmom;dkUtm;- rormaomtusihft,ltodw&m;udk Munfdkacsu
oHo&mSnfvQuf
tyg,fbHk&m
vl;vmjzpf&monf/
,if;okdYvQif
w&m;awmfESifhavQmfpmG
a[majymjyoonf/ Gmom;dkUonf &[ef;w&m;udk oabmrBudKuf rESpfvdk[dMuonf/ xkdYaMumihf
xdk&[ef;xH wpHkwOD;rQ ta&muftayguf tvtwef;r[deDMuonf/ &[ef;vnf; teDtpm;
acgif;yg;vD&tm;
r*Fvmw&m;rapmifh?
tao0emp?
AmvmeH
ol,kwfdkUESihfaygif;zufeDvD&m
oDvorm"d[daom &[ef;jrwfjzpfvQufysufpD;&onf/ ol,kwfdkUtvdkuf pdkufwljzpf&vDaomaMumihf
arm[zHk;vTrf;aom tukodkvfw&m;dkUaMumihf xdk&[ef;tyg,fodkYvm;&aMumif; xHk;a[mif;usrf;*efygonf/
152
waMumif;wkHvnf; tedErjynfhoQifrif;ESifh o*F[jynfhoQifrif;dkU ESpfOD;om;cspfuRrf;0ifMuvDaomaMumifh
o&ufcsdKyif[daom
o*F[rif;O,smOfawmfwGif
OykoftwlapmifhMuonf/
Oykofapmifh&mwGif

o&ufcsdKoD;ukd pm;Muaomtcg tvGefcsdKvSaomaMumifh t&dErrif;u rsdK;pdyD;&efawmif;onf/

o*F[rif;vnf;
o0efwkdvQuf
rsdK;pdryD;[donf/
t&dErif;vnf;
rausreyf[donfESihf
ta&;vdrmaomrif;apwa,mufukd xdko&ufcsdKyiftm; t&omysufatmifzsufc&rnf[k rif;rdefYxm;
vTwfvDonf/ xdkolonf o*F[jynfodkYvm; a&mufvwfaomf xdko&ufcsdKyif[daom O,smOfr;xH
tapcHjyKeDonf/ xkdolvnf; tvkyfukdaumif;pGmvHkYvjyKvkyfacsaomf xkdO,smOf[daom oldkUxuf
pdkufysdK;&mwGif ydkuRrf;usifonf/ xkdol\t&nftoGD;ukd O,smOfr;jrifodvD&m O,smOfawmf[dtyifdkUudk
aumif;pGmypkapmifha,Smuf&ef wm0eftyfESHonf/
xkdolonf tyifdkUudkypk&m o&ufcsdKyifteD;ywfvnfdkU cg;wwfaomtyif? csOfwwfaomtyif?
zefwwfaomtyif? pyfwwfaom tyifdkUudkpdkufysdK;onf/ xdko&ufcsdKyifum; rJ'g;a&udk&mavmif;onf/
o&ufyifoD;csdefa&muf oD;vDaomtcg SdESifhrwl csdK? csOf? zef? pyf[donf/ xdkolonf
O,smOfrSxGufvDNyD;
rdrdtoQif
t&dErif;xHvm;onf/
o&ufoD;
t&omysufvDjyDtaMumif;
avQmufxm;onf/
xdkrQ
ewfrif;pm;aom
tAAE&o&ufoD;uJhodkYcsdKaom
t&om[daom
o&ufyifwHkrSvnf; olraumif;atmifzsufvQifysufpD;&aMumif; ZmwfedygwfoufoDxGufygonf/
oif;awmfr;cspfol tkyfxdef;vDorQaom trIxrf;? udk,f&Hawmf? oif;awmfom;[lorQdkUonf
vlMurf;pkcsnf;&m jzpfMuonf/ oif;awmfr;cspfolonfvnf; Murf;wrf;aomtusifh[dolomjzpfygonf/
om;awmfukd cspfox
l t
H yfxde;f pDaomf om;awmfvnf; Murf;wrf;cufxefaomoabm&m[dygrnf/
odkY&mwGif Sdynm[dolawmfaumif;pum; olaumif;om;,Ofyg;onf/ ol,kwfom;um; &rf;um;onf/
,if;odkYpum;udkaxmufaomf
toQif{u&mZfom;awmforD;dkUonf
olEkwfuJhodkY
r[kwfygacs/
odrfarGU,Ofaus;rSom
usufoa&xGef;
ynm[ddkUtcsDtrGrf;udk
tSnfcH&ygrnf/
xdkodkY
trwfBuD;avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;BuD;vnf;BudKufawmfrl oif;r;cspfoludk txdef;ttkyf
rcefYrxm;/ av;NrdKUpm;udk tyfawmfrlonf/
xdkav;NrdKUpm;trwfrlum;
pdEu0Hajrmufaom
trwfrsdK;jzpfjcif;aMumihf
om;awmfonfvnf;
ynm[denf;em&onf/ ,if;odkY&onfjzpfjcif;aMumihf oufawmf ckESpfESpfom;tG,fuyif odrfrGdaom
ESvHk;pGJvQuf
o'goDvpaom
olawmfaumif;OpmckESpfyg;ESihfjynfhpHkNyD;?
yoDvw&m;ig;yg;ukd
pGJjrJaqmufwnfawmfrlonf/
154
avQmufxHk;trSwf (54)
oDaomtcg i&JodkYa&muftyfoludkavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg
jynfhoQifrif;BuD;onf
trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfodkYrD;awmfrlonf/
vldkUonf
oDjcif;odkYa&mufNyD;aomtcg
rcRwfrvGJ
i&JodkYa&muf&aomolum;
yZmuHxdkufaomolonf
a&muftHhenf;/ rD;awmfrlvwfaomf trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ t&d,opH- t&d,mpaom jrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmf tusihfaumif;?
tusihfjrwfjzifheDMuukefaom? bduL- &aoh&[ef;dkUonf ykeyKeH- azmufjyefvwf? a,mtMuif&[ef;onf? tvZdaem- tvZdtusihfudk usihfaqmifvQuf? r&PH- oDjcif;odkY? ba0a&mufvDthH/
a,m- tMuif&[ef;onf? tedXpm*H- aqmif,laom? arm[- w&m;ydkYvD&m? ed,a,- i&JodkY? OyZwda&mufvD&m\/
&XtMuifjynfwdkif;um;udk
tpdk;&aom&mZmrif;onfvnf;
'oyg&rDopHrif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;dkU rusifhrMuH? azmufjyefvQuf? rdpmZD0Hol,kwfdkUtavhtusihf[dojzifh? r&PHoDjcif;odkY? ba0- a&muftHh/

a,m- tMuifrif;onf? tedXpm*H- aqmif,laomarm[w&m;ydkYojzifh? ed&a,- i&JodkY? Xdawm0rcRwfrvGJ? OyZwd- a&mufvD\/

&Xwdkif;jynfudkzsufqD;wwfaomolonfvnf;aumif;?
rHorapmom;ig;paomow0gdkUudk
ESdyfpufowfjzwfavh[daomolvnf;aumif;? rmwmrdwmp- ykw'g&o? Omwume- rdbqGDrsdK;?
vifom;r,m;paomoldkUtm; oDpDrIywwfaomolvnf;aumif;? bk&m;paom t&d,myk*dKvfjrwfdkUtm;
jypfrSmaomolvnf;aumif;?
ygyHraumif;aompdkuf[donfjzpf?
ZD0dwda`Ewnf;[laomoufSnfkyfMumorQ
umvywfvHk;?
{aum-wa,mufaom?
yl&daom
oH0gaomynm[dESihfwGdaomfvnf;? a,medaomreodwma&m- xdkynm[dolawmfaumif;dkU\pum;udkrem,lrlvQuf?
r&PH- oDjcif;odkY? ba0- a&mufvDtHh? wxm- vmjcif;vm;jcif;? trwH- jyefjcif;raumif;aom?
rElqywH- tvGef,kwfrmvSaom xdkajcmufa,mufaomoldkUonf? pwktyga,- raumif;av;Gm
tyg,fGmodkY?
[dEHtedwHrolawmfdkUeD&yfjzpfaom
tyg,fbHkodkY
a&muf&vD\/
trwfBuD;avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;vnf; tvGefBudKufawmfrlonf/
156
avQmufxHk;trSwf (55)
rif;dkUusifhtyfwifhtyf&m bkef;usufoa&udknTefjyaomavQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg
jynfhoQifrif;BuD;u
rif;dkUusihftyf
trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;rlum;-

bkef;usufoa&udkrD;awmfrlonf/

xdktcg

toQifrif;jrwf/ rif;dkUtm; wihftyfonhfajcmufyg;aombkef;rlum;1/

2/
3/
4/
5/
6/

&d,- [laom tpdk;&jcif;/

,o- [laom tjcHt&Hrsm;jcif;/
"r- [laom tusihfw&m; xdk;xGif;OmPfynm[djcif;/
oD&d- [laom tvm;teD? tpm;tajymtqdk? ttdyf? t0wfteDtxdkifwifhw,fjcif;/
umr- [laom cyfodrf;aomtrIdkU tvdkawmf[dvQifjynfhpHkjcif;/
y,w- [laom aumif;aomESvHk;ESihfjynfhpHkjcif;/

xdkYjyif jynfhoQifrif;dkU puKig;yg;onf[dtyf\/ xdkpuKig;yg;[lonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ rHopuK? ynmpuK? "rpuK? 'dApuK? Ak'puKdkUaywnf;/

xdkig;yg;
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

rHopuK- onfum; rdrd [djrJpuK

ynmpuK- rlum; rl;rwfjynfoldkUxufynmBuD;us,f odjrifaom puK
"rpuK- rlum; w&m;awmfukd xdk;xGif;odjrifEdkifaom puK
'dApuK- rlum; trIBuD;i,fa&mufvm qdkcGifh[dvwfrl ryGm;pD&/ xdktrIoD&mudk jrifwwfaom puK
Ak'puK- rlum; &wemoHk;yg;udk Munfdk jrwfpGmbk&m; aus;Zl;awmfudkodjrifaom puK/

odkY puKig;yg;pHkaomrif;dkUonf tyg,fodkYrvm;Edkif&m/ xdkrSwHkvnf;- t&d,0Ho "rav;yg;[d\/

xdkav;yg;um;1/ 0D0&oaEm- ouFef; a&mifh&JvG,fjcif;/
2/ yd@ygyoHaEmo- qGrf; a&mifh&JvG,fjcif;/

3/ aoemoeoaEmo- eD&mausmif;? tdyf&mdkU a&mifh&JvG,fjcif;/

4/ bm0em&mrwm- urXmef;pD;jzef;&m rGdavQmfjcif;/ ,if;odkY *kPfaus;Zl;ESihfjynhfpHkaom yk*dKvf&[ef;tm;?
qnf;uyf jynfhoQifrif;onf w&m;pum;emMum;tyfygonf/
xdkrSwHkvnf;
>rDavpif;aomfum;?
wlaomr[mbkwfav;yg;1/
2/
3/
4/

qXrkc>rD?

ykwdrlc>rD?

t*drlc>rD?

owrlc>rD/

xdk>rDESifh

yx0D r[mbkwfESifh qXclr>rD wl\/

tmayg r[mbkwfESifh ykwdrlc>rD wl\/
awaZmr[mbkwfESifh t*drlc>rD wl\/
0ga,mr[mbkwfESifh owrlc>rD wl\/

,if;odkY >rDavpif;- r[mbkwfav;yg;udkvnf;? &DNrDoeif; rif;dkU Edkifeif;tyfygonf/ usrf;*efvnf;

bk&m;jrwfpGmonf qGrf;pm;&maomt&yfukd qdk&mrlum;Aka'gemr ypEZeya'okt*kPHeOpmaywd/
odkUusrf;vm[daom taMumif;rlum;- jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ypE&mZdt&yf tmHkcHawmfrlaMumif;udk
od&monf/ xdkenf;wl &DNrDrif;onfvnf; wifhtyfaomt&yfwGif&m pm;oHk;&monf/ jynfhoQifrif;
tHhjcif;oQpfyg;? r[mork'&mrlvnf; tHhjcif;oQpfyg;? r[mork'&muJhokdY rif;dkUwl&monf/
r[mork'&m tHhjcif;oQpfyg;
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/

ork'&m vdIif;wHydk;ruif;jcif;/
urf;odkY &DrvGefjcif;/
tykwfteHYtrdIufdkUudk urf;odkYwifjcif;/
jrpfBuD;ig;pif; paomjrpfi,facsmif;i,fdkUodkYjynhfatmif &D0ifpDjcif;/
MunfvifpGm[djcif;/
&wemrsm;jcif;/
ewfdkUaysmfjrL;&m[djcif;/
BuD;pGmaom ig;[djcif;/

,if;odkYenf;yif rif;dkU tHhbG,foQpfyg;rlvnf;1/ ynmxdk;xGif;BuD;us,fonfudk tHhjcif;/

2/ wwkdif;wjynfdkUESifhrdwfqGD0ifonfukd tHhjcif;/
3/ avmuDavmukw&m xdkESpfjzmaomtrI usrf;*efpaom eDvm;? vvm;? euwfwm,m? qD;AdaEm
xHk;a[mif;enf;em wwfvdrmonfudk tHhjcif;/
4/ ynm[dr;aumif;? rwfaumif;[donfudk tHhjcif;/
5/ qifaumif;? jrif;aumif;aygrsm; ol&JolcwfvufeufpHkonfudk tHhjcif;/
6/ jynfoldkU tcGefb@mcH&m wnfhrwfonfukd tHhjcif;/
7/ jynhfoQifrif;\usufoa&udk xGef;pDaomt*Fg usdK;jypfodaom rif;rdzk&m; rif;om; rif;orD;rsm;onfudk
tHhjcif;/
8/ t0D;teD;[l uwdrvdkuf? ajzmifhrwfonfudk tHhjcif;/
oQpfyg;dkUonf rif;aumif;rif;jrwfdkU\usufoa& ,if;odkYpHk&monf/ avQmufonf/
xkdrSwyg;rlvnf;- vldkUomrdujzpfaom rif;rawmifhwtyfonfoHk;yg;? Sdynm[dqdkcaomt&m-

1/ wwkdif;wjynfudk t"rjyK,lvdkjcif;iSm rawmifhwtyf/

2/ arxHktBudrfrsm;pGmjzpfpDvdkrI rawmifhwtyf/
3/ ow0gdkUtom;udk owfSpfpm;vdkrI rawmifhwtyf/
xdkYjyif- rif;roHk;tyfaomol oQpfa,muf[lonfum;1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/

trd0rf;xJrS t*FgrpHkaomoltm;vnf; rif;roHk;tyf/

tElq,fyg;0if a&m*g[doltm;vnf; rif;roHk;tyf/
a,mif,ef;vefYzsyf aMumufwwfaomoltm;vnf; rif;roHk;tyf/
ysufacsmfoGyfoGrf; a[mh&rf;pum; ajymwwfaomoltm;vnf; rif;roHk;tyf/
tG,fvGef xdkif;rdIif;aomoltm;vnf; rif;roHk;tyf/
usdK;jypfrod? i,faomoltm;vnf; rif;roHk;tyf/
,pfrsdK;udk udufwwfaomoltm;vnf; rif;roHk;tyf/

,if;odkY
oQpfa,mufudkoHk;acsaomf
[lonfum;1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

rif;wefcdk;enf;&monf/

rif;dkUrwdkifyif&maomolig;a,muf

tG,fvGef xdkif;rIdif;aomoltm;vnf; rif;rwdkifyiftHh/

,pfrsdK;udufaom oDaomufMuL;udkvnf; rif;rwdkifyiftHh/
a[mh&rf;aomhoGrf; ajymwwfaomoltm;vnf; rif;rwdkifyiftHh/
tjypfudkrodaom olrkduftm;vnf; rif;rwdkifyiftHh/
obifonfudkvnf; rwdkifyiftyf/

"n0wDta&;awmfyHk obifonfryg/ av;OD;omqdkonf/ r[mynmausmfavQmufxkH;&m obifonfudk

xnhf ig;OD;qkdonf/
rif;cGihfryD;oifhaomol udk;a,muf[lonfum;1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/

&aoh&[ef;udkvnf; rif;cGifhryD;tyf/
yk
Pm;udkvnf; rif;cGifhryD;tyf/
tl;udkvnf; rif;cGihfryD;tyf/
rdrudkvnf; rif;cGifhryD;tyf/
oli,fukdvnf; rif;cGifhryD;tyf/
&wemoHk;yg;trSefrodoltm;vnf; rif;cGifhryD;tyf/
oDaomufMuL;tm;vnf; rif;cGifhryD;tyf/
olrkduftm;vnf; rif;cGifhryD;tyf/
tG,fvGefxdk;rdIif;oltm;vnf;rif;cGifhryD;tyf/

,if;odkYtaMumif; Sdola[mif;dkU ynwfxm;caom usrf;*efvnf;

oHurHwmwkrdpwd/ orm&areumwAH? oDw&mZmw'gwa0/

r[murH

ck'uurH0g?

xkdodkYqdk&maomt"dyg,f- r[murH0g- BuD;aom vHkYvudkvnf;aumif;? ck'u urH0g- i,faomvHkYvudk

aomfvnf;aumif;? ,Hur0g- tMuiftrIdkUudk? igdkUyaomtaMumif;jzihf? pwd- qifjcifaxmufIvQuf?
wHurH- xdktrIdkUonf? orm&are- OmPfynmjzifh? wmwAH- qifjcifvQuf? oD[&mZmjcaoFhrif;ESihfwlpGm?
orm&arewnfMunfaom
&J&ifhjcif;[d&m\[l
jrifhjrwfawmfrlaom
OmPfawmfpGJ&if;[daomaMumifh? ywjrm;ausmufjrwfonf tcHaumif;wifxm;&m 0if;0if;awmufajymif
ta&mifwifbdouJhokdY vnf;aumif;? wdrfykwf? wdrfrnf;? wdrfjymdkUudk? Owa&- ajrmuft&yfuvmaom?
0gaom- vDcwfojzifh? xdktnpftykwfoefYpifpGm[dvwf&m? ol&da,m- eDta&mifrdkufvwfaomf?

xdefxdefvufvuf
NydKif;NydKif;jyufjyufxGufaom
tvQHta&mifyrm
jynfhoQifrif;jrwf
OmPfynmawmfonfvnf; wcsufwnf; tvHk;pHkudkodawmfrlonf/ jynfhoQifrif;BuD;onf trwfBuD;
avQmufaompum;udk tvGefBudKufawmfrlvQuf trwfBuD;odkY &SdaqmifBudrfESpfpif;? rif;pD;&xm;rdk;aom
wHcGef? qifaygufwefqmdkUudk qkyD;awmfrlonf/
161
avQmufxHk;trSwf (56)
yJcl;rif;wref pum;awmifpm;ta&; avQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg yJcl;rif; ausmfxifaemf&xmu pum;awmifpm;udkap orD;awmfjrwfoQifapmukd
yJcl;rif;\om; rif;om;opmodkY yD;ygrnfhtaMumif;ESifh tapa&mufvmonf/ jynhfoQifrif;u trwfBuD;
r[mynmausmfodkY rD;awmfrlvwfaomf trwfBuD;avQmufonfrSmum;toQifrif;jrwf/ yJcl;rif;ausmfxifaemf&xmtEG,fonf? rlvtp qGmacsmif;em;? urf;yg;jrifhGmpm;\om;
o0efBuD;?o0efi,fESpfOD;dkUonf awmifilNrdKUudkwnfum rif;jyKvQuf tkyfpdk;eDMuonf/ xdkpOf
xD;vdkifoQifzufwGif tonfom;wa,muf ,mxGefeDpOf cRwfxm;aom tusay:wGif >rDief;BuD;onf
tcGDjyKNyD;eDvmonf/ odkY acweDNyD; >rDief;BuD;onf awmifbuft&yfodkY xGufvm;onf/
>rDief;BuD;vm;vwfonfudk xD;vdkifausmif;yk*dKvfjrifvD awmifbufwGif aumif;pm;rnfqdkvwfonf/
xkdYaMumifh xdkv,fxGefa,musfm;onf awmifbufodkYvmcNyD;? uif;omt&yfwGif eDxdkifonf/ xdkolonf
rdbr[daom u&ifri,fukd rGD;pm;aomaMumihf u&ifb[kac:Muonf/
xdku&ifb vloltaygif;tzufrsm;vmonf/ u&ifbonf awmifbufodkYvm; aygif;avmif;jrpf
taSSYbufurf;wGif
GmwnfeDonf/
xdkGmpnfyifaMumif;udkMum;vQif
awmifilbk&ifo0efBuD;
o0efi,fdkUonf u&ifbudkac:NyD;axmifr;cefYvQuf awmifilwGifrif;jzpfonf/ xkdu&ifbrSqif;oufNyD;
rif;w&m;aTxD;tEG,fjzpfvmygonf/ rif;w&m;aTxD;tEG,fonf yJcl;rif;ausmfxifaemf&xmjzpfvmonf/
omuD0Ho r[mor0? plVor0 om;awmfjzpfaom oa&acw&mjynfhoQif 'Gwaygifrif;BuD;
tEG,fawmfr[kwfyg/ ,if;odkY&mwGif omuD0ifrif;rsdK;r[kwfaom Zde*FvtrsdK;rif;dkUonf w&m;rapmihf
0dvkyaEm vk,ufzsufqD; Murf;wrf;qkd;oGrf;aMumif;udkvnf; usrf;*ef'ktm&uaEm/ w&m;rapmifh 'kpdkufw&m;q,fyg;ESihf eDavh[daomoldkUonf? uk'g- rpifbifykwfudk?
olua&m- 0ufonf rpufqkyfouJhodkY? ygyH- raumif;rIudk? Amavm- olrkdufonf? eywdrpufqkyf? omu- rD;? 0gyum- ydk;zvHdkUonf raMumufouJo
h Ydk? Amavm- olru
kd o
f nf? ygyHraumif;rIudk? eywd- raMumufwwf/
xdkodkY usrf;*efvmonfhtwdkif; olrdkufrmeonf wHcGefvTm;vQuf[dygonf/ ,cktMunfawmf yJcl;rif;
wrefpum;awmifpm;onfvnf;? w&m;tvGwf pum;wwfjzpfygonf/ Sdynm[d trSmusrf;vmaom
&efatmif&maomtaMumif;rSmZaye raEe okbmokawe
tEly'ga'e ya0Pd,m0g
,xm,xm ,wv abxtwH
wxm wxmww y&war,s/
xkdokdY qdkcNyD;aom t"dyg,faomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/
Zaye- tif;tkdif qD;0g;rE&m;jzifhvnf;aumif; &efukdatmifjcif;/

raEe- ynm[ddkUESihf ESD;aESmwkdifyifjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; &efudkatmifjcif;/

okbmodawe- cspfbG,faompum;ukd qdkjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/
tElyg'gaee- wHpdk;ojym? aTaiGvufaqmifyD;vnf;aumif;/
ya0Pd,ma0- tqGDtrsdK;jyKvnf;aumif; &efudkatmifjcif;/
,xm,xmtMuiftMuifoaYkd omtjcif;t&mjzifh?
,wtMuiftaMumif;[d&m?
twHtusdK;pD;yGm;dkUudk? y&war,s- vHkYvjzihfaqmif&monf/ xdkodkY xHk;a[mif;usrf;vm[donfhtwdkif;
wrefa&muf&m SdtrSmed'gef;rSvnf;&mZ0owD? tnDusOf;Hk;? ed'gef;uHk;ydrfh? SdxHk;pOfvm? jynfatmifcsm0,f? r[m"r&mZf? wufopfeDEG,f?
bkef;awmf<u,f? tHhbG,frukef? odrf;ydkufNcHKonf? AdkvfyHkwdkif;vHk;cspf\/ qef;opfpvyrm? usufoa&rsdK;?
pHkjynfhNzdK;onf?
wefcdk;rif;tmPmwnf;/
ynmawmfNrDtxk?
pHkpdajrmufjrm;?
r;rwftm;vnf;?
&nfvm;odatmifyavmh/ vlrItvGefcufvSpGm? jynfoludk,fom;? ,Gif;rrSm;atmif? xm;&onfhrdwmESihf?
SdxufpOfvm (----)/ wwdkif;wjynf? twnfwnfudk? vSnhfvnfoHapcef;/ axmufvSrf;arQmfI
ytyf&m? oluapjyef? twefwefonf? wrefa&mufdkUvmu? t*FgrlvvlYteD? rif;dkU"avh? odpHkNyD;rS?
twGdcHoifhay\/ pmyDryg? vl\csnf;vm/ rsm;ajrmufy@m? rif;udk&mvQif? quf&mtenf;enf;ESifh?
uyfcsnf;vdkaMumif;qdkygpD/ rif;dkUusifh0wf? ,Gif;rcRwfu? vmbfriJhom? o0Pfpmrl? rygrSefacsu?
rif;apwrefoif;r[kwf?
EIwfy&d,m,f?
toG,foG,fvQif?
Oyg,fOmPfa00kwfESihf?
ol,kwfrSef
wnhfaomtcg? xdkuf&mjypfxm;? ajzmifhayjim;rl? jyefvm;pD&m\/ wreft*FgpHkpdvS? o0Pfvnf;yg?
jzpfayvmaomf? ynmy@dwESifh? EdIif;q,lrD;jref;pD/ rif;cspfpHkruf? rdwfqGDqufonf? rmefzuf&eftajy[k?
wrefoHk;awG?
[dpdk;?
aumif;usdK;trSef?
aponfhoHrl?
rif;xH0ifxGuf?
pOfrysufatmif?
EIwfqufjyK&rsdK;wnfh/ &efysdK;&efp? a&mufayvm/ jiLpltrsuf? jyifrxGufbJ? cspfvQufuJhyrmodkY?
aumif;rGefvSpGm? auR;rGD;enf;/ ol&Jolcuf? Adkvfvufeufudk? 0ifxGufodpDNyD;rS ESpfvnfedv? SnfrMum?
wmSnfranmif;? jyefoifhaumif;onf/ xHk;a[mif;rSefbd? OmPfu0d/
odkY
Sdynm[ddkUtrSmvmonfESifhtnD?
,cka&mufvmaom
wrefawmfpum;awmifpm;vnf;
o0PfaTyDygvQuf tpHkESifhjzpfygonf/ twGdcHawmfrl tMunfawmfuyD;aom o0PfaTyDygonfhtwdkif;
trsdK;tEG,fawmfqufMurS ESpfjynfaxmifow0gjidrf;csrf;ygrnf/ xHk;a[mif;oufoDESihf trwfBuD;
avQmufvD&m jynfhoQifrif;jrwfvnf; MunfvifawmfrlvD wrefpum;awmifpm;ESifh twGdcHawmfrlonf/
jynfhoQifrif;u wrefpum;awmifpm;ukd [Hom0wDjynhfoQif tMunfawmf usef;rmyg\avm/ rD;awmfrl&m
yJcl;rif;wrefpum;awmifpm;u
&mZ"d&mZmjzpfawmfrlaom
tMunfawmfusef;rmawmfrlyg\[k
avQmufxm;aompum;Mum;awmfrlvwfaomfjynhfoQifrif;BuD;
trdefYawmf[donfum;wrefpum;awmifpm;onf arm[zHk;vTrf;aom au0#fyk
Pm;trsKd;? a'govGef t,kwftjrwfukd
rodwwfaomoljzpfonf/ vm&if;twdkif; yg&if;&dumudkpm;jyefpD trdefYawmf[dvwfvQif ,if;aomtcg
trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;rlum;toQifrif;jrwf/ bk&m;ocifqHk;rawmfrlaom omoemawmfukd rwnfaomolonf? w&m;vGwfuif;
t"ryjcif;/ t"rqdkwwfajym wwfaomtavh[djcif;aMumifh ESvHk;vSqdk&mvnf; vufHk;tm;udk;pum;
ygvQuf[daMumif;
xHk;a[mif;[dygonf/
pum;awmifpm;toQif
yJcl;rif;vnf;
ESvHk;&nfudk
oHk;aomrif;r[kwfyg/ vufHk;&nfudk&mBudKufawmfrlaom rif;jzpfygonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; qHk;rawmfrlaom
rif;aumif;rif;jrwfdkU apoHk;tyfaomolav;a,mufudk usrf;*eftqdkvmonfum;OwaXol&rdpEd? raEoktukwlwvH/
yD,tEygerSd? tawZm awp y@dwH/
xkdt"dyg,faomfum;OwXa,-

ppfNrDt&yf?

ol&H-

&JpGrf;[doludk?

pEd-

vdkukef\/

raEokp-

usdK;aMumif;wdkifyifaomtcgdkU? tukwlwvH- tjypfr[djiif;cHkjcif;uif;aomolukd? pEd- vdkukef\/

tEygerSd- t&om[daomtpmrsdK;ukd pm;aomtcgvnf;? yd,- cspfzG,ftrI[daomoludk? pEdvdkukef\/
tawZmawcJcufaomtrIudkvnf;aumif;?
cJcufaomtrD;ykpmukdvnf;aumif;?
cJcufaomt&yfa'ovnf;aumif;? y@dwH- ynm[daomolukd? pEd- vdkukef\/ xdkokdY
usrf;*efvmonf/
xdkrSwHkvnf; rif;aumif;,Hktyfaomol ynm[dt*Fgav;yg;[l&mvnf;
okbmodwm- yD,0gpm? "rm?opH/
usrf;*efvmonfht&aomfum;1/
2/
3/
4/

okbmodwm- aumif;aomtrI? aumif;aompum;udk&m qkdavh[djcif;/

qdak ompum;onfvnf; yd,0gpm- cspfz,
G foem;zG,f[daompum;udk qdkwwfjcif;/
xkdpum;vnf; "rm- w&m;ESifhaavQmfnDjcif;/
[kwfrSefaomtrIudk&mvQif usihfaqmufwnf? opH- opmjrJjcif;/

,if;odkY olawmfaumif;w&m; trSm[dygonf/ rolawmfpdk;aomt&yf rxGef;um;Edkif&m/ ynm[d

olawmfaumif; rxGef;aomt&yfw&m; apmifhoHk;rIr[d/ w&m;rapmifhacsu omoemawmfrwnfEdkif&m/
omoemawmfrwnfaom t&yfdkUonf &ufpufMurf;wrf;qdk;oGrf;vk,l? Edkifeif;ESdyfpuf? vufHk;axmifvTm;
yavh[djcif;aMumihf ow0gdkUysufpD;oDBuDrsm; &efolig;yg; qufqH&mjzpfvQufESifh pnf;pdrfrwnf
[dvD&monf/ ,if;odkY bk&m;paom olawmfaumif;dkUqdkcaom usrf;*efxifSm; [dESihfygonf/
olawmfaumif;ynm[djcif;
aygif;zufapmifhxdef;aomf
wdkif;jynfjidrf;csrf;om,maomtaMumif;ukd
qdkcNyD;aom &mZ0owDed'gef; vmjyefonfrSmvnf;rif;dkUodum? apmihftyf&monf? omoem&D;? rxDG;pD&? o*F[ukd? edpyay? rsm;a0aetm;?
w&m;rSefaMumif;? aumif;aomvHkYv? tm;xkwfrSwnfh? avmbwPSm? t0dZmjzifh? rdpmusifhqdk;?
ppfrxdk;tyf? ynwfwcsuf? tdyfpufkefYMurf;? yGJvrf;aysmfTif? xGuf0ifvm;vm? rrsm;pD&m/ rIwumudk?
,kwm,kwd?
qifjcifdS?
Zmwdajrmufjrm;?
olUpum;ukd?
Mum;uxdk;xGif;?
csufcsif;oday?
qdkwwfacsonfh? y&arxl;? aus;Zl;jrwfvS? rdbq&m? olemolrGef? wrefwvdkuf? EIwfydkufwoG,f?
oli,fwOD;? tl;usdK;uef? Sdvrf;oufoD? &DNrDocif? rif;rmef0if? jypfwifusL;vGef? rif;'PftmPm?
ryD;&mwnfh? nwumom;csif;? oif;yif;wazmf? qGDrsdK;awmfukd? ravQmfESdyfpuf? &rufzHk;vTrf;?
rSif;yrf;aumif;? waMumif;wrI? olUvludk,fhom;? rrSm;*wd? rjidpD&m? b@mwkyfcGef? rvGefSmrSD;?
toD;tyif? onfwGifcHrI? q,fpkwyHk? vHk;pHkNyD;ajy? taptoHk;? jynhfyufcHk;u? ponf&Hywf? trwfdkUrSm?
t*FgoQpfyg;? &nfvm;eufwdrf? pnf;pdrfedrfhjzifh? xm;oifhwwfjim;? *kPfudk;yg;onf/ rif;tm;ESvHk;
apmihfonhfxHk;/
jynfBuD;tcsm? &mZmy0&? e&dEdkU? jynfrSrIuGyf? ,Hktyfoltm;? *kPfoQpfyg;rSm? ynmqef;Mu,f?
y&d,m,fvnf;?
qdkbG,fr[d?
uwdajrmufjrm;?
pum;auGYaumuf?
olwa,mufvnf;?
xGif;azmufodwwf? wnfhrwfopm? y@mrBudKuf? &ifwyg;? rjcm;rGefpGm? tmPmwefcdk;? rdk;odkYxpfxpf?
ypfvdrfhvefYaMumuf? wa,mufrlukef? ydkufNcHKwdkif;a&;? rawG;xifay:? oQpf&yfausmf? jynfawmfombd?
rwfu0donf? todjynhfpHk? *kPfoQpfyHk/ rif;ESifhtrwf? nDnGwfwrl? tusifw
h al omf? ewfvMl unfd?k
A[kd&fatmifcsuf? xD;ueufvnf;? rysufpnfxGef;? GmoGef;yZKef? vHkonfraqmifh? raxmifhEdkifiH?
&Dqefr,Sm;? awmom;r&J? cyJow0g? temrxl? ryljidrf;csrf;? roGrf;ppfruf? cdk;0Sufr[d? ZmwdpifMu,f?
jrufEG,fopfyif? jrifjriforQ? qD;&onfom? vlopmaMumihf? temaysmufuif;? Oyg'fcsif;\/
rif;vnf;oufSnf? jynfvnf;Mumanmif;? cEmajymif;vnf;? raumif;yg,f&yf? ruyfEdkifbd? ynm[donf?
ZmwdroHk? ewfajcmufbHk/

xkdokdYpum;a[mif;pmwrf;wGifTefjyxm;caom
ynm[dpum;
usrf;*efxifSm;ESihfjzpfygonf/
wrefpum;awmifpm; w&m;tvGwfavQmufonfudk onf;cHawmfrlrS cEDy&rHwayg- olawmfaumif;w&m;
xGef;vif;rnfjzpfygonf/
,if;okdY
avmu"rtaMumif;ESpfyg;udkxkwfazmf
trwfBuD;avQmufvwfaomf
jynfhoQifrif;jrwf
csrf;ajrhMunfvifawmfrl wrefpum;awmifpm;udk aumif;rGefpGm xm;jrJyD;urf;NyD;aomtcg ESpfvukd
qdkawmfrlNyD;rS avmu"rESpfyg; em;vnfwwfuRrf;ol oHawmifpm;ESihf tcgyD;ykP
m;awmfpMum0aw;ukd
oHzuf xnfhawmfrlvQufjyefpDonf/
167
avQmufxHk;trSwf (57)
&cdkifjynf w&m;rapmifhaomrif;rsm;taMumif;avQmufxHk;/
w&Ha&mtcg jynfhoQifrif;BuD;rD;awmfrlonfum;- ]&uyl&wkdif;jynfwGif w&m;rapmihfaom 0dvkyaEm
vk,ufzsufqD;wwfaom Zde*FvtrsdK; rif;ybl;cvDoavm} rD;awmfrlvD&m- trwfBuD;r[mynmausmf
avQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ a0omvDNrdKU jA[P&mZmrif;rsdK;wq,hf ajcmufquftqHk; jA[od'drif;vufxuf
rif;ESifhtrwf w&m;vGwfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh jynfoldkUvnf; kef;Murf;qdk;oGrf;vQuf t"rtrIukd&m
jyKMuonfrsm;onf/ ewfrdpmqdk;? ,ubDvl;rsdK;dkU 0ifa&mufzsufqD;Muonfjzpf vltrsm;oDBuD
ysufpD;Mu&m? NrdKUGmysufbl;ygonf/
,if;onfhaemuf "n0wDNrdKUawmf rm&,krif;trsdK; ig;q,hfav;quftqHk; rif;i,faysmfvSpnfolvnf;
trwf,kwfdkU\rSm;,Gif;aompum;ukd em,lvdkufemrdvDaomaMumihf w&m;ysufvwf wdkif;jynfrom,m
[dbl;ygonf/
Zde*FvtrsdK; 0dvkyaEm- vk,ufzsufqD;wwfaom [dEZm*H- ,kwfEGrf;aom tusihftMuHtjyKtrl[daom
trsdK;udk;quf
rif;rlaomtcg
wdkif;wyg;odkYvnf;
rdwfr0if?
&efwifvQufomyaomaMumifh
xdkrif;dkUvufxuf Owk&moDrrSef? "gwfav;yg;rnD aumif;cif eDveuwfwm,mrajzmifhvD&m? 0oEO
wkcsKyfvD tpm,Sm;yg;? cdk;om;"g;jydkUaMumifh wkdif;jynfysufacsonf/168
onfaemuf
bD;awmfuH&mZmBuD;rif;qufpdk;awmfrlonfrS
toQifrif;jrwfwdkif
omuD0ifrif;rsdK;
wq,hfig;qufdkUwGifvnf;? 0dvkyaE- vk,ufzsufqD;wwfaom edZ*Fv- trdsK;ig;quf tMum;0if
jzpfbl;ygonf/ xdkrif;dkUvufxuf omoemawmfuG,f w&m;r[d rif;ESifhtrwf? jynfoldkU uwdav;yg;
vdkufpm;Mu olrkdufol,kwfpnfum;bl;ygonf/
toQifrif;jrwf/
bk&m;ocifqHk;rawmfrlaomomoemawmfonf
acgufSmiSufysHouJhokdY
bkef;ynmusufoa&ESihf
jynfhpHkaomrif;vufxufjzpfvQif
oefY,Sif;pifMu,fawmfrl
tvZdusifhaom&[ef;? tvZdusihfaom vlr[djcif;aMumifh omoemawmfxGef;vif;ygonf/ tvdrmr[d?
w&m;rodaomrif;? &mZokHnvufxufjzpfvQif tvZd&[ef;? oloGrf;olrdkufxGef;um;vD&m omoemawmf
uG,fonfyif/
toQifrif;jrwf/ bk&m;ocifwHkaomfvnf;? rif;udktrSDjyKvQuf? omoemawmfukdxm;&aMumif; xHk;a[mif;
usrf;*efxGuf[dygonf/ ,if;odkY trwfBuD;avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;w&m;BuD; BudKufawmfrlonf/
169
avQmufxH;k trSwf (58)

jynft*Fg? rif;t*Fg? rSL;rwft*Fgponfrsm;udkavQmufxHk;/

w&Ha&mtcg jynfhoQifrif;BuD;u usrf;tvm ZAL'DyguRef;jzpfaom wdkif;jynfBuD;dkUudkvnf;aumif;?
jynft*FgpaomtaMumif;t&m tvHk;pHkdkUudkvnf;aumif;? rD;awmfrlvD&m- trwfBuD;r[mynmausmf
avQmufxHk;rlum;toQifrif;jrwf/ wdkif;BuD;wq,fhajcmufwdkif;udk t*kFwdK&f 0dom"kaygoxokwf vmonfrSmao,s
xd'Ht*FgeH? rm*"meH? umoDeH? aumovmeH? 0ZDeH?rvmeH? apwd,meH? 0HomeH? ukkeH? ymvmeH? rZmeH?
ol&aoemeH? tumeH? t0EDeH? *Em&meH? uaAmZmeH?
,if;okdYusrf;*eft&aomfum;1/ t*FgeH- t*Fwdkif;vnf;aumif;?
2/ r*"meH- rm*wwdkif;
3/ umoDeH- umodu&mZfwkdif;
4/ aumovmeH- aumovwdkif;
5/ 0ZdeH- 0Zdwdkif;
6/ rvmeH- rvwdkif;
7/ apwd,meH- apwd,wdkif;
8/ 0HomeH- 0Howkdif;
9/ ukkeH- ukkwdkif;
10/ ymvmeH- ymvwdkif;
11/ rZmeH- rZwdkif;
12/ ol&aoemeH- ol&aoewdkif;
13/ tumeH- tuwdkif;
14/ t0EDeH- t0Edwdkif;
15/ *Em&meH- *Em&wdkif;
16/ uarmZmeH- uarmZwkdif;vnf;aumif;/
xkdrSwyg;? urmhtbd"gefusrf;tqdkvnf; wkdif;BuD;ESpfq,hfwkdif;[lvQufvmjyefygonf/
yHkA[kawukkoum? aumovm rm*"mod0d/
uvd*Fg0Ed yvm? 0Zd*Em& apwa,m/
0*Fg0da'[m uarmZm? r'gb**FoDwXm/
uod&muoD y@0g'D? od,HkZey'E&m/
xkdodkYqkd&m Zeyk'f tvdkpmqdk,kwfwufxGuf[dygonf/ xdkrSwHkvnf; jynfBuD;ESpfq,fudk tbd"gefusrf;
vmjyefonfum;1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/

Am&mPoDjynf 11/ omauwjynf

om0wdjynf 12/ &mZ*d[fjynf
a0omvDjynf 13/ uydv0wfjynf
rdwdvmwdkif; 14/ oHokrm&*d&djynf
tmV0Djynf 15/ Eywe*dk&fjynf
awmoAdjynf 16/ OwXjynf
OaZeDjynf 17/ 0g#vdykwfjynf
wuokdvfjynf 18/ apwkw&mjynf

9/ pyme*dk&fjynf 19/ ouFe*dk&fjynf

10/ om*vjynf 20/ ukodemHkjynf
xkdodkYaom wdkif;BuD;jynfBuD;dkU &mZanm- rif;dkUwkyfcGefqufaom aus;vufcdkif oabFmqdyfdkUudkqdk&m
o&w'DyeDusrf;*efvmonfum;ZAL'D aygou#o@maem? qe0kw,
d my eaum#doumo[ aomwd/
qy@mo&wemu a&[de0e0kwd,m a'gerkcowqw a[d/
wduwHK awoXd,m e*&o[ awdp orE*awm/
xkdodkYygXft&aomfum;- ZAL'Dayg- ZAL'DyguRef;onf? ou#o@mae- vSnf;Oyrm[d\/ qe0k
wd,myEeaum #dowo[awd? uka#ukd;oef;ajcmufodef;aom oabFmqdyfdkUESifhvnf;aumif;?
qy@mo&wemua&[d- ig;q,hfajcmufyg;aom &wemrsdK;dkUpnfum;&mjzpfukefaom? e0e*kwd,m
a'gerkcowo [awd- udk;oef;udk;odef;aom aus;vufcdkifdkUESifhvnf;aumif;? wduwHKoHk;xyf
aooXd ,m*&o[a[d- wodef;oQpfaomif;udk;axmifaom jynf&HdkUESihfvnf;? orEm*awmjynfhpHkonf[kqdkvdkonf/ xkdrSwHkvnf;{wptygwm& y&dauayg omyaPm ed*arm/
oyum&m yPHe*&H wHwH0dy&dawm
*garmwd aroH wdP
H 0daoaom OmwaAm/
qkd&m-yaw[
t&mvnf;?
tmygum&y&dauaygwHwdkif;
t&Huif;vQuf?
omyaPmpsD;yGJa&mif;0,fukefonfdkUjzifh pnfum;aomGmonf? ed*armed*Hk;vQifwnf;/ oygum&PH- wHwdkif;ESifhpsD;
pHkpGm[daomXmeonf? e*&H- NrdKU[l&m\/ wHwH0dy&Dawm- ,if;odkYqdkcaomt&yf? psD;wHwkdif;r[daom
t&yfrlum; *garmGmvQifwnf;/ xdkrSwHkaomfvnf;Zeya'gwd{u&anm&aZm {aumaumXmaom&XEdouvH &ZH a'0d wAH/
,if;odkY[l&mZeya'gwd- Zeyk'frnfonfum;? ouvH&ZH- tvHk;pHkaom aumif;jcif;ESifhjynfhpHkaom? &XH- wdkif;BuD;
jynfBuD;[l? a0'dwAH- odtyf\/ xdkrSwHkvnf; jynfBuD;dkU? NrdKUt*FgckESpfyg;udk owedu,fusrf;
tvmaomfum;"bdua0- &anmypEdare*a&
{uoda[mwd/ y&du&ma[mwd/
tEly&d,m,yaxma[mwd? A[kt0k"H oEdcdwHa[mwd? A[kAvuma,m
y#d0owd? a'g0g&dawma[mwd? yguma&ma[mwd/
bdua0- cspfom;dkU? "avmau- avmu? &anm- w&m;
vdrmaomrif;\? ypEad r- tpGefjzpfaom? e*a&- NrdKU
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/

{odwm- wef;cg;wHwkdif;onfvnf;aumif;?
y&dum- usHK;ajrmif;onfvnf;aumif;?
tEly&d,m,awm- ol&JNyD;onfvnf;aumif;?
A[kt0k"H- rsm;pGmaomvufeufudk? oEdcdwH- pkHk;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;? a[mwd- jzpf\/
A[kAvuma,m- rsm;pGmaomAdkvfNcDol&J? olcuftaygif;vnf; y#d0owd- pGJ&yfeD\/
a'g0g&Dawm- wef;cg;apmifhaom vdrmol[djcif;onf? a[mwd- jzpf\/

7/ yguma&m- rdYwHwdkif; cdkifvHkjcif;[donf? a[mwd- jzpf\/

arwd ow[d e*& y&dua&wd- ckESpfyg;aom NrdKUtjcHt&Ht*FgdkUjzifh? oky&duw- aumif;pGm
0ef;&Htyf\/ xdkrSwHkvnf; rif;dkUjyoaom w&m;ckESpfyg;udk &mZeDwdusrf;vmonfum;omrdomrdEla*g rapm? Zeya'gydoZaem/
'k*H'k*aPm aywH? 'a@m a'gomElkyawm/
awmaomt,u,orwd? rdwOb,oH,kwH/
owyuwda,m- a[mEd? 0kwmeDwd 0dpuPm/
1/ omrd-tpdk;&w&m;vdrmaomrif;vnf;aumif;/
2/ omrdEla*g-rif;tvdkukdodwwfaom traZmtrwfvnf;aumif;/
3/ oZaemZeya'gyd- opm"rpaomolawmfaumif;phpHkpGmaom Zeyk'faus;Gmpnfum;jcif;vnf;aumif;/
4/ 'k*H'k**kaPaywH- usHK;ajrmif;cdkifcefYpGm? jytdk;? wefaqmif;? cufbG,f[daomrdYvnf;aumif;/
5/ a'gomEllyawm'a@m- trIBuD;i,f[dvwfaomf? t0D;teD; rGD;rlvQuf tjypfESihfaavQmfpGm
'PfyD;jcif;vnf;aumif;/
6/ tu,orwdaumaom- usD? us? wdkuf? pnf? b@m rukefEdkifatmif[djcif;vnf;aumif;
7/ b,oH,kwHrdwH- &efola&mufaomtcg ulnDnmaomrdwfqGDjynfaxmif rif;cspfuRrf;0if
rsm;jcif;vnf;aumif;/
wd okdY? owyuwda,m- rif;\jyuawhckESpfyg;dkUonf? a[mEd- jzpfukef\/
xdkrSwHkvnf; NrdKU\ud&d,m tpmav;yg;udk owedygwft*kwdK&fusrf;vmonfum;A[kwdumuaXm'uH-oEcdwHa[mwd/
A[komvd,0wH oEdcdwHa[mwd/
A[kwdvrk*rmomy&
PHoEdcdwHa[mwd/
A[kaboZH oEdcdwHa[mwd/
aroHpwkHEHt[m&meHedumrvmbD a[mwd/
1/ A[koDumuaXme'uH- rsm;aomjruf xif; &Dudk? oEdpdwH- pkaqmif;[djcif;vnf;aumif;/
2/ A[komvd,owH- rsm;aompyg;? ajymif;udk? oEdpdwH- vkyfaqmif&m BuD;us,f[djcif;vnf;aumif;/
3/ A[kwdvrk*rmvmy&
PH- rsm;aom ESrf;yJ [if;oD;[if;GufrsdK;udk? oEdpdwH- vkyfcif;[daom
t&yfvnf;aumif;/
4/ A[kaboZH- rsm;aomaxmywf qDOysm;&nfukd oEHpdwH- qdkufa&mufaygrsm;[djcif;vnf;aumif;/
aroHpwkEH t[m&eH- av;yg;pHkaomtpmdkU\? ,w-tMuifNrdKU edbmrvmwd- tvdk[d
wdkif;jynhfpHkonf? a[mwd- jzpf\/
ppft*Fgav;yg;dkUudk tbd"gefusrf;vmonfum;[wd&xywd- [l&m
1/ [wd- qif 2/ t- jrif; 3/ &x- &xm; 4/ ywd- NcDonf
pwk&*dedaoem ppft*Fgav;yg;[l&monf/
rif;dkUtm;ig;yg;udk pwmvdoedygwfvmonfum;-

AvHy0d"Havmau? yk&dooHr[*aw/
twAm[kAvHemr? p&drHpkkawAvH
abm*Av'Dom0k? 'kwd,H0kpawAvH/
trpAv'DCm0k? wwd,H0kpaawAvH/
tbdZpAvap? wHpwkwHtoHovH/
,medapwm edoAmed t"d*PSmwdy@dawm/
wdAvmeHAvHaoXH? t*HynmAvHAvH/
174
ynmAav-eywa'g-twH0dEwd y@dawm/
r[m&mZm- jrwfaomrif;BuD;? yk&dood- a,musfm;aumif;? y"0dpH- ig;yg;aom? AvH- tm;onf?
A[kvwH [l&m1/ A[kokwtMum; tjrifxHk;aumif;oufoDjynfhpHkvdrmaom ESvHk;tm;omvQift&if;? vufHk;tm;rlum;p&d,H- ,kwfaomtm;/
2/ r[m&mZm- jrwfaomrif;BuD;/ abm*Av- aTaiGponfhb@mxkyf cGeftrSefukdcH,l rsm;pGm[djcif;?
'kwd,AvH- ESpfckajrmufaomtm;/
3/ trpAvH- ynmqef;Mu,f eufeJxkd;xGif;aom trwfaumif;[djcif;? wwd,zvH oHk;ckajrmufaom
tm;/
4/ tbdZpAvH- tvGeftrsdK;apmifhaomtrsdK;jrwfjcif;? wHzvH- xdktm;onf pwkwAvH- av;ck
ajrmufaomtm;/
5/ ynmAvH- ynmxdk;xGif;odEdkifjcif;/
oAmed- cyfodrf;ukefaom? ,medapwmed- tMuifig;yg;dkUudk/ y@dawm- ynm[daomolomvQif?
toHo,H- tcRwfr,Gif;? t"d*PSmwd- vTrf;rkd;\/ wHom- xdkYaMumifh? AvmeH- av;yg;aom
tm;dkUxuf ynmAvH- ynmtm;udk&mvQif? aoXAvH- csDrGrf;tyfaomtm;[l? t*AvH- jrwfaom
tm;[l? 0kpwd- qdktyf\/
xdkrSwyg;wHkvnf; rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;udk ok0P
omrZmwf
1/ "rr[m&mZ rmwmyDwk-okcwd,/ " "rHp&dume? &mZo*H*rdwd/
2/ ykw'ga&ok
3/ rdwmrapok
4/ 0g[aeokAavokp
5/ 0garoked*arokp
6/ &aXokZeya'okp
7/ orPjA[awmokp
8/ rd*yudok
9/ "armokpda
Pm ok"g0awm
10/ "r&r[m&mZm Em a'0gojA[um okpda
Pe'd0Hywm? rm"rH &mZyrm'/
175
r[m&mZm-jrwfaomtoQifrif;BuD;
1/
2/
3/
4/

rmwmyDwk- rdbdkU vnf;aumif;

ykw'ga&ok- om;orD;dkU vnf;aumif;
rdwm-rapok- qGDrsdK;paomrl;rwfdkU vnf;aumif;
0g[aeokAvokp- qifjrif;AdkvfygdkU vnf;aumif;

5/ *garoked*arokp- Gmi,f GmBuD;dkU vnf;aumif;

6/ &aXokZeya'okp- Zeyk'DEdkifiHtpGrf;dkU vnf;aumif;
7/ orPjA[aumokp- &[ef;? ykP
m; olawmfjrwfdkU vnf;aumif;
8/ rd*yudok- om;iSufow0gdkU vnf;aumif;
9/ cwd,- &DNrDtpdk;&aom r[m&mZmjrwfaom rif;BuD;? "rH- w&m;udk p&- usifhawmfrlygavmh/
okcda
Pmaumif;pGmusifhtyfaom?
"armolawmfaumif;w&m;onf?
okcg0awmcsrf;omudkaqmifwwf\/ &mZ- rif;jrwf? "- avmu? "rH- w&m;udk? p&dume- usifh? o*HewfjynfodkY? *rdwd- vm;&tHh/
10/ r[m&mZ- jrwfaomrif;BuD;? "rH- w&m;udk? p&- usifhawmfrlygavmh? ojA[um-jA[mESihfwuG?
Ema'0g- odMum;rdsK;dkUonf? okpda
Pe- aumif;pGmusifhojzifh? 'd0H- ewfjynfodkY? ywm- a&mufukef\/
&mZ- jrwfaomrif; "rH-w&m;udk? rmyrm'-rarhravsmhoifh/
,if;odkYusrf;*efvmonfhtwdkif; ynm[ddkUqdkcaom &mZ0wKpma[mif; tvmrlvnf;aZ,smMuiSef;? pdk;pHjref;onf? aTeef;oQifh? *kPu
f dk;tifrif;dkUrSm? w&m;apmihf xD;jzLaxmif;dkU?
taMumif;ud&d,mum;? ow0gtaygif;dkUtm;? teD;t0D;rGD;? ynmrsm;udk vufoHk;"g;yrm xufatmifoGD;
qdak &;[dvwf&mvnf;? ,kwm,kw
d ?Sd *wdrvdkuf? wdrfwdkufcRefvTm;? rdk;BudK;vm;odkY? pum;wnfMunf?
tSnfxGef;vif;bdatmif? u0dvlorm? Mum;aomfEpS fNrdK;? oef;rdSK;onf? rif;dkUvuPmwnf;/
&wempHkjynfhNzdK;? e0&wf*kPf? udk;yg;cHonf/ avmufvrHk if;aumif;rsdK;dkU? usihfdk;jynfht*Fg? ty&d[med?
aus;Zl;[donf?
owdrvGwfomwnf;/
usrf;trSmo*F[?
rcGpDvdk?
jA[pdk&frl?
ESvHk;jzL?
t,lwnfhrwf&m\/ A[kokwqdkonfrSm? pum;e*d? Mum;wdkif;odpDom;/ rD;ykpmvmorQ? GGNyD;ajz?
olYtaeudk?
&dyfajcodwwfrSwnfh?
OmPOmPfr@dKif?
'oq,fcsuf?
,Gif;ruGufatmif?
a&TvufNrJpGmukdif? ckdifwdkif;wyg;? rum;ESKwfquf? rdwm,Sufatmif? trsufrvGef? xHk;enf;TefvQuf?
rwfrGefapvTwfxm;csifh? rkdufrSm;t0dZm? rdpmzHk;vTrf;? rif;Murf;rif;qdk;? enf;udkcdk;? ppfxdk;ry&mwnfh?
vkyfpm;oD;yGifhrsdK;? q,fbdkYwbdkY? rif;tcGef? rvGefcHpm;dk;u? wdk;r,lom? olavSmifavQmufxm;?
*Hk;pum;aMumifh? trSm;rqdk&monf/ r[m"r&mZf? oQifapmppf/
EG,fjrpfpOfvm? jrwf&mZmdkU? pMuma&muf&m? taMumif;rSmay? y&arbkef;orm? r[mZdeD? omuD{u&mdkU?
BuD;us,fpGmrif;wHqdyf?
bdodufawmfcH?
wdkif;EdkifiHudk?
pdk;pHuGyfSyfESdyf?
vldkUxdyfrif;pOfvm?
bdodufoGef;dk;? armfuGef;xdk;? rif;rsdK;jrwfunmESihf? vuf,m&pfckoif;? rif;dkUoHk;&? jA[Pvnf;?
rlvodum&if;ESihf? r,Gif;usrf;trSm? nDpGmusifhdk;? bDbdk;qif;ouf? bdodufqufrSef&m\/ **Fgig;&yf&D?
pD;vDrjyef? 0wfqHMumrdsK;? rdI;yef;oNyDESihf? GefY0D0DjrufNrDZm? &Dozef;ysOf? ,SOfonfeHoifh&m?
yef;pkHpGmopfav;yif? awmifajrmufav;&yf? wifhtyfpdkufxm;usifrl? ppft*Fgav;yg;cif;? yk
Pm;ig;&m?
jzLpGmckoif;ESihf? oJwvif;nDGwf&m? **Fgjrpfurf;? yGJvrf;rjywf? r@yfoHk;aqmifrSmvnf;? jzLeD0gqifpdk;?
eysdK;MuHtkef;? yifvHk;oD;yif? 0ef;usifqyfoGm;? c&m;cufqkdif? pum;vdIif? oif;BudKifpDaMumif;xm;avmh?
ajzmifhrrSm;onf? w&m;vdrm? trwfolXD;? bdk;bD;dk;rSefpGmESifh? r*Fvmtcgeuwfaumif;? ynmajrmfjrif?
&DNrDhoQifvnf;? *kPfvQiftod? *wdav;yg;? w&m;wnfpDaMumif;wnf;/ SdxHk;a[mif;usrf;tvm?
rnD,kwfwuf?
ayghysufr[domwnf;/
BuD;awZmuRef;vHk;rdk;?
bdodufcHNyD;?
opmBuD;onf?
apmxD;rif;aumif;rsdK;dkU? qdkdk;pOfvm? udk,f\touf? yGufjcykef;? ESvHk;rjcm;omwnf;/ ow0gukd?
rdwmpHkcGD&pf?
GefYopfwuf0D?
usufo&DaMumihf?
NzdK;0Dvlewfcspf\/
av;yg;tjypfcsif;csif;uGm?
jynfolvkyfcGef? rvGefpm;xdkuf&monf/ r[mEG,fjrpf? bkef;yGihfopf/ &[ef;odum? rif;rSmbdoduf?
olawmfpdwfonf? rzdwfusihfdk;? tjrwfrsdK;,if;odkY bdodufcHaomrif;dkUusihf&monfh taMumif;xHk;a[mif;ESihftnD t*kwdK&fusrf; ty&dw,ed,
w&m;ckESpfyg;dkUonfum;uwarpvd"0H0"ZHeH? 0kkda,0yg#duFcg/ aemy&d[med/

xdkodkY[l&mowckESpfyg;ukefaom?
ty&d,med,"rwdkif;EdkifiHdkUudk
pnfyifpDwwfaom
w&m;ckESpfyg;onf? bdodufcHaomrif;dkU rrdpD&atmif apmihftyfaomw&m;udk ygVducFgtvdkdStyf\/
y&d[med- qkwf,kwfaom raumif;usdK;w&m;ukd? aemyg#ducFg- tvdkr[d&m/ ,if;dkU ckESpfyg;w&m;
t"dyg,faomfum;1/ ynm[drl;aumif;rwfaumif;dkUESihf ypKyefoHo&m wkdif;jynfom,maom taMumif;rsm;udk rjywfpnfa0;
ajymqdkjcif;/
2/ Sdrif;aumif; rif;jrwfdkUxHk;Oya'yvQuf? aumif;aomtrI ynwfxm;confudk razmufjyefjcif;/
3/ olawmfjrwfdkUtm;? *g&0w&m; rjywfjyK aumif;aompum;udkem;axmifjcif;/
4/ oGrf;oGyf olYr,m;dkUudk usL;vGefpGmrjyKjcif;/
5/ jynfwGif;? jynfyapmifheDukefaom orma'0ewfdkUtm;? ewfpmrjywfyD;jcif;/
6/ &[ef;? oHCmdkUaumif;aomtusihfudkusifh&maomtaMumif; ynwfapmifha,Smufjcif;/
7/ wdkif;wyg;[daom olawmfaumif;ynm[ddkUtm; a&mufaygufyD;urf; rif;csif;rdwfqGD0ifjcif;/
ckESpfyg;aomw&m;dkUonf wkdif;jynfom,maomtaMumif;vQifwnf;?
xdkrSo*F[w&m; av;yg;[lonfum;oar"H? yk&doar"H? ormygoH? 0gpmay,sEd/ pwm&do*F[0wKed ta[oHk/
1/
2/
3/
4/

oar"H-tcGeftxkyfjynfoldkU q,fbdkYwbdkYcH,l&m vGefpGmrjyKvkyfjcif;

yk&doar"H- rif;rIxrf;pGJjrJoldkUtm; &dum0wfpm; yD;urf;jcif;
ormygoH- qif;&Jom;jynfoldkUtm; Opm&if;ESD; yD;urf;jcif;
0gpmay,sH- qGDBuD;rsdK;BuD;? olawmfaumif;ynm[ddkUtm; cspfbG,faompum;ukd qdkwwfjcif;/

wdrmedpwm&d? av;yg;aomw&m;dkUonf? o*F[0wKed- o*F[w&m;dkUonf? a[wHk- jzpfukef\/

trwfaumif;t*FgoQpfyg;&mZeDwdusrf;vmjyefonfum;okw0g-oDv0gola&m? 0D&0g? od'daumAvH?
tvka'gyD,pkaygp? rEdaeX*Frkpaw/
178
1/ okw0g- tMum;tjrif xHk;a[mif;oufoDEiS fhjynfhpHk OmPfynmqef;Mu,fBuD;&ifhjcif;/
2/ oDv0g- oDvoDwif; apmifhjcif;/
3/ ola&m- &J&ihfaomowdvnf; [djcif;/
4/ 0D&0g- vHkYv0D&d,ESihf jynfhpHkjcif;/
5/ od'daum- &efudkatmifwwfNyD; pDwwfaompGrf;&nfESihfjynfhpHkjcif;/
6/ AvH- pGrf;yum;cGeftm;vnf;[djcif;/
7/ tvka'g- olYpnf;pdrfOpmudk zsufqD;vdkaomtMuHuif;jcif;/
8/ yD,layg- cspfbG,faompum;ukdvnf; qdkwwfjcif;/
tX*F- xdkt*FgoQpfyg;udk? rEdaem- trwfaumif;\t*Fg[l? 0kpGaw- qdk&m\/ ppfolBuD;t*Fg
udk;yg;rlvnf; ynm0gy&r'aE? aZ,sbkrdokZmeuH/ Asoae oky&dpm*H? oarm 'kuH oarmokcH? orwH
okpdownH? 0g[aeok tap'uH/ *d&ol&*kaPm aywH? aoem-armau0d"D,aw/
1/ y&r'aE- wbuf&efolukdESdrfESif;&m yn0g- xdk;xGif;aom ynm[djcif;/
2/ aZ,sbkrdokZmeuH-atmifNrDatmif&yf ppfxGufppfcsD aumif;cifwdrfedrdwf eDvm; eDvmpaomtrIdkUudk

wwfodvdrmjcif;/
3/ Asoaeok- ppfNrDrvSysufvwfaomtcg ty&Dpm*H- &JrufAdkvfNcDdkUudk odrf;Hk;csKyfwwfjcif;/
4/ oarm'kuHoarmokcH- rif;ESihfqif;&Jcsrf;om yrmwlrQywwfjcif;/
5/ orwH- pGrf;yum;cGeftm;vnf; [djcif;/
6/ okcD- oefYcsif;pifMu,faom tavh[djcif;/
7/ ownH- aoe*FAsL[mpaom usrf;*efxHk;oufoDwwfjcif;/
8/ 0g[aeok- &JrufAdkvfNcDdkUudk tap'uH- ryifryef;pDrIjyKwwfjcif;/
9/ 0D&ol&*kaPmaywH- vHkYv0D&d,ESihfjynfhkpHkjcif;
{wH- udk;yg;aomt*FgdkUESihf jynfhpHkaomolukd aoemarmau- aoemywd ppfolBuD;t&m? 0d"D,awcefYxm;tyf\/
xdkrSwHkvnf; wwdkif;wjynfodkYapol wreft*FgoQpfyg;udk t*FkwdK&fusrf;vmonfum;tX[dbdua0 ta*F[d orEm*awm 'law,sH*EKr&[wd/ uwar[d
tX[d/ aomwmp a[mwd/ oma0wmp/ O*a[wmp? "ga& wmp? 0dnmwmp?
0dnmaywmp? ukoavmp? o[dwm[Dw/aemp? uvrmum&aum/
r[m&mZm- jrwfaomrif;BuD;? tX[Dta*F[d- oQpfyg;aomt*FgdkUESihf? orEm*awm- jynhfpHkaom
olonf/ 'law,sH*EH- wreft&mcefYjcif;iSm? t&[wd- xdkuf\/ uwar[D- tX[DoQpfyg;[lonfum;1/ aomwmp- olYpum;udkMum;vQif tptqHk;t"dyg,fudk ukefpGmem;vnfjcif;/
2/ oma0wmp- Mum;aompum;udk qef;Mu,fatmifqdkEdkifwwfjcif;/
3/ O*a[wmp- txl;tjzifh rSwfom;odwwfjcif;/
4/ "ga&wmp- trSwfjrJpGm rrdravsmhjcif;/
5/ 0dnmwmp- vl\t&dyftajcudk odwwfjcif;/
6/ 0dnmaywmp- vl\t&dyftajc t&nftcsif;udk olwyg;tm; ajymqdkavh[djcif;/
7/ o[Dwm[Dw- pD;yGm;a&; oeYfaomOpmESihf? ukoavmp- vdrmaom toufrGD;rI[djcif;/
8/ aempuv[um&aum- wwdkif;wjynfodkYap&m rsufvdkusL;vGefpGm &efSufwifrI r[djcif;/
uKartX- oQpfyg;dkUonf wrefap&m trwfdkUt*Fgrnf\/
xdkrSwyg; jynfhoQifrif;dkU,HktyfaomuRefaumif;t*Fgig;yg; &mZeDwDusrf; vmonfum;ygygpwHseD0ga&,s? [Dawa,mZ,s*Hk[PH/ *ka[,sp *kPHua& tmya'p?
eZ[aw/ 'a',sum avokrdw? vuPH y@dwmtm[k/
qdk&m okrdwmuRefaumif;onf1/ pwsH- toQifrif;tm;? ygyg- raumif;rIrS? eD0ga&,s- rjzpfpD&m/
2/ [Daw- oHo&mtusdK;pD;yGm;dkU a,maZ,s- xGef;vif;pdrfhaomiSm? *k[PH- toQifrif;tm;?
*ka[,s- ajymqdkwwfjcif;/
3/ *kPH- toQifaus;Zl;[daomtrIudk? ua&- y&m\/
4/ tmya'p- trIBuD;i,f[daomtcg? PZ[aw- toQifrif;udk rpGefYapmihfa,Smuf&m\/
5/ umav- oifhaomtcg? 'a',s- toQifrif;tm;yD;&m\/
180
'H- ig;yg;aomt*FgESifh jynfhpHkpGm-okrdwvuPH- aumif;aom vuPm[daomoludk? ok'goHuRefaumif;[l? y@dwm- ynm[ddkUonf? tm[k- odukef&m\/
r[m&mZ- jrwfaomrif;BuD; Sdynm[doljrwfdkU ynwfvQufxm;caom rif;dkUud&d,m (15) yg;

[lonfum;1/ qif,mOf jrif;,mOfdkU tdyfpufrvm;tyf/

2/ ,pfrsdK;ig;yg;udk raomufrpm;tyf/
3/ oifhaomt&yfukdvTwf wjcm;t&yf tdyfpufreDtyf/
4/ pm;aomtpm tmrSxGuf rustyf/
5/ cg;0wfykqdk;udk Oaumif;awmfokdY rwiftyf/
6/ &moDa&mufaomrdr? rD;,yfeDaomrdrdkUtm; rESD;aESmtyf/
7/ pum;xGuf0ifrqdktyf/
8/ taysmftTifobif vGefpGmrytyf/
9/ Sdrif;aumif;dkUxHk;udk rzsuftyf/
10/ rif;usdK;jynfa&mif xGef;atmifaqmifaomoltm; tjypfrytyf/
11/ NrDudkeif; rvm;tyf/
12/ olwyg;csufywf qufaomtpmudkd rpm;tyf/
13/ tcif;BuD;i,f[d vm;vm&m &DrcsdK;rqD;rlvQuf reDtyf/
14/ NyD;vTm;ckefayguf rvm;tyf/
15/ tqdyf[daomow0gudkif;? OD;N*dK[daomow0gudkif; ta&mr0iftyf/
wq,fhig;yg;aom rif;ud&d,mudk ysufvGefusihfvwfaomf rif;oufwdk jynfhdI;i,fpGm [dvD&monf/
,if;odkY usrf;*efxHk;a[mif; oufoDTefqdkvQuf trwfBuD;avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;BuD;
BudKufawmfrl rif;pD;azmifrSmomxnhfaom rif;aqmifwefqmaygif;jzLudk trwfBuD;odkYqkyD;awmfrlonf/
rif;zavmif;BuD;onf bk&ifrif;jrwfdkUusihfoHk;tyfaom &mZ"rq,fyg;? o*F[w&m;av;yg;? em,u
*kPfajcmufyg;? &mZ*kPfoQpfyg;paom w&m;tpkpkaumif;rI tjzmjzmdkUudk vGefpGmtm;xkwfawmfrlvQuf
eef;pH (22) ESpf? oufawmf (59) ESpf? ou&mZf (955) ck? 0gqdkvqef; (6) &uf wv*FeDedwGif
ewfGmpHawmfrlonf/
181
avQmufxHk;trSwf (59)
rif;&mZmvufxuf awmifiludk ppfuloifhruloifhavQmufxHk;/
rif;zavmif;BuD;vGefaomf om;awmftdrf&Sdrif; owdk;"r&mZmonf ajrmufom;awmf 0dZvmESihf ou&mZf
(955) ck0gqdkvqef; (6) &ufedwGif xD;eef;qufcH pdk;pHawmfrlonf/ rif;&mZm[laom SdbD;awmf\
trnfukd cH,lawmfrlonf/ nDawmfrif;apmvSudk ppfwaumif;NrdKUpm;yD;awmfrlonf/ ESpfESpf[dvQif
nDawmfrif;apmvSonf
ukvm;b*Fgwq,fhESpfNrdKU/
oufrif;aumifvSjzL?
jrHKvifuJdkUESihfaygif;
aomif;usef;onf/ odkYaMumihf ou&mZf (957) wGif rif;&mZmBuD;onf ud,
k af wmfwkdifcsDwufawmfrlonf/
nDawmfrif;apmvS ppfrNydKif0HhtnHhcHvQuf usdK;EGHpGm0ifa&mufvmayonf/ ppfwaumif;NrdKUu csDvm;vD
'g*gNrdKUodkYa&mufaomumv
oif;dkUNrdKUGmonf
tBudrfrsm;pGmqdk;oGrf;oljzpfonf/
ukvm;tBuD;
a';0efeywfudk
opmrapmifhaomaMumihf
rsufawmf0if
a';0ef;eywfXmem
vlaygif;w&mudk
wefqmodrf;NyD;rS armfvdyt
f pdkYrSm jznhfawmfrlonf/
ppfwaumif;NrdKUudk crnf;awmfenf; trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfodkY yD;jrJyD;awmfrlonf/ r[mynmausmfom;
usD;dkudk a&mifjzLNrdKUpm;yD;awmfrlNyD; om;awmf'DCudk armufolZmwGiftkyfcsKyfpD ukvm; (12) NrdKUudk
tyfawmfrlonf/ xdkodkY toD;oD;cefYtyfawmfrlNyD;vQif ou&mZf (957) wydkYwGJvwGif jyefawmfrlonf/
ou&mZf (959) ckwGif ausmfxif&mZmnDawmfrif;acgif\om; rif;&Jausmfxiftrnf[daom awmifilrif;
oD[olonf
bBuD;awmfausmfxifaemf&xm\om;
ig;ql'g,umeEbk&if
[Hom0wDyJcl;rif;udk

vkyfMuHvdk
rif;&mZmBuD;xHppfulawmif;vmonf/
Munf;awmifpm;ESihf
uompm;ESpfa,mufudk
txl;xl;aom vufaqmify@mrsm;ESihftwl aTyDvTmpDydkY&ef wrefvTwfonf/ wrefESpfa,muf
a&mufvm&m pmwGifygonfum;- yJcl;NrdKUudkulnDwdkuf,lyD;awmfrlyg? yJcl;udk&vQif orD;unm
qifjzL&wemudkqufygrnf/ ,if;okdY pmwGifygvmonfudkMum;odawmfrlvQif jynfhoQifrif;ucsDawmfrlrnf/
taemufrsufrSm b*Fgwq,fhESpfNrdKU oufrif;aumif;vSjzL? vif;uJ? jrHK? NrdKUpm;Gmpm; aus;pm;dkUudk
vufeuf&JruftpHkESihf yifv,faMumif;rSm ukvm;wq,fhESpfNrdKU oabFmESihftoifha&mufpD/
oufrHvif;uJdkUrSmvnf; Munf;aMumif; rsdK;&dum vufeuftpHkESihf NrdKUpm;dkUu BuD;MuyfcefYxm;a&mufpD/
NrdKUrSmvnf; wwfodvdrmoldkUudk tapmifhteDxm;cpD/ toD;oD;trdefYawmfqifhqdk csDawmfrlrnf/
penf;emaomf- tee'D av;NrdKUacsmif;wGif oli,fdkU vSDavSmfvQufESifhqdkMuaom Mwif;oHrSmqifjzLaygifusdK;? xD;jzLdI;? yJcl;bk&if? dkUtoQifxH 0ifvdrfhrnf/
xdkoli,fdkUtcsif;
Mwif;oHtvdkudk
trwfr[mynmausmfavQmufxm;onfrSm
toQifrif;jrwf/
usrf;*efwGifvnf; rdwfqGD0ifaomrif;dkU ta&;taMumif;qkdufa&mufaomf ulnDoifhaMumif; xHk;a[mif;
[dygonf/ ,cktMunfawmf awmifilrif;yD;vdkufaom aTyDwGifvnf; tSnfxGef;vif;&maom
taMumif;jzpfygonf/
oli,fdkU Mwif;qkdonfhtvdkrl trIvG,fumNyD;ukefygrnf/ avQmufvwfaomf csDawmfrlrnfh wyfpOftpDt&if
cefY&yfawmfrlonfum;vuf0Judk,f&HawmfESpfaomif;rSm trwfukvm;wefpm;apmEl wAdkvf/
trwfNrdKUacsmif;pm; &JatmifEdkifwAdkvf/
vuf,moif;udk,f&HawmfESpfaomif;rSm trwfwaG;pm;*gred wAdkvf/
trwfNrdKUacsmif;pm;wAdkvf/
urHav;ukdif ol&JwaxmifrSm awmifukwfpm; &efrsdK;atmif wAdkvf/
'g;udkifav;pGJol&Jaumif; waxmifrSm trwfoHawmifpm; wHk;dkwAdkvf/
183
umpGJ"g;udkif ol&JwaxmifrSm trwftrf;pm; wk&ifol wAdkvf/ ol&JoHk;aomif;rSm oufrif;aumif;vSjzL
rl;rwfESihf oufrif;udk tpkpk ol&Jwodef;dkUudk trwfawmfudk,f&HBuD; "rmaomu tcsKyfwyfOD;csD&onf/
armufolZm- b*Fgukvm;ol&Jig;axmifrSm- trwfawmfqifuJBuD; rEl[mtcsKyf/
yoQL;uRef; armfwif0u trwfBuD;cs&yf uRef;wdkif; jrpfaygufwkdif; apmifheD&onf/

oabFmoHk;&mESifh

jynhfoQifrif;BuD;wyfawmfrSm vuf0Joif;udk,fawmf&HoHk;aomif;/ vuf,moif;ukd,fawmf&HoHk;aomif;/

'dkif;eufol&Jaumif;? oufol&Jwaomif;/ xD;avmif;um? rD;aygufajymif;? 'dkif;vTm;pGJol&JESpfaomif;?
&Jrufwodef; wyfrawmfwGifygonf/ urf;&Hol&JoHk;aomif;? ukvm;xD;avmif;um? rD;aygufajymif;
'dkif;vTm;ol&JESpfaomif;/
ol&Jaygif;ig;aomif;ESihf
om;awmftdrf&Sdrif;carmif;udk
pdefwifpm;O*gysHESihf
armfwifacsmif;oHvQifNrdKUodkY csDpDonf/ jynfhoQifrif;vnf; ou&mZf (960) wefaqmifbkef;vqef; (11)
&ufed csDawmfrlonf/
trwfudk,f&HBuD;wyf rkwrodkYqdkufa&mufvD&m rkwrNrdKU t&SduRef;BuD;NrdKUwGif vuf0Joif;udk,fawmf&H
ol&Jaumif;waomif;ESifh ukvm;wefpm;apmEludk wyfESihfxm;onf/ csHK;csHK;usrSm vuf,moif;udk,fawmf&H
ol&Jwaomif;ESihf waG;pm;udk wyfESifhxm;onf/ vuf,moif;udk,fawmf&Hol&Jwaomif;ESifh NrdKUopfpm;
Avwifudk tvHwifacsmif;wGif wyfESifhxm;onf/ awmifxdyfwGif ol&Jwaomif;ESifh oHawmifpm;xHk;dkudk
wyfESihfxm;onf/ rkwrNrdKUt&Sdajrmuf a[mif;oa&mjrpfnmvrf;? jr&m0wDNrdKUuonf uarmfuvdkawmifxd
oufrif;aumif;vSjzLudk ol&JoHk;aomif;ESihf tcdkifxm;onf/ om;awmftdrf&Sdrif;vnf; oHvQifNrdKUudk

vkyfMuH&vDvQif oHvQifwGif pGJ&yfeDonf/ jynfhoQifrif;&mZmBuD;vnf;csDvm;vD yJcl;taemufbuf

[oFmZdkif;uekdif;wGifwyfcs yJcl;ukd0dkif;&Hxm;onf/ ,dk;',m;dkUvnf; tpm&dum,Sm;yg;aomaMumihf
awmifilucGmonf/
xdkcGmvmaom
,dk;',m;wyfudk
oufrif;umif;vSjzLusHK;wkdufonf/
,dk;',m;rif;\nDAsorGefudk oufrif;aumif;vSjzLvufa&muf&vD &cdkifrif;&mZmodkY qufvSmonf/
yifv,faMumif;csDvmaom ,dk;',m;wyfudkvnf; zdpD;wdkufvD&m ysufpD; vufeufvlolrsm;pGm&onf/
184
&cdkifrif;&mZmBuD;onf ,dk;',m;rif;nDAsorGefukd aumif;pGmypkxm;[dNyD; ,dk;',m;rif;xHrS vufeufypnf;
b@mrsm;udkawmif;cHonf/ ,dk;',m;rif;vnf; nDawmfudk&vdkonfjzpf &cdkifrif;odkY vdkufavQm&onf/
,dk;',m;rif;u
ajymif;rD;aygufoHk;axmif/
em;zazmufaomajymif;BuD;/
AsGwoD[laom
ajymif;vufeufrsm;udkqufo&onf/ ,dk;',m;rif;nDawmfudkvnf; jyefyD;awmfrlvdkufonf/
awmifilrif;uvnf; [Hom0wDodkY bBuD;awmfausmfxifaemf&xmvufxuf ,laqmifcaom ,dk;',m;rif;
jAom"D&mZmtkyf? rdzk&m;BuD;tkyf? ,dk;',m;rif;q&mtkyf? {&m0Pfqifkyf? ,dk;',m;dkU udk;uG,faom
&mrkyf? [Elrmarsmufkyf? tvrg,f>rDorm;tkyf tp[daom BuD;kyfrsm;ESihf aTaiGb@m rsm;pGmdkUESihf
wuG txl;xl;aomykqdk;aumif;? cgomaumif;rdIif;vHk;aTzsif? pm;bG,frHkYoeyfrsdK;pHkdkUudk vloHk;axmifpd
udkifaqmifpDNyD; rif;nDrif;om;rl;rwfrsm; MuyfrwfpDvQuf ydkYqufawmfrl&onf/
xdkYaemufrS
qifjzLawmfwpD;ESifh
[Hom0wDoQifbk&iforD;awmfcifraESmif;udk
rdzk&m;BuD;dkU
taqmifta,mifESihfwuG
txdef;tcsDuawmfav;a,muf
udk,fvkyfawmfoHk;usdyfyD;awmfrl
r;rwftaygif;NcH&HpDvQuf a0gESihfxrf;aqmifNyD; &cdkifbk&ifrif;&mZmBuD;odkY qufoawmfrlonf/
rif;&mZmBuD;vnf;
,dk;',m;rif;?
awmifilrif;dUk qufoaom
vufaqmify@mrsm;ESifhwuG
[Hom0wDNrdKU[d
,dk;',m;tdrfaxmifpkoHk;axmif?
wvdkif;tdrfaxmifpkoHk;aomif;?
vlaygif;oHk;aomif;oHk;axmifudk odrf;ac:NyD;vQif ou&mZf (961) ckwGif jyefawmfrlonf/
vrf;c&D;tMum; armfwifodkUa&mufaomtcg trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfoDvGefonf/ jynhfoQifrif;vnf;
trwfBuD;tokbudk
BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm
*kPfjyKoN*dK[fawmfrlonf/
trwfBuD;tm;oN*dK[faom
ocsKif;NrDeD&may:wGif bk&m;apwDwnfxm;conf/ xdkapwDBuD;udk ,ckwkdif armfwifapwDBuD;[kac:vQuf
xifSm;pGm[donf/
jynfawmfodkYa&mufvQif ,dk;',m;dkUudk twD;tupausmtpdkY? if;jyif auRwJwyf? auRroDwyf?
&mZN*dK[fwyf? awmifbufwyf? NrdKUopfwyf? rdIif;wyf? awmifilwyf? uRefaumif;wyf? oQpfwyftpk
zGJUawmfrl upye'Dt&Sdbuf qGJxm;uRef;? awmif&if;uRef;? jrpftaemufzuf yDuRef;? OD;&pfawmifuRef;?
rdk;uRef;? &armif;uRef;rsm;rSmcsawmfrlonf/
xdkYjyif wvdkif;oHk;axmifudk qifatmif;roif;rsm;rSm jznhfawmfrl ipifdkif;uRef;wGif csawmfrlonf/
,dk;',m;obiftu av;pkdYom;dkUudk trwfoli,fawmfoGD;aomufodkY tyfawmfrlonf/
ppfwaumif;NrdKUpm; trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfom;usD;dkudkvnf; tbenf;wl olaumif;jyKawmfrlonf/
ppfwaumif;NrdKUudk NrdKUpm;yD;NyD; ynm0Hotrnfudkyg yD;awmfrlonf/
186
avQmufxHk;trSwf (60)
rif;&mZmBuD;rS om;awmfrif;carmif;tm; tjypfyD;rnf[d&m trwfBuD;ynmynm0HoavQmufxHk;/
ou&mZf (967) cka&mufaomtcg om;awmftdrf&Sdrif;? rif;cargif;onf bD;awmfaumif;rI qHawmf?

tHawmf? eHawmfbk&m;oHk;qludk tzl;ajrmfvm;vkdaMumif; crnf;awmfxH avQmufxm;onf/ crnf;awmf

cGifhyD;awmfrl oHwGJodkYvm;onf/ oHwJGNrdKUodkY a&mufaomumv bk&m;ocs wvdkif;acgif;aqmif;awmfuRef?
ukvm;acgif;aqmif;tifSm? rwlvm? aemyH? ucFg? xdkig;a,mufu crnf;awmfvnf; BuD;&ifhvSjyD/
om;awmforD;awmfrsm;pGmdSonf/
crnf;awmfxifSm;[dpOf
xD;eef;wuf
crnf;awmfudk
ouFef;0wfESihfxm;&vQif ypKyefoHo&mtusdK;ESpfyg;yif rsm;vSrnfjzpfonf/ vSnfhzsm;avQmufvwfaomf
rif;carmif;vnf;arSmufrSm; crnf;awmfudk eef;csrnftMuHESihf oif;yif;pkaqmif; zGJUpnf;onf/
bk&m;ocsig;axmiftm; ol&JtpdkYzGJYonf/ xkdwyfudkwyfOD;y ajrmufOD;NrdKUodkYcsDwufonf/ xdktaMumif;udk
crnf;awmfMum;odvD&m Munf;wyf&Dwyfrsm; ol&JvufeuftjynfhtpHkjzifh ig;pifdkif;uRef;bm;NrdKUu
qD;qdkYwkdufcdkufonf/ om;awmfrif;carmif;udk vuf&zrf;qD;rdonf/ vlvufeufvnf;rsm;pGm&onf/
ocstBuD;acgif;aqmifESihf
vlaygif;oHk;axmifdkUaomfum;
ou&mZf
(967)
wGif
om;r,m;dkUukdygaqmif,lk
oa';acsmif;zsm;u
t&SdjynfokdYxGufNyD;vDonf/
usefukvm;ig;&m?
wvdkif;ig;&mdkUudk oHwGJwGifrxm;awmhbJ odrf;,lac:aqmifcNyD; &wemyHkbk&m;rSm ig;&m? r[mrked
bk&m;rSmig;&m
vawmfrlonf/
om;awmfrif;carmif;ukdtjypfyD;rnf[d&m
trwfynm0Ho
avQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ Sdaomtcg bk&m;avmif;qifrif;onf t&HwaxmifaomqifdkUESifh opmjyKvQuf
eDawmfrlonf/
ta*gv[wdqifvnf;
qifaygufwaumifESifheDonf/
bk&m;avmif;qifrif;
trdEu[laom nDawmf[donf/ xkdnDawmftrdEuqifudk ta*gvqifu vSnfhywfzsm;a,mif;onf/
ta*gvqifu tqGDawmfrdEuqiftm;- tqGDawmfrdEu tG,faumif;pGm oefrmaomumv
rif;jyK&rSom aus;Zl;xGef;[dEdkifrnf/ tdkaomtcg yZmtusdK;[dtHhenf;/ aemifawmfqifrif;udk jypfrSm;pD&ef
odkYqdkonf/
nDawmfrdEuqifonf
ta*gvqifr&S aom
qif&iH g;&mudk
oif;yif;yvQuf
aemifawmfudkwkdufcdkuf&efvmonf/
xdktcg bk&m;avmif;qifrif;onf rdrd\oif;yif;qiftaygif;dkUtm; wdkufcdkufjcif;rjyKpDbJ jidrf;tD;pGm
eDpDonf/
bk&m;avmif;qifrif;om
udk,fwkdifxGuf
nDawmfqifig;&mdkUudk
wdkufonf/
nDawmfqifig;&mdkUonf
bk&m;avmif;qifrif;ukdrcH0Hh?
aMumufvefYojzifhxGufNyD;Mu&onf/
bk&m;avmif;qifrif;onf
nDawmfrdEuqifukd&onf/
nDawmftm;ajrmufyifhnDaom
ta*gvqifrif;vnf;
aMumufvefYjcif;jzpf
xGufNyD;onf/
xdkta*gvqif\xuf0ufaom
oif;yif;qifdkUonf bk&m;avmif;qifrif;xH vma&mufeDxdkifMuonf/ xkdawmxdkawmif eDMuukefaom
tjcm;aomqifdkUonfvnf;
bk&m;avmif;qifrif;xH
vma&mufeDxdkifMujyefonf/
bk&m;avmif;
qifrif;onfum; rsm;pGmaomqiftaygif;dkUjzifhpnfum;vDojzifh bkef;[defwefcdk;BuD;vDonf/
xdkaomtcg nDawmftm; bk&m;avmif;qifrif;rdefYawmfrlonfrSm- jidrfpGmeDaomumv ighbkef;vufHk;ukd
trsm;qifdkUrod raMumufrvefY[dMuonf/ ighnDawmfrdEuyom aemifawmf\cGeftm;AvBuD;aMumif;
trsm;odatmifjycGihfjzpf&ayonf/ odkYaMumifh qiftaygif;dkU0ifa&mufvmMuonfrSm nDawmfrdEu
aus;Zl;yifjzpfonf/ odkY nDawmftm; qifrif;csDrGrf;aMumif; ZmwfxHk;a[mif;oufoD[dygonf/
,ckvnf; om;awmftdrf&Sdrif;onf t,kZyl&wkdif; 'Gg&m0wDNrdKUu ol&v
J ufeuf qifvHk;jrif;&HESihfcsDvm
crnf;awmfbk&m; bkef;vufHk;awmfudk xifSm;jyonfhtrIrSm jynfaxmifcsif;rif;wumdkU wdk;cefYjim;
aMumufvefY&maomtaMumif;omjzpfonf/
,if;odkYavQmufvwfaomf
jynfhoQifrif;BuD;wzef
trdeYfawmf[djyefonfum;yJcl;rif;&mZ"d&mZfonf om;awmfaAmavmMurf;awmtm; tbtmPmjypfrSm;rIvnf; qiftpG,fudk
cRefonfhtrIESihfpD&ifaMumif;
xHk;a[mif;oufoDESihfxifSm;xGuf[donf/
xdkodkYtrdefYawmf[djyefonf/
xkdtcgtrwfBuD;avQmufjyefonfum;-

toQifrif;jrwf/
jrifhjrwfaomw&m;udk&m
tEG,fawmfrif;qufapmifhxdef;awmfrlygonf/
vufHk;tm;udk;yaomrif;rsm;udk bk&m;paomolawmfaumif;dkUBudKufawmfrrlyg/ urmtp? r[morw?
0HopOfvm? omuDtEG,f0ifrif;dkUrSm trsdK;apmifhaomw&m;udkzsufjrJr[kwfyg/ omuD0ifrif;jzpfvQif?
omuD0ifrif;rsdK;r[kwfaomrdrESihfpHkzufvD&m zGm;jrifaomom;orD;aomfvnf;aumif;? vufHk;tm;udk;
rif;rsdK;jcm;rif;rlaomfvnf;aumif;?
w&m;rapmihf?
rajzmifhrrSef?
azmufjyefqdk;oGrf;wwfaMumif;
xHk;a[mif;usrf;*ef[dygonf/
rkwrNrdKUudkorkwf tpwnfvmol ruwl;vnf; Z*FvrsdK;? xkdoldkUtaMumif;y yJcl;rif;&mZ"d&mZf
wdkifatmifqdkcaom xHk;&mZ0ifdkUonf bk&m;paomolawmfaumif;dkUcsDrGrf;zG,f&mryg/ &mZ"d&mZfuJhokdY
t,kZAsmyg'vGefusL;
olwxl;udkwdkufcdkufzsufqD;owfjzwfaomrif;okndkUonf
ukd,hftouf
pnf;pdrfukd&mpHkruf olwyg;tm;oem;jcif;uif;vQuf &ufpufpGmyusifhaomxHk;qdk;jzpfygonf/
,if;odkY xHk;aumif;r[kwf? xHk;qdk;xHk;oGrf;onf omoemawmfrStyjzpfaom rif;okndkU\xHk;jzpf
rif;aumif;rif;rGefdkU rvdkufygtyfaMumif;ESihf trwfynm0HoavQmufvwfaomf trsufajy om;awmfukd
trwfBuD;odkYtyfawmfrlonf/
rif;carmif;vnf;
trwfBuD;aMumifhcsrf;om&m&NyD;
aemiftcg
rif;aumif;wyg;jzpfvmonf/
ou&mZf
(974)
cka&mufaomtcg
rif;&mZmBuD;vGefawmfrlonf/
crnf;awmfvGefawmfrlvQif
om;awmftdrf&Sdrif; rif;carmif;onf ajrmufom;awmf"rma'0DESihf xdkou&mZf (974) 0gqdkvqef; (10)
&ufedwGif jynfpnf;pdrfukd qufcHpdk;pHawmfrlonf/
189
avQmufxHk;trSwf (61)
rif;carmif;om;awmf oD&dok"r&mZmvufxuf oli,fdkUqdkaompum;udk trwfivufHk;avQmufxHk;/
rif;carmif;vGefNyD;aemuf om;awmftdrf&Sdrif;rif;[&Donf rdzk&m;ewfoQifr,fESifh ou&mZf (984) ck?
e,kefvqef; (10) &ufedwGif jynfxD;eef;ukd odrf;jref;pdk;pHawmfrlonf/ eef;wufaomtcg oD&dok"r&mZm
trnfudk cHawmfrlonf/ xdkrif;vufxufwGif trwfynm0Hoom; av;NrdKUpm;ivufHk;vnf;wa,muf?
avmif;MuufNrdKUpm;iukovvnf;wa,muf[donf/
avmif;MuufNrdKUpm;trwfiukovESifh
rdzk&m;
ewfoQifr,fdkU cspfBudKufMuonf/ iukovonf ,Mwmtwwf tvGefyifuRrf;usifonf/ xkdtwwfjzifh
jynfhoQifrif;udkBuH\/ tif;tdkifrEmef,Mwmrsm;pD&ifNyD; ESHESdrfjcif;jyKonf/ xdkodkYjyKNyD; rif;BuD;xH
avQmufxm;onfum;- toQifrif;BuD;qifjzLawmfa&mufygvdrfhrnf/ qifpmpyg;[def;pGudk &Duefwl;
csxm;&ygrnf/ odkYavQmufxm;NyD; qifpmpyg;[def;pGudk &DuefwGifcsxm;pDNyD; oli,fdkUudk iukovoif
qdkpDonfum;]anmifyifBuD;&if;? [def;pGcif;? rif;xD;dkUoQif? bk&ifeef;&jzpfvdrfhrnf/} ,if;odkYoli,fdkUqdkaompum;ukd
ynm[divufHk;Mum;vQif jynfhoQifrif; oD&d"r&mZmxHavQmufxm;onfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ [def;pGonft*FgeH? [DE[laomtrIonf ,kwfaompum;/ toQifrif;BuD;vnf;
eHawmft*Fgom;? eHudkqifpD;eif;onf/ Ak'L;om;trwf avmif;Muufpm;iukovjzpfygonf/ qifum;
a&mufrnfr[kwfyg/
qifeHAk'L;om;
rif;jzpfvdkaomaMumihfwaygifukd
iukovvkyfxm;
toQifrif;BuD;udk,fawmf
,cka0'em
uyfa&mufvQuf[dygonf/
ckESpfvESifh
toQifrif;BuD;
ewfGmvGefawmfrlrnf trSefjzpfonf/ avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;BuD;r,Hk ighudk xifjrifatmif
jy&OD;rnf trdefYawmf[dvwfonf/
odkYaMumihf trwfivufHk;onf vlwa,mufudk NrdKUwGif;NrdKUjyifMwif;emacsajym apvTwfonf/
Mwif;em&mMum;caomMwif;oHaomfum;- ]rif;[&DarSmufrSm; tvm;vm;? [&Dvnf;oD? jynfvnf;BuD}

[laom yxrMwif;/
]uRefESihfrwef? rif;jzpfMuHonf? trSefwefYwefY? ckESpfvwGif rif;jzpftHh} [laom 'kwd,Mwif;/
]zGwfurD;acsmif;jzpfvQif? acsmif;jrpfrcHom? uRefuolaumif;jzpfvQif wdkif;jynfrpnf&m} wwd,Mwif;/
,if;odkY Mwif;oHk;&yftvdkudk trwfynm[divufHk;avQmufonfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ i,frnfaomfum; rif;[&Djzpfygonf/ toQifrif;vnf;oD? wdkif;jynfvnf;BuDygrnf/
uRefuolaumif;jzpfrnfrSm iukov? qifeHrif;jzpfrnfhtaMumif;jzpfygonf/ iukovvufxuf
EdkifiHjynfolow0gdkU rD;uJhodkYylygvdrfhrnf/ avQmufxm;&m ta&;ryeDonf/ oD&Dok"r&mZm rif;BuD;udk
rdzk&m;ewfoQifr,fu vSnfhywfzsm;a,mif; avQmufxm;aomaMumifh ,HkMunfawmfrrl[dvwfonf/
iukovtrwfukd rnfodkYrQtjypfry? t&mrysufcsrf;ompGmxm;onf/ xkUd aMumifh trwfivufHk;onf
pdk;&drfjcif;rsm;pGmjzpfvwfonf/
ynmenf;aomrif;xH
qnf;uyfeDacsaomf
aemiftjypfBuD;pGm
jzpf&monf[l rif;xHcGifhawmif;NyD; &[ef;jyKeDonf/ ckESpfvpdaomumv a0'emjyif;xefpGm wdk;vwf
rif;BuD;vGefawmfrlonf/
avQmufxHk;trSwf (62)
e&ywdrif;BuD;rS
jyefqdkaomxHk;/

bk&m;wnf&eftaMumif;

rD;avQmufonfudk

q&mawmfwusdyfESpfyg;dkU

rif;xH

trwfavmif;Muufpm;iukovonf
e&ywdBuD;trnfcH
ou&mZf
(1000)
jynfhwGif
eef;wufawmfrlonf/ rif;jzpfthH[laom aemuftem*gwfudk odjrifonfhtwdkif;? rif;tjzpfodkYiga&mufjyD/
aemiftSnfxGef;atmif? jrifawmfrlbk&m;? xifawmfrlbk&m;? bk&m;ESpfqlwnfawmfrlonf/ SdbapmoD&d
rif;bmBuD;wnfcaom &ifdk;awmf"gwfapwD/ eHdk;awmfapwD/ apwDESpfqleD&monf vldkUeDtdrfESihf
teD;pyft&dyfrZ rvGwf[dvwfonf/ xdk"gwfawmfESpfqludkyifh,l avQmufywf&mt&yf aumif;rGefpGm
wnfvdkaMumif;ESihf omoemydkif0denf;"dk&fjzpfawmfrlaom1/ pEm&mrq&mawmf
2/ ousrLq&mawmf
3/ Zdermefatmifq&mawmf
4/ avmurmefatmifq&mawmf
5/ &wempHOD;q&mawmf
6/ redol&mrq&mawmf
7/ &wempHaG;q&mawmf
8/ &wemrLq&mawmf
9/ r[maAm"dq&mawmf
10/ rPdousq&mawmf
11/ &wemrSefuif;q&mawmf
12/ pE&m&mrq&mawmf
aygif;wusdyfESpfyg;udk eef;awmfodkYyifhac: e&ywDrif;BuD;udk,fwkdifrD;avQmufawmfrlonf/
wusdyfESpfyg;udk jynfhoQifrif;xHjyefqdkaomxHk;um;-

q&mawmf

omoe'g,umjzpfawmfrlaom wumawmfrif;jrwf/ opmav;yg;w&m;udk tvif;jrifawmfrlaom

jrwfpGmbk&m;oQifonf SdOD;pGm olawmfaumif;udktaMumif;jyKvQuf oHk;q,fhoQpfjzmr*Fvmw&m;awmfudk
a[mMum;awmfrl&m

1/
2/
3/
4/

ywdlya'o0gaomp- wifhtyfavQmufywfaomt&yfeD&jcif; r*Fvmwyg;/

ykaApuwyknwm- Sdb0jyKtyfcNyD;aom aumif;rI[doljzpfjcif; r*Fvmwyg;/
twormyPDwd- rdrdudk,fudk aumif;pGmapmifha,Smufaqmufwnfjcif;jzifh usifhjcif; r*Fvmwyg;/
oyK&dokyed,- ynm[dolawmfaumif;dkUudk aygif;azmfrSD0J qnf;uyfjcif;jyKonfh r*Fvmwyg;/

av;yg;aom
r*Fvmw&m;ESihfjynfhpHkjcif;udk
orwdpufav;yg;jzifh
jynfhpHkjcif;[lqdkonf/
xdkav;yg;dkUwGif Sdb0ytyfcNyD;aom ykaApuwyknwm[laom orwdpufwyg;onf ywdly
a'o0goor wdpuf? oyK&dokyed, orwdpuf twormyPd"dorwdpufokH;yg;udk NyD;pDEdkifonf/
,if;odkYNyD;pDEdkifaomaMumifh
Sdb0jyKtyfcNyD;aomaumif;rI[donfjzpf
wifhtyfavQmufywfaom
ywdlyt&yfjzpfawmfrlMuukefaom
toQifpdk;rif;r;rwfolXD;ol<u,fdkUonf
oyKokyed,[k
qdktyfaomolawmfaumif;dkUudk aygif;azmfrSD0Jqnf;uyfrD;jref;vQuf ywdly wihftyfavQmufywfaom
t&yf yvkyfjcif;onf tw[dw? y&[dw? avmuoHo&mESpfjzmaomtusdK; yGm;wdk;xGef;vif;&ef
[donf/
ynm[ddkUukdESD;aESmrD;jref;jcif;r[d?
rdrdtvdk[d&mrwifhtyf?
ravQmufywfoldkU\eD&mt&yfukd
zsufqD;aomfvnf;aumif;? GmoldkU\tdrfteD;tpyf t&dyfrvGwf&maomfvnf;aumif;? "gwfawmfrGDawmf?
kyfyGm;awmf?
qif;wkawmf?
*lvdkPf?
wefaqmif;?
odrf?
ausmif;Z&yf?
r@yfpaom
taqmuftOD;dkUudkvnf;aumif;? &[ef;oHCmdkU\toHk;taqmif ouFef;? oydwf? y&du&mponfdkUudk
vnf;aumif; wnfxm;jyKvkyfonf[daomf xdkvldkU\eDtrd Ef iS hf eD;pyfvDaomaMumihf a&maESma&mufayguf
tdrfatmuftdrfyg; tvm;teDroifh[dvDvQif? ql;ay:zufusyrm ywdlyt&yfr[kwf? rwifhrw,faom
t&yfjyKrdvDaomaMumihf xkdukokdvfoQifdkUonf toufrSnf/ pnf;pdrfrwnf/ ysufpD;jcif;odkY
a&mufvD&monf/
ynm[ddkUudkaygif;azmfrSD0Jqnf;uyfrD;jref;vQuf ywdlywifhtyfavQmufywfaomt&yf ukodkvfaumif;rIudk
jyKonf[daomfum;
avmuDavmukw&mcsrf;ompD;yGm;rsm;jym;wdk;wuf?
toufcEmjrifhMum"GefY
SnfwnfaytHhaomtaMumif;jzpf&monf/ &DNrDoeif;rif;dkUrlvnf; teDtvm;tpm;ttdyfrSp ywdly
wihftyfaomt&yf&m eD&m? vm;&m? pm;&m? tdyf&macsonf/ rwifhtyfaomtrIudkjyKrdvwfaomf
usufoa&r*Fvmqkwf,kwf pnf;pdrftoufwdkvD&monf/
&DNrDoeif;rif;dkUonf
"gwfawmfrGDawmf?
kyfxkawmfrsm;udk
zD;Oyg'ftE&m,f
jzpftHhonfudkif;?
rwifhtyfravQmufywfaomt&yf usa&mufeDawmfrlonfudkif;? jrifvQifzD;tE&m,fvGwfatmifif;?
wifhtyfavQmufywfaomt&yfodkYTdajymif;
xm;awmfrlMubl;onfrSmjrwfpGmbk&m;y&dedAmef
pHawmfrlonfhaemuf
wESpfausmfajrmuf[donfhtcg
toQifr[muy&[EmtoQifjrwfonf
"gwfawmfdkUudk
wdwddkUaMumihf
zD;tE&m,fjzpfawmfrltHhonfudkjrifawmfrl
&mrGm[daom
"gwfESpfjynfrSwyg;/ ukodEmHk? uydv0wf? a0omvD? yg0g? a0X'Dy? tvuy? &mZN*dK[fjynfdkU
apwDawmfdkUrS 0Dpk"gwfawmfwq,fhav;jynfdkUudkyifhaqmifNyD;rl tZmwowfrif;xHtyf &mZ*d[fjynf\
t&Sdawmifaxmihf
wifhtyfavQmufywfaomt&yf
tawmifoQpfq,fOrifwl;
txl;xl;aom
aTaiG&wem eHYomu&ufrufuwfapwDdkU oGwfoGif; Xmyemxm;caMumif;udk okwfr[m0g tXuxm?
r[my&dedAmeokwftzGifh vmawmfrlygonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;y&dedAmefpH,lawmfrlNyD;onfhaemuf omoemou&mZf (222) ckESpfwdkifa&mufonfhtcg
oD&d"rmaomurif;BuD;onf tZmwowfrif;XmyemoGif;xm;awmfrlcaom "gwfawmfwq,fhav;jynfdkUudk
xkwfazmf,laqmifvQuf ZrL'DyguRef;wGif oQpfaomif;av;axmifaomNrdKUBuD;dkU wifhtyfavQmufywfaom
ywdlyt&yf0,f "gwfawmfrsm;udkXmyem apwDawmfrsm;wnfxm;awmfrlcaMumif;ukd yg&mZDuPf
tXuxmdkUvmygonf/
'o&mZmrif;BuD;onfvnf;
bD;avmif;awmfr[mpEol&d,
rif;jrwfwnfxm;awmfrlcaom
oD&d*kwfawmifwGif[d r[mrkedkyfoQifawmfudk vuf,mrif;eef;tm; eef;wifvmaomjyLwvdkif;dkUonf

zdkusif;xdk; aMumom;ESihfaygifawmfudk,lvD&m yvifawmfrSus ravQmufywfaomacsmufxJwGif

NrDrIHUrsm;zHk;vQuf[donfudk
"n0wDNrdKU\ajrmufbufteD;?
avQmufywfaomuwkwawmifodkY
Tdajymif;yifhaqmifawmfrl
cqymudef;udkNzdKNyD;aemuf
ou&mZf
(500)
jynfhavmufu
odrfawmfaqmufvQuf udk;uG,fawmfrlbl;ygonf/
ajrmufOD;NrdKUwnfp ou&mZf (794) ckESpfwGif? bD;awmfrif;apmrGefvnf; rsufarSmifawmf"gwfudk
ravQmufywfaomt&yf? vldkUeDtdrfteD;tpyf qnf0wef;cg;twGif; apwDwnfxm;cvwfaomf
rif;AmBuD;vufxufa&mufawmfrlaomumvrS
ravQmufywfaomvldkUeDtdrf?
t&dyfrvGwfjzpfonf/
ajymif;NyD;rS "gwfawmfudkyifhawmfrlvD ou&mZf (894) ckwGif ywdlywifhtyfavQmufywfaomt&yf
0oJawmifxdyfwGif
xdkbk&m;rsufarSmifawmf"gwfukdXmyemoGif;
aumif;rGefpGmwnfxm;caMumif;ESihf
ordkif;&mZ0if xifSm;xGuf[dygonf/
,ckvnf; NrdKUawmifbuf vufqD;uef vldkUeDtdrfteD;tyg; bapmoD&drif;ygNyD;wnfxm;caom
"gwfawmfygapwDESpfqludk ajymif;yifh ywdlywihftyfavQmufywfaomt&yf aumif;rGefpGmwnfvkyf
udk;uG,fawmfrlvQif ypKyefoHo&mESpfjzmpnfum;xGef;vif;vQuf ynm[dolawmfaumif;dkU tcsDtrTrf;udk
cH&rnfhtaMumif;omjzpfygonf 'g,umawmfrif;jrwf/
odkYq&mawmfrdefYMum;awmfrlvwfaomf
jynfhoQifrif;vnf;tvGefBudKufawmfrlonf/
odkYaMumifh
vufqD;uefem;[daom bapmoD&drif;ygBuD;aumif;rI &ifdk;awmf"gwf? eHdk;awmf"gwfapwDESpfqludk
ajymif;&TdNyD; "gwfawmfudk &wemyef;awmif;jzifhyifhaqmifawmfrlonf/ ou&mZf (1003) ckwGif ywdly
wihftyfavQmufywfaomawmifxdyft&yf
"gwfawmfdkUudkXmyemoGif;NyD;
wnfxm;awmfrlonf/
&ifdk;awmf"gwfudk jrifawmfrlapwD/ eHdk;awmf"gwfudk xifawmfrlapwDork'fonf/ apwDawmfwqlwGif
'Hk;ukvm;w&mpDvSLvQuf urnf;ausmufpmxdk;awmfrlonf/
195
avQmufxHk;trSwf (63)
rif;rdzk&m;?
om;awmforD;awmfdkUudk
q&mawmfwusdyfESpfyg; rdefYqdkonfhxHk;/

rSL;rwfjynfoldkU

tdrfaxmifzuf

jyKaumif;rjyKaumif;

w&Haomtcg txufomuD0ifrif;? oD&dok"r&mZm\ a&Ta&;aqmifrdzk&m;udk e&ywdBuD;rif;trwf

oHawmifpm;iwHk;dk oifhjrwfeDaMumif; jynfhoQifrif; e&ywdBuD;odawmfrlonf/ jynfhoQifrif;BuD;onf
xdktaMumif; oifhroifhrD;avQmufvdk&um; q&m;awmfwusdyfESpfyg;dkUudk eef;awmfodkY yifhzdwfawmfrlonf/
q&mawmfwusdyfESpfyg;dkU <ua&mufawmfrlNyD;aomtcg rif;BuD;udk,fwkdif rD;avQmufawmfrlonfum;xD;jzLaqmif;&mZyvifxdkif
bdodufcHaomrif;{u&mZf
rdzk&m;om;orD;dkUudk
r;rwfjynfoldkU
tdrfaxmifzufjyKaumif;ygtHhavm/
SdxHk;a[mif;usrf;*eftvmESihf
rdefYMum;awmfrlygrnfhtaMumif;
&Sdcdk;avQmufxm;vwfaomf q&mawmfwusdyfESpfyg;dkU rdefYqdkawmfrlMuonfhxHk;aomfum;omoe'g,umjzpfawmfrlaomw&m;rif;jrwf
vlewfdkU\q&m
ormorK'jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[mMum;awmfrlaom r*Fvmw&m;awmf *g&a0gp- dkaoxdkufaomoldkUtm; dkao&jcif;onf
vnf;aumif;? ed0gawmp- rmefrmeudk ESdrfhcsxdkufaomoldkU ESdrfhcsjcif;onfvnf;aumif;? uwkwmolYaus;Zl;ukd
odwwfaomol\tjzpfonfvnf;aumif;?
r*Fvmw&m;rnf\[l
a[mMum;awmf
rlaomaMumifh avmukw&mrIjzpfvQif ow0gtaygif;dkUtm; r[m*kemawmfjzifh vGefpGmoem;awmfrl
oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS vGwfajrmufatmif xkwfaqmifawmfrlwwfaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf aus;Zl;txl;
BuD;jrwfawmfrlygonf/
avmuDrIwGif

rdbq&morm;dkUonf

om;orD;wynhfwyef;dkUtm;

ypKyefoHo&mcsrf;ompD;yGm;

rsm;jym;pDaMumif; aumif;jrwfaomtavhtusifhjzifhqHk;ryJhjyifwwfaomaMumihf aus;Zl;txl;BuD;ygonf/

&DNrDhocifbk&ifrif;jrwfdkUonfvnf;
wdkif;EdkifiHoloQifvl&[ef;dkUtm;
&ifawmfjzpfaomom;uJhodkY
tkyfxdef;apmifha,Smuf axmufrypk odrf;jref;MunfhIeDawmfrlaomaMumifh aus;Zl;oQif tppftrSef
jzpfygonf/
rif;usihfw&m;q,fyg;ESihf ajzmifhom;nDGwfaom {u&mZfrif;dkUonf ylZae,smeH- ylaZmfxdkufaom
rif;rSefacsonf/ ,if;odkYw&m;rysuf Sdtxufutqufqufaom rif;aumif;dkU\xHk;enf;udkrvGe?
tcGefb@mudk q,fbdkYwbdkY cH,loHk;aqmifvQuf? bkef;usufoa&ESifhjynfhpHk om"ke&w&m;av;yg;?
o*F[w&m;av;yg;? em,u*kPfajcmufyg;? ty&d[med,w&m;ckESpfyg;? rif;dkU jyuawhw&m;ckESpfyg;?
rif;dkUaus;Zl;oQpfyg;? &mZ*kPfudk;yg;dkUudkjznfhusihfawmfrlvQuf bdoducf Hawmfrlaom rif;{u&mZfdkU\rdzk&m;
om;awmforD;awmfqGDrsdK;dkU jypfrSm;vGefusL;aomolonf uwkw- w&m;r[d? ol,kwfrm\tavh
jzpfacsonf/
xkdoltm; bk&m;paomolawmfaumif;dkU csDrGrf;awmfrrl/ 'g;oGm;zsm;wifxm;aom ysm;oumukdomjrif
'g;oGm;\*kPftjypfOyg'fjzpftHhonfukdrod?
tm[m&wyfrufvQuf
rSm;aomolrdkufESihfwlygonf/
txdkuftavQmuf tjypfa&mufoifh&monf/
waMumif;rlvnf; a,m&mZm- tMuifrif;onf? bdaouopH- rif;dkUcHjrJ[daom? bdodufopmukd
rcH0Hhaomf?
&mZnoknHxdkrif;onf?
taZ,sHratmifoifhaomtrIdkUudk?
aZ,sHatmifwwfjcif;vnf;aumif;?
0dvkyEHvk,ufqdk;oGrf;Murf;wrf;jcif;vnf;aumif;?
rZygemoD&nfaomufpm;
om;ig;vkdufwwfjcif;vnf;aumif;?
tjA[p&d,mrjrwfaomtusifhudk
usifhwwfjcif;vnf;aumif;? a,m- tMuifrif;udk? e&mZm- rif;r[l&m? trapm- trwfdkUvnf;? tXoQpfyg;aomt*FgESihf tnDrusifhaomf? etrapm- trwfrrnf&m? Sdynm[ddkU pum;a[mif;
tvmrlvnf;
&Dr[daomuef?
qefr[daompyg;?
w&m;rSdaomrif;?
tcdk;r[daomrD;yrm
wGd&mavmifwwfjcif;? wxm- xdkYtwl w&m;r[daomrif;dkUonf tedrfhtjrifh? t,kwftjrwf? y#dlywifhtyfeDjcif;udkrjyK?
tao0emp
AmvmeHolrdkufdkUtavhtvmudk&m
tm;rlvQufeDaom
rif;rsdK;tpdk;&aomwdkif;jynfEdkifiH
ow0gtaygif;csrf;omjcif;r[d/
xdkrif;rsdK;tm;
bk&m;paom
olawmfaumif;dkUrcsDrGrf;/
tjypfrsm;pGmuJh&JUbG,fomjzpfonf/
aus;Zl;rxGef;yifyef;vDaomaMumihf
jynfoljynfom;dkUonf
a'gopGef;vQuf[dvD&monf/
xdkodkYqdk;oGrf;kefYMurf;aomrif;\rdzk&m;?
om;orD;jzpfacsu uwkwmp- aus;Zl;w&m; axmufxm;wif&efray:/ ,kwfrmaomrolawmfrif;dkUESihf
uif;uGm&jcif;onfyif? om"k- aumif;onfomwnf;/
xdkokdY ynm[dpum;w&m;vrf;aMumif; txiftSm;[djcif;aMumifh xkdrif;ydkifaom om;orD;r,m;? t>cDt&H
armif;rjzpfacsaomf aus;Zl;*kPft&nfraxmuf xdkolaysmufvDvQif aemufudk,Ofyg;aomoltm;
tjypfr[dyg wumawmfrif;jrwf/
xdkokdY q&mawmfwusdyfESpfyg; rdefYqdkawmfrlMuvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;e&ywdBuD; trdefYawmf[donfum;aus;Zl;oQifoD&Dok"r&mZmonf
omuD0ifrif;rsdK;pOfvmbdodufcHaom
rif;aumif;rif;jrwf/
jynfoldkUtm;vnf;w&m;ojzifh
apmifhxdef;awmfrlaomrif;jzpfacsonf/
xkdrif;rdzk&m;armif;rtm;
tjcm;olreDoifh/ oHawmifpm;iwHk;dkonf aus;Zl;rodaomol,kwfrsdK;jzpfonf/ pm;aus;udkEIwf
pD&D&DcwftpdkYrSmjznfhawmfrlonf/
aTa&;aqmifrdzk&m;vnf;
odumysufaom&[ef;ESihfwlonf/
jynfhwefqmrjzpfpD- rdefYawmfrl a,musfm;rdrESpfa,mufudk ,kwfaomtpdkY jznfhawmfrlonf/
198
avQmufxHk;trSwf (64)
xD;eef;wkdif;jynfukd rnfodkYaomolrsdK;tm;tyfoihfaMumif; q&mawmfwusdyfESpfyg;dkUrdefYaomxHk;/

e&ywdrif;BuD;onf ou&mZf (1007) ck? eef;pH (7) ESpf? oufawmf (63) ESpf [dvwfaomtcg
onf;xefpGm emudef;jzpfawmfrlonf/ xdkrif;BuD; om;awmfBuD;dka&mifjzLESifh om;awmfvwfNrdKUopfpm;
atmifausmfpH[l ESpfa,muf[donf/ xdkESpfa,mufwGif om;awmfBuD;dka&mifjzLonf ynm[ddkUESihf
rESD;aESm? ynm[dpum;udkrem,l? oGrf;oGyfydefzsif;aom aus;uRefdkUESihf&m taygif;tzufjyKNyD;eDpnf/
om;awmftvwf
NrdKUopfpm;atmifausmfpHaomfum;
ynm[dolawmfaumif;dkUESihfaygif;oif;NyD;
rD;jref;ESD;aESmum ynmSmrSD;vQufeDonf/ SdxHk;a[mif;usrf;*efrsm;ukdavhvmonf/ aumif;aomtMuHESihf
[D&DMowyw&m;udkapmifhonf/
ynm[dt*FgvuPmESihftnDjzpfonf/
e&ywdBuD;rif;onf
xdkom;awmfESpfa,mufwGif xD;eef;wdkif;jynfudk rnfolokdY tyfoifhaMumif;ESihf q&mawmfwusdyfESpfyg;dkUtm;
eef;awmfodkYyifhNyD; rD;jref;avQmufxm;onf/ xdktcg q&mawmfwusdyfESpfyg;dkU rdeYfqdkaomxHk;aomfum;omoem'g,umjzpfaom
wumawmfrif;jrwf/
oHk;avmuxGwfxm;
a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom r*Fvmw&m;awmf AmvmeH-

oAkjrwfpGmbk&m;oQif

olrdkufdkUtm;?
,mtao0emptMuifrrSD0Jrqnf;uyf&jcif;onfvnf;aumif;?
y@dwmeHynm[daomoldkUtm;? ,mao0emp-tMuifrSD0J qnf;uyf&jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ ylZae,smeHylaZmfxdkufaomoldkUtm;? ,mylZmp- tMuifylaZmf&jcif;onfvnf;aumif;? twd- [d\/ {wHoHk;yg;aom w&m;onfvQif? OwrH- jrwfaom? r*FvH- r*Fvmw&m;wnf;[l? wGH- oifonf?
*ESm[d- rSwf,lavmh/ ,if;odkY qHk;rTefjyawmfrlonf/
waMumif;wHkvnf; ygyg- raumif;rIrS? tm&wD- 0D;pGm? 0D&wD- zJMuOfa,Smif,Sm;&jcif;onf
vnf;aumif;? rZygem- bdef;bif;oD&nfoD&ufaomufpm;? om;ig;xdk;owfjcif;rS oH,armp- zJMuOf
a,Smif,Sm;&jcif;onfvnf;aumif;? "arok- q,fyg;aomukodkvfaumif;rIw&m;dkUudk? a,mtyrma'gprrdravQmhaumif;pGmtm;xkwf
aqmufwnf&jcif;onfvnf;aumif;?
twd[d\/
{wHav;yg;aomw&m;onf? OwrH- jrwfaom? r*FvH- r*Fvmw&m;wnf;[l? wGH- oifonf? *ESm[drSwf,lavmh/ xdkodkY jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mMum;awmfrlonfhtwdkif;? ylaZmfxdkufaomw&m; xdkol[dacsrSvnf;
jynfoldkUylaZmfonfudkcH,l vkypf m;tcGefb@mcH,lpm;ydkif&monf/
waMumif;rlvnf;? oADa&0- olawmfaumif;dkUESihfomvQif? ormaoxaygif;azmfrSD0J ,SOfwGJukef&m\/
oADolawmfaumif;dkUESihf? oE0H- rdwfqGDjyK aygif;azmfjcif;udk? ukaAx-yukef&m\/ owHbk&m;tp[daom
olawmfaumif;dkU\?
o'rHig;yg;oDv?
oQpfyg;oDv?
q,fyg;oDv?
av;yg;aomowdyXmeftp[daom olawmfaumif;dkU\w&m;udk? tnmr,- od? aoa,smyGm;pD;ojzihf jrifhjrwfjcif;onf? a[mwd- jzpf\/ ygyda,m- ,kwfrmaomoldkUatmuf,kwfrmjcif;onf
uk'gpeH- w&HwqpfrQ? ea[mwd- rjzpfpDaumif;? odkYvnf; "ry'paomusrf;*efdkU vmygonf/
waMumif;rSmvnf;
ylaZmfxkduf&maomw&m;r[drl?
AmvmeHolrdkufdkUtavhtvmudk&m
BudKufwwfaomrif; jynfoldkUonf ,mao0emp- qnf;uyfrdvDtHh? xdkjynfoltaygif;dkUrlvnf;
rmeaxmifvTm;
&ufpufMurf;wrf;vQuf
udk,fESifh&if;ESD;olrSwyg;oem;jcif;r[d
jyKusihfqdk;oGrf;
MuvDaomaMumifh ow0gdkU dI;EGrf;ysufpD;oDqHk;rsm;pGm[dvwf&monf/ xdkrif;udkrlvnf; bk&m;paom
olawmfaumif;ynm[ddkU csDrGrf;bG,fr[djcif;aMumifh toufpnf;pdrfwkdvD&monf/ xkdjynfdkUvnf;
bk&m;jrwfpGmqHk;rawmfrlaom
omoemawmfw&m;rwnfvD
&efolig;yg;a&maESmqufqHvQuf
EdkifiHacsmufcsm;ysufpD;wwfaMumif; xHk;a[mif;usrf;*eftvmrSma0omvDrif;dkUonf tcsif;csif;rnDrGwf?
ty&D[med,w&m;uif;vGwfatmif
0um&yk
Pm;vSnfhzsm;*Hk;wdkufyvD&m?
ynmtqiftjcifr[d
eDrSm;MuonfhtwGuf ysufpD;qHk;&vDaMumif; xHk;a[mif;xifSm;[dygonf/
Zmwfedygwfawmftvm
oH0&rif;om;onf
w&mhwa,mufaomom;dkUwGif
ti,fqHk;jzpfygvQuf?
ynm[dtrwfaumif;ESihf aygif;azmfrSD0J? ,SOfwJGESD;aESmjcif;jyKvDaomaMumifh crnf;awmfrif;\tdkuft&m

xD;eef;wdkif;jynfukd tyfESif;jcif;cH&aMumif;udk oH0&ZmwfwGifvm[dawmfrlygonf 'g,umawmfrif;jrwf[k

q&mawmfdkUrdefYawmfrlvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;vnf;BudKufawmfrlonf/ okdYaMumifh om;awmftBuD;
dka&mifjzLudkxD;eef;rtyf/
om;awmftvwf
NrdKUopfpm;atmifausmfpHudk&m
xD;eef;wdkif;jynf
tyfawmfrlonf/
e&ywdBuD;rif;onf onf;xefaoma0'emjzifh xawmfrrlvDbJ ou&mZf (1007) ck? ewfawmfvwGif
vGefawmfrlonf/
201
avQmufxHk;trSwf (65)
tif;0udkrwdkufoihfaMumif;avQmufxHk;/
ou&mZf (1099) ck a7mufaomtcg pE0DZ,rif;\nDawmf tdrf&Sdrif;onf rdzk&m;aT&nfESihfbdodufcH
aTeef;wufawmfrlonf/ rif;ukdrSL;rwfjynfoldkUonf cspfcifjrwfEdk;[dvwfaomaMumifh rdwm&pf&mZm
[laomtrnfudk
rSnfhac:Muonf/
oli,fawmfolBuD;udk
vuf,mjreft&myD;awmfrlonf/
ydkufonfydkiftrwfudk
oHawmifpm;t&myD;awmfrlonf/
ukd,f&HBuD;trwfum;&Jatmifjzpfonf/
&Jatmifonf trwfBuD;r[mynmausmftEG,fjzpfonf/
xkdrif;vufxuf ou&mZf (1104) ckwGif t&Sdjynfu ipHOD;? iaTavSmf? iykdkdkUoHk;a,mufonf
a,musfm;rdr vlaygif;waxmifESihf0ifa&mufvm rdwm &pfrif;xHavQmufxm;onfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ tif;0NrdKUrif;onf tusihfysuf rSL;aumif;rwfaumif;dkUpum;udk rem,l? oGrf;oGyfaom
tavhtvmudk&mBudKufvD
wdkif;jynfrjidrfroufjzpfvQuf
qlylaomif;usef;rsm;ygonf/
jynfol
dI;i,f[dygonf/ csDodrf;awmfrlvQif vG,fumESihf&ygrnfqdk vufaqmifypnf;ydk;xnfig;q,fESihf
jrif;aumif;ig;pD;qufoonf/
,if;aomtcg
ynm[dtrwfrsdK;ukd,f&HBuD;trwf&Jatmif
avQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/
iaTavSmf?
ipHOD;?
iykdkdkUavQmufaompum;twdkif;
tu,frSefpDumrl?
OyrmxHk;aomfum; ysm;dkUonf taygif;tpnf;jyK ysm;trsm;tHkzGJUeDMuaomtcg obm0tavQmuf
a&muf&mysHvm; eDwwfMuonf/
202
xdkysm;tHkudk vlwGd zGwfaomtcg rdrddkUom;NrD;[d&m oif;yif;pkvQuf ruGJrvm;pkaygif; nDnmMuvQuf
wwfEdkiforQ udkufcJwkwfcwfwkdufcdkufMuygonf/ xkdysm;ESihfpmrl vlaomfum;qdkbG,fr[d/ rdrddkU
wdkif;om;csif;wGif tcsif;csif;Edkifeif;jyKvQuf[dpu
D mrl rnDrGwfrqdkEdkif&m/ wkdif;wyg;uzsufqD;rnf
a&mufvwfvQif udk,fpDta&;ESifhcsnf;jzpfonf/ om;r,m;? rdbqGDrsdK;aus;uRef? ypnf;Opm? tdk;tdrfdkU
cifwG,fvQufESihfcsnf;jzpfonf/
toD;oD;tcsif;csif;onfaygif;pnf;MuNyD;
&efrlckcHwdkufcdkufMurnf
trSefjzpfygonf/
vlow0gdkU"avh rEdkifaomtcgrS vGwf&mvGwfaMumif; awmawmifBuD;&mcdkrSD; xGufvm;vD&monf/
,if;dkUrcH ckcHwdkufcdkufacsuvnf; udk,hfvltrsm;oDqHk;ysufpD;rS olYvludk&ygrnf/ olYvlvnf;trsm;yif
oDBuDysufpD;jcif;odkYa&muf&monf/ Sdola[mif;pum;vnf;wa,mufcsrf;om? udk,hfbdkYSm? ow0gaygif;? qHk;aMumif;ysuf&? t"rrI? olyolY0ef? okcHacw?
&DyGwfrQudk? edpxifrSm;? awmom;rkqdk;? tm;BudK;rmefwuf? vufeufpGJudkif? xdkNrdKifxkdawmif?
ukefatmifvSnfhywf? om;ig;owffodkY? rwwfp&m? yrmxkdwl? t,larSmufvSef? aus;uRefudk,hfom;?
olwyg;udk? rkef;xm;&efppf? avmbjrpfudk? EIwyf pfvDNyD;? rif;xD;apmxGwf? EG,fawmfjrwfdkU/

- [l SdxHk;tqkd[dygonf/
usrf;*eftvmvnf;a[m&mZm-tMuifrif;onf? taZ,sH- ratmiftyfaomtrIUkd ud?k aZ,- atmifjcif;? atmifpw
D wfaom?
aom&mZm- xdkrif;onf? e&mZm- rif;rrnf&m? tao0emp- olrdkuftv,f? y@dawmynm[donf?
"rH- w&m;udk? ebeED- rajymrqdk&m/ tao0empAmvmeH- olrkduftv,f? "rH- w&m;udk
qdkavh[daomolrlvnf;? eoaEm- olawmfaumif;r[kwf&m/
,if;odkY xHk;oufoDESifhavQmufvDvQif rif;BuD;BudKufawmfrlonf/ iaTavSmf? ipHOD;? iykdkdkUESihf
ygaomoldkUudk yDacsmif;wGifcsxm;awmfrlonf/ xdkvldkUjzifh av;aMumhtpdkYzGJYawmfrlonf/ iykdkudkvnf;
av;cufawmif;pm;t&mcefYawmfrlonf/ trwfynm[d ukd,f&HBuD;&Jatmif\om;tBuD;jrausmfOD;udkvnf;
orD;awmfjrwfbkef;<u,fESihfyD;jrm;awmfrl
vaomif;aoG;aus;pm;?
aumif;ausmfxifaus;pm;?
oli,faoG;aus;pm;? odkYaus;pm;t&m oHk;xyfyD;awmfrlNyD;rS trdefYawmf[donfum;203
trwfawmfudk,f&HBuD;dkUtrsdK;onf ywjrm;ausmufaumif;ESihfwlonf/ xD;eef;rif;quf tSnfqufum
rif;wdkifyiftrwfcsnf; xGef;vQufvmonf/ rif;tm;vnf;jypfrSm;onfr[d/ rif;rrSm;pD&/ avQmufxm;
vmconhftrsdK;/ ynmt&m t*FgjynfhpHkpGmESihf &mZ0ifordkif;xGuf[donf/ t&omMoZm[daomtyif
toD;dkUudk rsdK;pdraysmufpD&/ aumif;rGefpGmysdK;&ouJhodkY trwfBuD;om;ti,faToJudkvnf; om;trSwf
igrGD;awmfrlrnf/ EdkYxdef;tcsDt,tpHkyD;awmfrlNyD;aomf rdzk&m;BuD;odkYtyfawmfrl eef;rSmxm;awmfrlonf/
rdwm&pfrif;onf eef;pHig;ESpf? ou&mZf (1104) ckESpfwGif emrusef;jzpfNyD;vGefawmfrlonf/
204
avQmufxHk;trSwf (66)
&cdkifrif;xH tif;0trwf rif;BuD;eEausmfxif\tif;0NrdKUtaMumif; avQmufxHk;/
rdwm&pfrif;vGefawmfrlvDvQif &rf;jAJNrdKUpm;trwfonf rdzk&m;apmoEma0ESifh bdodufcH ou&mZf (1104)
ck? wydkYwGJvqef; (10) &ufedwGif jynf\pnf;pdrfukd tkyfpdk;awmfrlonf/ trsdK;av;yg;? jynfoldkUtm;
zD;&efr[dpDonfudk taMumif;jyK ]e&tb,&mZm} [laomtrnfudk cHawmfrlonf/ acwfNydKiftm;jzifh
jrefrmjynftif;0
r[m"r&mZm"dywdrif;pdk;pHonf/
[Hom0wDyJcl;NrdKU
rGefbk&ifAnm;'v
pdk;pHvQuf[donf/
xkdpOf
tif;0onf
rsm;pGmtm;enf;vQuf[donf/
rPdyl&uonf;dkUonf
tif;0e,fteD;tyg; NrdKUGmrsm;udk vma&mufwu
kd zf sufv,
k lonf/ uonf;dUk onf tif;0ESifhrsufESmcsif;qdkif
wbufurf; ppfudkif;odkYwdkif vk,lzsufqD;jyKMuonf/ tif;0ajrmufbuf rsm;pGmruGm0D;vSaom
rw&mtkwfzdkrS auGYoQrf;dkUuvnf; MoZmrcH axmifxm;jcm;em;jyKMuonf/ tpm;qef&dumrsm;vnf;
,Sm;yg;vQufdS&m cdk;om;"g;jyrsm;vnf;rsm;pGmaomif;usef;vQuf[donf/
xdkodkYtajcteDrsm;avQmhyg;eD&mwGif
[Hom0wDrS
Anm;'vESihfOy&mZmdkU
uGyfuJOD;aqmifaom
rGefwyfrsm;onf
Munf;aMumif;&DaMumif;csDwufvmNyD;
tif;0NrdKUawmfudk
0ef;&HvkyfMuHMuonf/
tif;0om;dkUckcHMuaomfvnf; rGefdkUudk Edkifatmifrwm;Edkif/ rGefdkUonf tif;0NrdKUudk&onf/ rGefppfolBuD;
wvyef;udk
tif;0wGiftapmifhteDcsxm;NyD;
tif;0rif;r[m"r&mZm"dywdESihf
rdzk&m;rif;qGDrif;rsdK;
olXD;ol<u,f ypnf;b@mawmftrsm;tjym;udkaqmif,lvQuf rGefdkU [Hom0wDodkYjyefMuonf/
tif;0jynfokdYysufpD;vDvQif
rif;rIxrf;rSL;rwftcsdKUESihfjynfoldkUonf
tm;udk;rSDckd&mSmvQuf
xGufNyD;Muonf/ odkYxGufvmMuolrsm;teuf ou&mZf (1115) ckwGif tif;0rif;trwf
rif;BuD;eEausmfxifnD?
wkdifwm;pm;aTqif?
v,fudkif;NrdKUpm;&moD
trwfoHk;a,mufonf
aemufyga,musfm;rdrvlaygif;ESpf&mESifh
&cdkifrif;xHa&muf[dcdkvIHeDxdkifonf/
&cdkifrif;vnf;

a&muf[dvmaomoldkUudk oem;ojzifh aumif;pGmvufcHNyD; jyKpkapmihfa,Smufxm;onf/

wedaomtcg jynfhoQifrif;BuD;onf tif;0NrdKUtaMumif;odvdkonfjzpf trwfrif;BuD; eEausmfxiftm;
rD;awmfrlonf/ xkdtcg trwfrif;BuD;eEausmfxifavQmufonfhxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ bD;bdk;pOfvm [Hom0wDyJcl;NrdKUrif;qufrsm;pGm rSL;BuD;rwfBuD;t&mESihf wdkif;jynfudk
tkyfxdrf;vmcaom trsdK;jzpfygonf/ yJcl;NrdKUonf ow0gdkUuyfOyg'ftavQmufysufokOf; tif;0NrdKU
qifjzLoQifrif;w&m;om;awmf
anmif&rf;rif;vufxufawmfwGifvnf;
crnf;awmfqifjzLrif;
w&m;ajrmufjrifhonfhenf;? om;NrD;qufum trwfBuD;eD&mESifhcsnf; wkdif;rIjynfrIrsm;udk okwfoifpD&if
&ygonf/ peDrif;om;awmf wv*FerD if;vufxuf? tbowdk;rif;BuD;ausmfacgifrSm om;awmfa,musfm;
oHk;a,muf[donfhteuf om;tBuD;udk &rnf;oif;pm;? rdzk&m;r*FvmoD&dwGif zGm;jrifawmfrlonfh
orD;awmfrif;jrOD;ESihf pHkzufawmfrl ull;crf;BuD;NrdKUudk yD;awmfrlonf/ om;tvwfrmS om;awmftdrf&Sdrif;xH
oli,fawmfcHeD&ygonf/ nDti,frSm rdbESihftwlruGJ i,fG,foljzpf eD&onfESihf xkdrif;vGefawmfrl&m
om;awmfwv*FeDrif; qifjzLoQifeef;wuf wESpf[daomtcg tbowdk;rif;BuD;ausmfacgifoDvGefvQif
tudkul;crf;pm; tbt&mqufcH&ygonf/
uRefawmfrSmaomfum;
rif;BuD;eEausmfxiftrnfESihf
xdkrif;\rdzk&m;
awmifomNrdKUpm;wGif
zGm;jrifawmfrlaom orD;awmfrif;aTuHk;ESihfyD;jrm; tif;0NrdKU0efcefYawmfrlNyD;vQif rdwDvmNrdKUukdpm;&ygonf/
nDaTqifrSm om;awmftdrf&Sdrif;xH oli,fawmfcHeD&ygonf/ xkdrif;vGefawmfrlaomf om;awmf
MumoywD;rif;eef;wufvD&m txufuenf; ajrmufjrihfawmfrlvQuf nDaTqifudk wdkufxm;NrdKUpm;
yD;awmfrlygonf/ ou&mZf (1095) ckwGif MumoywD;rif;eef;wuf ou&mZf (1105) ckwdkifatmif
wdkif;jynfom,mygodrfhonf/
aemufaomfum;,pfrsdK;aomufpm;?
om;ig;owfSpf?
usifhMuHMuvQuf
txde;f awmfom;
ijzLESihfaygif;zuf rif;usifhysufvD&m tudktrwfBuD;yg av;a,mufaomtrwfBuD;dkUudk pD&if&onf/
,if;odkYaemufaomfum; jynfoldkUNidKjiifojzifh toD;oD;tvdkvdk aomif;usef;qdk;oGrf;yvD&m xkdrif;trwf
yJcl;NrdKUueD
jcm;em;csDwufwdkufzsufvmvQif
ou&mZf
(1113)
ckwGif
tif;0NrdKUysuf
MumoywD;rif;vnf;
yJcl;odkYygvm;onf/
taMutnmNrdKUGmrsm;udkvnf;
rGefdkUwdkufzsuf
oDBuDrsm;jym;aomaMumihf
vGwf&mvGwfaMumif;
awmifil&mZmESihfrif;wHk;NrdKUwGifeDMu&m
awmifil&mZmoDvGefvQif yJcl;urGefdkU vma&mufwdkufcdkufvmjyefrl/ rcHr&yfEdkifatmif[donfu wcsuf/
Owk&moDrajzmifh
tpm;,Sm;yg;iwfrGwf[donfvnf;
wck?
xkdokdYtaMumif;qdkufvwfaomf
bkef;awmfjrwfudkcdkvIHvdk
om;r,m;aus;uRefwpkESihf
0ifa&mufvmaMumif;wifavQmufvDvQif
tb,&mZmrif;vnf; rif;BuD;eEausmfxif trdsK;ESihft&nfudkBudKufawmfrlojzifh qifuJBuD;trwf
cefYawmfrlonf/ nDaTqifudk auRwJpm;/ &moDukd auR;raoG;pm;t&m yD;awmfrlxm;onf/
aemufygvldkUudkvnf; NydKif;acsmif;wGifGmwnfcsxm;awmfrlonf/ tcsdKUudk awmifpOfckESpfcdkifGmdkUwGif
csxm;eDpDawmfrlonf/
ou&mZf
(1123)
ckwGif
trwfqifuJBuD;eEausmfxiforD;oQifpdk;rif;udk
aumuf,lawmfrl
ajrmufrdzk&m;xm;awmfrlonf/ ajrmufrdzk&m;nDr rdyef;&Hudkvnf; Sdynm[dtrwfBuD;om; aToJESihf
yD;jrm;awmfrlNyD;vQif aTwdkufaiGwkduf vufeufwdkufrsm;udktyfawmfrl pm;aus;dk;uRef;ESihf pdefwif
(pdkif;wif) udk yD;awmfrlonf/
ou&mZf (1123) ck? wefaqmifbkef;vwGif tb,&mZmrif;vGefawmfrlonf/
207
avQmufxHk;trSwf (67)
pEy&r&mZmrif;\om;awmf Oabmfa0twGuf EdkYxdef;GD;&efavQmufxHk;/

tb,&mZmrif;vGefNyD;aomf om;awmf'g;ydkifBuD;onf rdzk&m;atmifaMumhpHESihf ou&mZf (1123) ckwGif

aTeef;wufawmfrlonf/ pEy&r&mZm [laomtrnfudk cH,lawmfrlonf/ xkdrif;\awmifeef;rdzk&m;wGif
om;awmfOabmfa0udk zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ om;awmfudkEdkYxdef; EdkYwkdufjyK&ef EdkYxdef;GD;cs,fa&;twGuf
pEy&r&mZmrif; rdefYawmfrlonfum;r[morwrif;upOfvm omuD0ifrif;rsdK;dkU om;awmfa,musfm;aomfvnf;aumif;? orD;rdraomf
vnf;aumif; awmifnmxm;wGif zGm;jrifvDaomf? rif;qGDrif;rsdK;? rSL;dk;rwfdk;rrSefaomrdrtm; EdkYxdef;EdkYwkduf
xnhfjrJxHk;wrf;a[mif;r[d? ighom;awmfOabmfa0udkvnf; EdkYxdef;EdkYwdkufxm;&ef SdxHk;wrf;ESifhavQmuf&rnf
rdefYawmf[daomtcg Sdynm[dtrwf? rsdK;dk;pOfvmjzpfaom pdefwif (pdkif;wif) pm;trwf aToJavQmufxHk;
aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ avmu'Dy0ifusrf;tvmrlum; &mZN*dK[fjynfhoQif Adrdom&rif;onf i,fawmfrlpOf
vufyef;onf
wOD;ausmufukef;
pD;awmfrlcaomtaMumif;jzifh
rif;jzpfawmfrlaomtcg
o0&[laomtrnfESihf ueDpmNrdKUudkpm;aus;yD;vD xdkrif;wGif tZmwowfom;awmfukdzGm;jrifvDrl?
o0&r,m;qDEyEudk tZmwowftm; EdkYxdef;yD;onf/ qDEyEvnf; okwrSd? o0&vnf; ynmrJh/
xHk;a[mif;pma[mif;rwwf? vufyef;onf&if; qDEyEtrsdK; r;rwforD; tdk;tpOfr[kwf EdkYxdef;t*Fgudk
rod/ cufxefaomtavhESifheDaomoltm; EdkYudkpdkYrdvD tZmwowftG,fa&mufvwfrl tbAdrdom&
rif;tm;jypfrSm;onf/
todwejynfoQifrif;
ESrawmfa'0*Aom;awmf
0goka'0?
Ava'0
nDaemifwusdyfdkUtm;
tE0dEu[laom ppfrSL;trwfr,m; omrEed*Hk;Gmol eEDa*gygvudk EdkYxdef;tyfvD\/ xdkrdraomfum;
w&m;r[d? avmbuyfaomrdrESihfxm;ojzifh xkdrif;om;nDaemifwusdyf tG,fodkYa&mufaomtcg
OD;&D;awmfuHorif;udk jypfrSm;onf/
Ow&r'ljynfhoQif om&qDErif;udk oabFmolBuD;oefjrifhpGmu xl;qef;aom&xm;wckqufvD&m o'gBuD;
rulyDwdkif;ukd pm;aus;yD;awmfrlonf/ xkdrif; rdzk&m;BuD;wGif orD;awmfok0
PukrmudkzGm;vDvQif
oefjrifhpGm r,m;tebudobifonfrukd EdkUxdef;yD;vwfaomf xkdrdr tusifhr[d? oGrf;oGyfaom
trlt,mudk&mavhvm rif;orD;ok0
PukrmtG,fa&mufvwf&m apmif;onfESifhrSm;bl;onf/
Am&mPodjynfoQif Ovumrif; oDE0p[laomjrif;ukd i,fpOfu vlukef;wa,muftyfxdef;pD&m
xdef;oltvdkuf jrif;awmfodE0vnf; ukef;vm;vDvQif? vlpefYudkwzef tyfjyefonfwGif jrif;awmfoDE0
ajzmifhaMumif; xHk;a[mif;xGuf[dygonf/ toufr[daom t0dnmPua0omvDjynfoQif plvpE&m;rif;
pm;awmfo&ufcsdKyiftyg; O,smOfr;u rJ'g;yifudkpdkufysdK;vD&m o&ufcsdKcg;aomt&om[dvwfrl
trwfvdrmwa,mufudk rif;apvTwfMunfhpDonfwGif o&ufcsKdyifteD; rJ'g;yifudkjrifvD xkdtyifudk
ukefpifatmifEIwfypfNyD;rS tjrpfdkUudkvnf; wl;qG,lpDonf/ ,if;odkYNyD;rS ysm;wifvJoumdkUudk
t&nfazsmfvQuf o&ufcsdKyifywfvnf rjywfoGefavmif;pD&m cg;aomt&omuG,f Sdtwl
csdKaomt&om a&mufjrJa&mufaMumif; xHk;a[mif;xGuf[dygonf/
toQifrif;jrwf/ rif;om;rif;orD;pojzifhaom o0dnmPu? t0dnmPudkUtm'Dtmp- xdef;olrlv?
o0dnmPudkUrSmvnf; rdbxdef;oldkU rvdrm? vufHk;rme Murf;wrf;cufxef axmifvTm;qdk;oGrf;acsu
xdkYtwl om;orD;qdk;oGrf;vD&m? wxm*awm- vmjcif;aumif;aom twdZmuom;jzpfrS omxdk;xGif;
odjrifaomowdaMumifh? twdZmwom;vnf; tvGef,Sm;aMumif; usef;*efjyqdkygonf/ t0dnmPu
O,smOf v,f,mdkUrSmvnf; xdef;olraumif;u ysufpD;jcif;odkYa&mufvD&monf toQifrif;jrwf/
xdkrSwyg;wHkvnf; tom;jzLaomrdr EdkY&nfonf csdKaomt&om[donf/ xdkEdkYudkpdkYaomoltm;
vDa0'emjrJ\/ tom;dkaom rdrEdkY&nfonf zefaom t&om[donf/ xdkEdkYudkpkdYaomoltm; Oaumif;
a0'emjrJ\/ tom;jymaomrdrEdkY&nfonf csOfaomt&om[donf/ xdkEdkYudkpdkYaomoltm; 'Gg&dkU

a0'emjrJ\/ tom;aTa&mif[daom rdrEdkY&nfonf qdrfhaomt&om[donf/ xdkEdkYudkpdkYaomoltm;

jrwfaomESvHk;jrJ\/ tom;rJaomrdrEdkY&nfonf cg;aomt&om[donf/ xdkEdkY&nfudk pdkYaomoltm;
NcDvufOD;dkU a0'emjrJ\/ tom;eDaom rdrEdkY&nfonf pyfaomt&om[donf/ xkdEdkY&nfudk pdkYaomoltm;
&if a0'emjrJonf/
,if;odkYxHk;a[mif;oufoDESihf ynm[dtrwfavQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;trdeYfawmf[djyefonfum;pdefwifpm;dkUtrsdK;onf "n0wD? 'kkwd,NrdKUwnf uH&mZmBuD;rif;uqif;ouf r;dk;rwfpOfom;NrD;pOfquf
ynm[dwGifvQuf rif;quftrsm;ESpfaygif;tSnf pdefwifpm;dkU trsdK;rwdrf; va&mifyrmcsrf;tD;pGm
rif;xHcpm;aMumif;
xHk;a[mif;xGuf[donf/
pdefwifpm;r,m;trdvnf;
tif;0rif;orD;awmf?
tbrif;BuD;eEausmfxif? bDbD;vnf; yJcl;rif;ausmfxifaemf&xmom;NrD;qufum tif;0rif;vufxuf
qifuJBuD;? trwfdkUtrsdK; rSL;dk;rwfdk;rysuf/ tif;0NrdKUonf umv0dywdtavQmufysufc &uyl&wdkif;
ajrmufOD;NrdKUodkYa&mufvmjyefvQif
trsdK;apmifhaomw&m;rvGwf/
rSL;rwft*FgESihfjynfhpHkoljzpf
crnf;awmftb,rif;u
qifuJBuD;t&mukdyD;awmfrlonf/
qifuJBuD;orD;rdyef;&Honfvnf;
r;dk;rwfdk;orD;rSefonf/
owdynmqif;t*FgvuPmESifhjynfhpHkonf/
ighom;awmfOawmfa0udk
wwfvdrmatmif pdefwifpm;xdef;odrf;jyoqHk;roGefoifpD/ pdefwifpm;r,m;rdyef;&H EdkYwdkufpD tyfawmfrlvD&m
xdef;odrf;wdkufauR;jyK&onf/
210
avQmufxH;k trSwf (68)
tb,r[m&mZmvufxuf trwfcefYxm;&efavQmufxHk;/
ou&mZf
(1126)
cka&mufaomtcg
pEy&r&mZmrif;udk
a,mufzawmf&rf;jAJoHawmifpm;
vuf0Jjreftrwfykefuefjcm;em;onf/ xkdou&mZf uqkefvqef;w&ufedwGif vuf0Jjreftrwfonf
a,mufzawmfpEy&r&mZmrif;udk&vDNyD;
rdzk&m;apmaTMumESihfeef;wufawmfrlonf/
eef;wufawmf
rlaomtcg tb,r[m&mZm[laomtrnfudkcHawmfrlonf/ xdkrif;onf a,mufzawmfpEy&r&mZmudk
&[ef;jyKxm;onf/
pdwfrcsvDaomaMumifh
a,mufzawmfeef;usrif;udk
&[ef;jyKxm;&mrS,lpDNyD;
NrDiluRef;odkYydkYpDawmfrlonf/ tydkYapolpufuefusifdkUonf xdkeef;usrif;udk NrDiluRef;odkY,laqmifvm;Mu&m
qifwHk;armft&yfodkYa&mufaomumv xdkou&mZf e,kefvqef;w&ufedwGif 0rf;usa&m*gjzifh oDqHk;onf/
vuf0Jjreftrwfonf tb,r[m&mZmtrnfjzifheef;wuf rif;jzpfNyD;aomtcg i,fuRefjzpfaom
oufvlrsdK;
iaomufMumESifh
iaomufMu,f
nDtudkESpfa,mufudk
o'gawmfrl
trwfBuD;cefYawmfrlrnf[dvD&m Sdynm[dtrsdK;? twGif;awmfr; pdefwif (pdkif;wif) pm;trwf
aToJavQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ Sdynm[ddkUqdkcaom &mZmrif;dkUvufoHk; xHk;a[mif;pmwrf;tvmxGuf[donfrSm&DNrDoeif;? rif;dkUusifhoHk;? SdxHk;rokHOf? &mZ*kPfjrwf? e0&wfudk;cdkif? r@dKifrysuf? rif;vufeufwnfh/
a00ufpdwfjzm? rvdrmjim;? olrdkufom;ukd? rSm;jynfhoQif? olaumif;wifvQif? wdkif;cGifcdkif? tydkif&yfBuD;?
rif;cGifhyD;? r;&D;rwf&m? ESif;tyfygrl? yZmusdK;[d? EGrf;&dow0g? NrdKUGmwkefvIyf? rif;usdK;,kwf\/
pufqkefozG,f? ysuf&,fwEK? jynfrIIwfxGD;? wdkif;0D;wyg;? pum;rwnf? tSnfraumif;? Al;awmif;yrm?
rdpmiSufqdk;? vifaumifydk;odkY? qdkdk;wcsuf? <uufESihf>rDwl? olYrlrazsmuf? arsmufrSifhNrDcGD;? qdka&;woD;?
usD;ESihf0ufwl? trI,kwfoGrf;? oluef;tMuH? avmbvQHonf? rif;xdef;pyf? roHk;tyf/
xdkokdYqdkaom ynm[dpum;t&usrf;*efwGifvnf;a'0ykw- ewfom;? AmvmeH- olrdkufdkUtm;? tao0emp- rrDS0Jrqnf;uyf? raygif;azmf&jcif;onf

vnf;aumif;? y@dwmeH- ynm[daomolESihf? ao0emp- rSD0Jqnf;uyf aygif;azmf&jcif;onf

vnf;aumif;? ylZae,smeH- ylaZmfxdkufaomoldkUtm;? ylZmp- ylaZmf&jcif;onfvnf;aumif;? twd[d\/ {wH- av;yg;aomw&m;onf? OwrH- jrwfaom? r*FvH- r*Fvmw&m;wnf;[l? wGHoifonf? *PSm[d- rSwf,lvDavmh/
,if;odkY jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mawmfrlaom r*Fvmw&m;[dygonf/ toQifrif;jrwf/ wwdkif;wjynf
tpdk;&aomrif;dkUonf olrdkufukdra,Smif aygif;azmfyvDjim;tHh/ xkdolrkdufaMumifh wkdif;jynfNidKjiifvQufESifh
rif;vnf;ysufvD&monf/ wwdkif;wjynf rdwfjyK&mvnf; xkdjynf\taMumif;udkpHkprf;NyD;rS 0HolawmfuJhodkY
usihfaomrif;udk&m
qnf;uyfrdwf0if&rl
tusdK;xGe;f vif;Edkif&monf/
aMumifolawmfESifhwlaom
rif;jzpfacsu xdkrif;zsuf udk,hfjynfysufvD&monf/ olrawmfusifhwwfaomf vltrsm;u urmSnforQ
aumif;usdK;raumif;usdK;udkaomfvnf;
tusdK;tjypfr[dyg/
ynm[dwa,muf
tcsDtrGrf;udk&m
BudKufawmfrl uJh&JUacsaomf aMumufwwfSufwwf&ygonf/ xkdodkYynm[dtrwf aToJavQmufvD&m
trwfawmfodkY pm;aus;xyf NrdKUopfudk yD;awmfrlonf/ trwfynm[d NrdKUopfpm;r,m; rdyef;&Hudkvnf;
Sdrif;rsm;enf; toHk;taqmifudkyD;awmfrl eef;wGif; rdzk&m;armif;rdkUudk em;vnfatmif SdtoHk;taqmif
tvm;teD rif;crf;rif;em;paom trIrsm;udkjyoqHk;r xdef;odrf;&rnf tyfawmfrlonf/
xdkrif; uRefESpfa,mufESifhpyfaompum;udk emawmfrrl/ tpfukdjzpfoliaomufMu,fukd vuf,mjreftrwf?
nDjzpfoliaomufMumukd "g;ydkifBuD;trwfcefYawmfrlonf/
212
avQmufxHk;trSwf (69)
uRefdkUudk vufeuftiftm;tyf&ef oifroifhavQmufxHk;/
w&Haomtcg jynfhoQifrif;tb,r[m&mZmonf tkef;uRef;eD v,fawmfvkyfvrdkif;om; rif;w&m;
uRefdkUudk ol&JtrwfjyK "g;vSHum? 'dkif;vTm;vufeuftyf wyfawmfzJGYrnf[d&m trwfynm[dNrdKUopfpm;
aToJavQmufxm;aomxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ rif;w&m;uRef vrdkif;tpkom;dkUodkY vufeuftyfawmfral csaomf arsmufudkcsLqGJonfESifh
wlygonf/ arsmufudkoem;csLqGJvDrl tjidrfreDckefaygufNyD;vTm;vQufESifh [dvD&monf/ xkdYtwl
olrdkuftavh udk,hfbdkYomvHk;yrf;Sm olYudkaomfum; oem;jcif;r[d/ om;ig;ypfcwf xkd;owfaomufpm;?
twaemrwd? usifhMuHvQufeDavh[daomtrsdK;om;dkU vufeufa&mufvwfaomf trsm;ow0gonf
yZmcsrf;om&ygtHhenf;/ 0dvkyE-
&ufpufMurf;wrf;wNrdKUwGmudk zsufqD;vk,l EdkifxufpD;eif;
trsdK;om;csif;vnf; cifrifaompm&dwrjrJ? azmufvGJazmufjyef? rrSefaomtodjzifh avmba'go arm[
vGefvD&monf/ xkdYaMumifh Sdynm[dpum;olrdkufdkUrSm? t*Fgav;rnf? pnfpnfum;um;? &rufrsm;onf/ ,if;odkYtqdkaomfum;av;yg;[lonfrSmtdyfjcif;? pm;jcif;? arxkefrSD0Jjcif;? OpmSmrSD;jcif;? olrdkufrdpm? t*Fg[lvQuf SdoljrwfdkUqdk[dygonf/
rif;w&m;uRefvrdkif;dkUodk
vufeuftyf&efroifhyg/
aemifaomtcg
vlqdk;vlaumif;a&maESmvQuf
pD&if&ygvdrfhrnf/ avQmufvwfaomf jynfhoQifrif;remr,l/ rif;w&m;uRefvrdkif;dkUudk vufeuftyf
wyfawmfzGJUvDonf/ wESpfcefY[dvDaomtcg &rf;jAJjrpfponfdkU tvm;tvmrQrjyK0HhMu/ rif;w&m;uRef
vrdkif;wyfom;dkU
"g;jrwdkufvk,ufvDMu&m
jynfhoQifrif;trsufawmf0if
vlaygif;ig;&mausmfudk
tukeftpifowfvDNyD;rS vufeufrsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;awmfrl&onf/
avQmufxHk;trSwf (70)

"g;ydkifBuD;iaomufMumonf ppfawGuRef;eDuRefdkUudkqkvmbfyD;NyD; tiftm;pkeDaMumif;avQmufxHk;/

tb,r[m&mZmrif;vufxuf w&Haomtcg "g;ydkifBuD;iaomufMumonf ppfawGuRef;eDuRefdkUudkac:NyD;
qkvmbfrsm;yD; bufawmfom;tiftm;pkeDonf/ odkYtiftm;pkaqmif;eDaMumif;udk trwfBuD;aToJ
odvwf jynfhoQifrif;xHavQmufxm;onf/ jynfhoQifrif;vnf; i,fuRefawmfjzpfonf/ rdrdyif
csDajrmufolaumif;jyKxm;onf[k
,Hkawmfrrl[donf/
jynfhoQifrif;,Hkawmfrrl
ta&;r,l
[dvwfaomaMumifh trwfBuD;onf &Sda&;ukdjrifawG;vD&um; &ifvD;vQufESihfyif onfta&;udk
wzefxyfrH avQmufxm;jyefonf/ avQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ Sdbm;rJodkuf? bm;ykodkuftwGufrlvnf;axmif&m0do? qwdkifuvQif? aywyifudk? &DvQifoGef;Mu? rkd;udk;v ,if;odkYtqdkudk ,Mwmjyef? trIy&efrSmeef;pHawmfrlvQif bm;blawmifwGif eHawmfudk e0udef"gwf? ygy"gwf? kyf- pkwfvyfjyK ,Mwmxm;awmf
rl&rnf/ xkdudef;"gwftvdk eef;pH udk;ESpfudk;vxGufygonf/ toQifrif;aemufudk aomufMumom;rif;jzpf&ef
odkuf[djyefonfrSm <uufudkacsmif;onfh Al;awmif;armifaomMum- qdkvDaomaMumihf "g;ydkifBuD;
aomufMumom;jzpfygonf/
toQifrif;jrwf/ Sdynm[dwdkUxm;caom ajrmufOD;NrdKU"gwfodkuf tvdkwGifvnf;215
&vk&vk? udk;&vk? &vkudk;rnf? ajrmufOD;jynfom? pnfwaomaom? &vkvnf;ukef? ysufudef;BuHK?
vlyn
kH mBuDajrm/
xkdodkYxGuf[daomokdufwcsuf/
NrdKUwnfMwif;oQpf&yf?
N*dK[foufpef;vufESifudef;xm;aomNrdKUouf
oHk;&moHk;q,hfoHk;ckESpf &[dygonf/ odkY&mwGif udk,fusifhw&m;om rlvrSefonf/
toQifrif;jrwf/ olrkdufdkUonf yd#uwfaA'ifudk oifMum;wwfpDumrl tv*"lyrmom ynm[d
olawmfaumif;paom tjrifhtedrfh t,kwftjrwf rlvtem*gwfudkqHk;jzwfodEdkifonf rwwfjcif;aMumifh
,IH;epfvD&monf/ ynmonf eDa&mifva&mifESihfaomfvnf;aumif; auo&mZmjcaoFhrif;tqDESifhaomf
vnf;aumif; wlygonf/ eDvdkUonfrlvnf; tcefYoifhaomfrS zefrSefvQif rD;&DpGJa&mufygonf/
auo&mZmjcaoFhrif;
tqDwHkaomfvnf;
ZrL&pfaTcGuf&m
wnfEdkif&monf/
xkdtwl
ynm[dwa,mufpum;ukd ynm[dwa,mufrS&modEdkifygonf/ Sdola[mif;trSmwGif [kwfrSefaom
pum;ukdqdkvQuf cHolrBudKufu tjypfa&muf&monf/ r[kwfrrSefaompum;ukd qdkvDrlvnf; cHolBudKufrl
tusdK;jzpf&monfxdkokdYxHk;oufoDESihf
ynm[ddkUxkH;wrf;
rif;tjypfudkjrifvQifavQmufwifjrJ
SdxHk;a[mif;ESihftnD
avQmufvwfaomfvnf; xkdrif;ukodkvftavQmuf rolawmfudk,HkaomowdpGJojzifh rnfodkYrqdkeDawmfrl
trwfynm[dNrdKUopfpm;aToJokdY aumif;ausmfxif[laom rif;w&m;uRef vrdkif;wGmudkpm;pD&efom
qkyD;oem;awmfrlonf/ "g;ydkifBuD;iaomufMumudkum; rnfodkYrjyK xm;jrJxm;onf/
tb,r[m&mZmrif;onf iaomufMu,f? iaomufMum nDtpfudkESpfa,mufvHk;udk i,fuRefawmfrsm;
jzpfonfhtm;avQmfpGm
,HkMunftm;xm;ojzifh
tpfudkjzpfoliaomufMu,fudk
vuf,mjreftrwf
tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
nDjzpfoliaomufMumudk
"g;ydkifBuD;trwftjzpfvnf;aumif;?
olaumif;y
cefYxm;awmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ xkdoldkUonf rdrdtay: raumif;rIrjyKusifhwef&m[l ,HkMunf&if;[donf/
okdYaMumihf
"g;ydkifBuD;trwfiaomufMumESihfywfoufNyD;
trwfynm[daToJ
tBudrfBudrf
avQmufwifcaomfvnf; pdwfuGufjcif;jzpfawmfrrl/ xm;jrJomxm;conf/ xkdrif;onf ukodkvfaumif;rIudk

rsm;pGmjyKpkawmfrlonf/ oDvoDwif;ESifhvnf; jynfhpHkonf/ trsdK;av;yg;udkvnf; oem;MuifempGmjyKonf/

yD;urf;pGefYMuJjcif;[donf/ &[ef;oHCmdkUtm;vnf; tvtwef;jyKonf/216
xkdrif;\om;awmf tdrf&Sdrif;&Jabmfonfum; raumif;rI'kpdkuf tusifh[donf/ &[ef;oHCmdkUtm;
ykwfcwf[DEjyKonf/
jynfoldkUtm;vnf;
tvGefESdyfpufonf[l\/
xdktdrf&Sdrif;&Jabmfonf
tcefYroifhpdwfjzpf crnf;awmfceffYxm;aom vuf,mjreftrwfiaomufMu,fudkac:vD ou&mZf
(1135) ckwGif owfypfonf/ tpfudkjzpfol xkduJhodktowfcH&aomtcg nDjzpfol "g;ykdifBuD;
trwfiaomufMumonf rlvuyif MuHG,f&if;[deDaomaMumifh NrdKUawmfrSxGufvwfNyD; rdrdvmbfyD;
pnf;Hk;pkqnf;xm;aom ppfawGuRef;eD uRefdkUukdac:,lNyD; OD;&pfawmifwGif wyfcspkHk;xm;onf/ "g;ykdifBuD;
iaomufMumonf OD;&mZfawmifrS wdkufpnfwdkufarmif;wD;vQufaomif;usef;onf/
xkdowif;udk
tb,r[m&mZmrif;Mum;odawmfrlvQif
wrefawmfrsm;apvTwf
usDtD;pD&ef
aqmifGufawmfrlonf/ ratmifjrifbJ[donf/ odkYaMumihf nDjzpfol &rf;jAJNrdKUpm;cspfolukdac:
xyfrHapvTwfonf/ "g;ykdifBuD;[d&m &rf;jAJpm;cspfola&muf[daomtcg "g;ydkifBuD;u aTeef;oQifrif;w&m;udk
rvkyfMuHyg/ om;awmftdrf&Sdrif; &Jabmfukd&m vkyfMuHvdkjcif;jzpfayonf[kqdkeDonf/
"g;ydkifBuD;aomufMumonf ou&mZf (1135) ck? wydkYwGJvwGif
csDwufvmNyD;wdkufcdkufonf/
NrdKUawmfESihfxD;eef;udk&onf/
"g;ydkifBuD;iaomufMum raxmufrxm;jyKojzifh vGefawmfrlonf/

rsm;pGmaom&Jruftaygif;ESifh
tb,r[m&mZmrif;onf

"g;ykdifBuD;iaomufMumonf tb,r[m&mZmrif;udkowfNyD;? xkdou&mZf (1135) ck? wydkYwGJvwGif

yef;olZmudkrdzk&m;jyKNyD; eef;wufawmfrlonf/ pEokre&mZmtrnfudk cHawmfrlonf/ xkdpEokrerif;onf
tvGefqdk;oGrf;aom rif;Murf;rif;,kwfjzpfonf/ tusifhr[d? trsdK;rapmifh? ynm[dudkroHk;? Sdynm[d
r;aumif;rwfaumif;rsm;udk Sif;yef;ESdyfpufjyKonf/ tcsdKUudkowfypfonf/ odkYaMumifh r;rwfynm[drsm;
vGwf&mvGwfaMumif;xGufNyD;Mu&onf/ trsm;vldkUonf uHomNrdKUodkYcsnf;a&mufonf/
pEork erif;onf trwfBuD;aToJudkrlum; &efNidK;xm;onf/ tb,r[m&mZmrif;xH rdrdtm;
trwfrcefYoifhaMumif;
avQmufxm;onfwcsuf/
ppfawGtkef;uRef;eDuRefdkUudk
qkvmbfyD;NyD;
tiftm;jyKonfukd
avQmufxm;onfwcsuf/
tcsufdkUjzifhtNidK;&efxm;NyD;
trwfBuD;aToJudk
owfypfonf/
ynm[dtrwfBuD;aToJ oDvGefaomtcg r,m;rdyef;&HESihf om;i,fausmfpHusef&pfconf/218
avQmufxHk;trSwf (71)
pE0drvrif;vufxuf edrdwfrsm;taMumif; avQmufxH;k /
txufpEokrerif;onf wdkif;jynftvHk; rcHcsdatmiftvGefyifqdk;oGrf;Murf;wrf;onf/ xkdYaMumifh
rl;rwftrIxrf;rsm;pGmdkUonf jynfoldkUESifhaygif;zufnDGwfMuNyD; awmfvSefykefuefMuonfrSm wdkif;jynftESHU
trsm;tjym;yifjzpfonf/
xkdodkYawmfvSefykeu
f efMuonfukd
orufawmfvuf0jJ reftrwf
teEoD&dausmfxifudk
wdkufcdkuf,Sif;vif;pDonf/
ou&mZf
(1139)
ck?
uqkefvwGif
uHom&Dausmft&yfodkY vuf0Jjreftrwfonf olykefyolrsm;udk wdkufcdkufESdrfESif;&efa&mufvmonf/
xkdowif;udk
pmbwfwwf'kd;a0dkUtkyfpkMum;odvwf
vuf0JjrefdkUudk
vma&mufwdkufcdkufonf/
'dk;a0dkUzufrS xdk;vdkufaom0g;cRefwckonf vuf0Jjreftrwfudkxdyg;pl;csonf/ tem&vDaomaMumihf
NrdKUawmfajrmufOD;odkYjyefNyD;vmonf/
a&mufav;&ufMumaomtcg
0g;cRefpl;aom'Pf&mjzifh
vuf0jJ refoq
D kH;onf/

pEork erif;onf orufawmfvuf0JjrefoDqHk;cvQif &efppfudkESdrfESif;wdkufcdkuf&ef tm;xm;&rnfholr[d

jzpfvwfonf/ trIxrf;trsm;dkUvnf; rdrdudkrvdkqefYusifNyD;? jynfoldkUESihfylaygif;om jcm;em;ykefuefonf/
xkdYaMumifh pEokrerif;onf tvGefaMumufvefYrIjzpfum ou&mZf (1139) ck? uqkefvqkwf (2)
&ufedwGif eef;rSqif; NyD;vDawmhonf/219
pEokrerif;eef;rS qif;NyD;aMumif;ukd pmbwfwwf'dk;a0? uGrf;yHkpm;omr? wHk;ausmfa0dkUMum;odvDvQif
tcsif;csif;nDGwfNyD;? ukd,f&Hawmftrwfykd;aTukd rdzk&m;'gjzLESifh ou&mZf (1139) ck? uqkefvqkwf (3)
&ufedwGif eef;wifMuonf/ pE0drv&mZm[laomtrnfukdcHawmfrlonf/ eef;rSqif;NyD;aom pE0drvrif;udk
jynfoldkUzrf;ydkYvmMuonf/
xdkrif;udk
&[ef;jyKNyD;
oQpfaomif;ausmif;wdkufwGifxm;onf/
xdkpEokrerif;onf bkef;BuD;0wfjzifheD&aomfvnf; oD&rnfudkpdwfrcsjzpfvQuf[donf/ odkYaMumifh
"g;ydkifBuD;jzpfaom pmbwfwwf'dk;a0tm; orD;awmf,uforhJ ,fuykd ;D onf/
xdktcgwGif
uGrf;yHkawmifpm;omrESihf
wHk;ausmfa0dkUonf
rausreyfjzpfMuonf/
igdkUudkawmh
orD;awmfryD;?
"g;ydkifBuD;pmbwfwwf'dk;a0udk&m
yD;&moavm[ka'gojzpfMuonf/
xkYdaMumifh
uGrf;yHkawmifpm;omrESihf
wHk;ausmfa0dkUonf
&[ef;jyKxm;
wq,hfig;&ufajrmufaomedwGif
ausmif;u,l
pEokrerif;ukd
rif;xGwq
f nf0wGifowfypfMuonf/
tavmif;aumifonf
&Dwuf&DusarsmeDonf/
oHk;&ufMumrS
bk&m;ay:bkef;awmfBuD;u
pE0drvrif;tm;rdwm&yfcHNyD;?
ywdef;uRef;wGifoN*dK[fonf/
pE0drvrif;aomfum;? SdrSL;aumif;rwfa[mif;rsm;udkpdppf ynmt&nftcsif;tvdkuf wef&myD;
ajrmufjrifhxm;onf/ ynm[dtrwf NrdKUopfpm;aTo\
J r,m;rdyef;&Hudk pm;aus;dk;uRef;ESSihf pdefwif
(pkdif;wif) udk yD;awmfrlNyD;rS Sdrif;dkUenf; eef;olrdzk&m;armif;rrsm;udk SdxHk;rSefatmifjyo&rnf
rdefYawmfrlvQuf tyfawmfrlonf/
xdkrif;eef;wuf ESpfq,hfoQpf&uf[daomtcg eef;awmfrSmzGwfwufvmonf/ usm;NrdKUwGif;odkY0ifNyD;
jrL;ckefNyD;vTm;yonf/ toHjyif;pGm[kefjrnfonf/ NyD;rS awmodkYjyefxGufvm;onf/ EDGumvjzpfvQuf
rdk;BuD;Gm
eef;awmfaxmifhpGef;udk
rkd;BudK;ypfonf/
,if;odkYxl;jcm;aom
taMumif;rsm;jzifh
twdwfedrdwfrsm;jzpfvmonfudk jynfhoQifrif;u NrdKUopfpm;r,m;rdyef;&Hudk trdefYawmf[donfum;NrdKUopfpm;vnf; ynm[dtrwfrsdK; Sddk;omuD0ifrif;quftSnfrif;wdkifyifcH ynm[dtrwfcHvQuf
qufumvmcol/ om;NrD;pOfqufjywfonfr[dc/ okreonf Zm*r[d/ jynfwefaomywjrm;udk
pyg;wcGufESihf a&mif;aomolESihfwlonf/ qdk;aumif;rodjyKconf/ NrdKUopfpm;uJhodkY todtjrifwlaomol
rSL;rwfr[djyD/ ,ckjzpfaom edrdwftaMumif;udk &[ef;ykP
m;paomrSL;rwfdkUavQmufcMuaomfvnf;
igt,Hkr[d/ NrdKUopfpm;r,m;vnf; ynm[dESihfaygif;zufoljzpfonf/ NrdKUopfpm;roDrSDd wdkif;jynf
taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd rnfodkYajymqdkbl;onf/. rSwfom;odorQ avQmuf&rnf- trdefYawmf[dvwfonf/
xkdtcg NrdKUopfpm;r,m;rdyef;&H pum;yvifcHonfum; ynm[dESihfaygif;zufrdonfhaus;Zl;jzifh rif;wdkifyif
cH&aMumif; xHk;a[mif;[dygonf/ odkYNyD; qufvufavQmufxm;vDaomavQmufxHk;aomfum;toQifrif;jrwf/ trwfNrdKUopfpm;ajymqdkaom pum;rSwfom;rdonfrSm "gwfudef;cef;tvdk ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk
ou&mZfaumZm (792) ckwGif rif;apmrGef eHawmfMumoywD;om;wnfawmfrlaomtcg? Mwif;tvdk
pma[mif;qdkonfrSm ajrmufOD;NrdKU[laomt&monf SduarsmufESihfa'gif;r tdrfaxmifzufaygif; NrdKUGm
eDMuvwfaomf a'gif;Oukd arsmuf,l bk&m;oQifodkYvaMumif; pma[mif;t&? arsmufrSm,m,D? a'gif;rlv
MumoywD;om;tpjyKonf/ peDom;vufxufrS NrdKUwefcdk;ay:onf/ NrdKUcsmwdkifpdkufaomwGif;u <uufjzL
wq,fhudk;aumifxGufvD&m q,faumif<uufudkusD;csD,lonfhtvdk rif;q,fquf ukvm;ydkifvD&monf/
NrdKUwGifvnf; omuDEG,f0ifq,fhajcmufqufom jzpfvD&monf/ NrdKUwnfMwif; arsmuf? a'gif;? <uuf?
ykpGef? usD;uef;? zm;? awmufwJh? aMumif xkdedrdwfoQpf&yfukd N*dK[foufxm; NrdKUawmfpef;vufaESmrl

ESpfckpGef;onfukd"gwfudef;yvQuf
ajrmufvwfaomf
oHk;&mhoHk;q,fhoHk;ck
NrdKUoufxGufygonf/
NrdKUwnfaumZm (792) ckwGif avmif;aomfou&mZf (1125) ckwGifom NrdKU rif;quf[donf/ (1125)
ckwGif NrdKUajymif;udef;a&mufaomfvnf; rif;ESihftrwfdkU udk,fusifhomrlvjzpfaMumif; tb,r[m&mZm
rif;BuD;udkavQmufaomxHk;? yd#uwfaA'if? avmukw&m? avmuDrIrsm;udk jyocygonf/
rSwfavmoQifvl? cyfodrf;oldkU? pGJ,loifhaMumif;? edrdwfaygif;udk? ola[mif;pum;? usm;om;ow0g?
NrdKUGmodkYa&muf? vefYaMumufom? NyD;vmcrl? jypmr[d? rdrdtavQmuf? 0ifa&mufjrL;ckef? ywHkaomaxG?
eDvmayu? NrdKUaetBuD;? tNyD;pdk;aESmif;? cEmajymif;vdrfh? taMumif;trSm? ow0gyif? jyif;pGmtoH?
jrnfwHkjyefu? rcRwfNrdKUGm? ysufwwfpGmwnfh? >rDzm;zGwfarsmuf? tdrfodkYa&mufaomf? aemufukdreD?
pGefYypfvDcsifh? vif;>rDief;usm;? wufvmrSm;tHh? tvm;oifh0if? tdrfoQifEGrf;&d? [dolrSefpD? jzm;&DuJhodkY?
wufzdkYpD;yGm;? csrf;omrsm;vdrfh? BuD;rm;*kPfoQif? jzpfcvQifvnf;? ukepf ifedrfhus? ysuf&rcRwf? trSwfSdvm?
pmusD;quf&uf? oHk;&yfiSufr? em;orQrSm? ,Mwmay? yavacgif;qD;? cgyD;oifhvS? xkdrSwjcm;?
wnfysm;tdrfwGif? 0ifacw? edrdwfjyaomf? BuDrGxGm;nuf? toufudkrQ? t&BudK;vD? teDoifhpG?
umvtSnf? tHkESifhwnf? ysHonfhtcg? t&omMunf? olYt&nfudk? ,layaqmifjim;? xdkysm;vm;&m?
,Mwmjzifh? eHUomrTD;aysmif;? za,mif;qDrD;? opfoD;yef;rsdK;? &Djynhftkd;wGif? rdI;oNyD? NrDZmpHum;?
pdkufxm;pDvQif;? oJudkcif;vQuf? edcsif;wGifyif? vifESifhr,m;? ESpfyg;pHkpGm? acgif;qD;&m\/ &ompHkay?
xkdysm;&nfudk? teDrysuf? xm;vQufysHaomf? aumif;csDausmf? vdkawmf[dukef? NyD;jynhfpHkcsifh? vlYbHkxifSm;?
tusdK;rsm;vdrfh? rSwfom;pGJoHk;? SdxHk;u0d? ynm[ddkU? todvdrm? tu&mpnf;? urnf;twGuf?
rdk;BudK;pufvnf;? vlYxufwGifom? usjyefvmrl? xdkoludk,f? rcdkufrxd? yuwdvQif? [donfjzpfaomf?
wefcdk;ausmf? xifay:pdk;? bkef;wHcdk;BuD;? ykwD;ausmif;odrf? tcsdefoifhcsif? opfyifawmawmif?
awmufavmifypfcsdK;? ewfqdk;rdpm? cdk0if&monf? tdrfrSmusvwf? Oyg'ftNzD? teDpGefYypf? tdrfopfaqmufrS?
csrf;om&onf/ avmurSwfoHk;? SdusifhxHk;xdkodkY Sdynm[dr,m; avmuDxHk;a[mif;ESifhavQmufvwfaomf pE0drvrif;onf tvGefBudKufawmfrl
rdyef;,Hudk? oD&Drvm[laomtrnfudk yD;tyfawmfrlonf/
222
avQmufxHk;trSwf (72)
pE0drvrif;vufxuf penf;oHk;&yftaMumif;avQmufxHk;/
xkdpE0drvrif;eef;wufNyD;
rMumjrifhrDumv?
awmifpOfom;dkUcsDvmaMumif;Mum;od&vwfonf/
penf;empD&m pHum;awmifwef;cg;0wGif rdrwa,mufutdrfwGifrGD;xm;onfh<uuf
ausmif;odkYydkYxm;&rnf/

anmifacgif;uaumif;onfESifh?

aMumifqdk;vmvQif

oDrnfpdk;vSonf/

xdkYaemuf 'kwd, penf;aomfum;ywfusdESpfaumif tdrfrdk;acgifodkY wufvm&m? OAsdKif;tzsm;em; tdrfrdk;ysufonf/

xkdYaemufwwd,penf;rSmpsD;acsmif;em;wGif vlwa,mufqkdeDonfum;yD;vdkuf&rnf-

<uufpm;onfhcGD;aMumihf

tdrfykwfonf/

jrHKvmvQif

,if;odkYpenf;oHk;&yf Mwif;tvdkudk "g;ydkifBuD;trwfdkU avQmufvDaomxHk;rlum;toQifrif;jrwf/

yxrpenf;rSm-

tdrf[lonfum;-

ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmf?

<uuf[lrlum;

toQifrif;jrwfeHawmf? aMumifqdk;vmvQifoDrnf pdk;vSonfrSm- ,ckvmaom awmifpOfom;dkUonf

aMumifolcdk;ESifhwlygonf/ toQifrif;jrwf ppfNydKif EdkifrnfhtaMumif;r[kwf/ ausmif;odkYvm;
&[ef;jyKawmfrl&rnf[k qdkvdkonf/
'kwd,penf;t&aomfum; ywfusdESpfaumif tdrfrdk;acgifodkYwufonfqdkonfrSm urf;,HbvJrsdK;dkUonf
ywfusdudkpm;onhfvlrsdK;? NrdKUawmfrSm urf;,HbvJrsdK; yufusdpm;ESpfqufrif;jzpfrnf[k qdkonf/
AsdKif;em;
tdrfrdk;ysufonfum;ajrmufOD;ewforD;odkuftqdkrlvnf;-

AsdKif;eHonf

jrefrmukdvnf;&ygonf/

&Sd"mwfudef;xm;caom

ukvm;tzd? jyLutd? rcsdjrefrm? zD;rvGwf&mudkcdk/

o[ay:? &mausmfpwk? qyoQLwGif? ajrmufOD;NrdKUBuD;? orxD;? 'dkif;usDbk&m;ay:? vSaD wmfr,Sm;?
pnfum;wef;xm;cif;vdrhfrnf? xD;pnft[d? 0gvvd? aum#dtX? o[? qodkYa&mufcg? wkwfurdk;?
jyLuNidK;? y*dk;taxmif? oQrf;uarQmif? waxmifukvm;? rD;yGm;ppfBuD;jzpfvdrfhrnf/ ,if;aomtcg?
r&rmdkU? csrf;ompDaMumif;? r&dyfacsmif;okdYckd - qdkaom okdufvnf;[dygonf/
wwd,penf;tvdk <uufpm;onfhcGD;aMumifh tdrfykwfonf? jrHKvmvQifyD;vdkufrnf? tvdkaomfum;toQifrif;jrwfudkzsufqD;&ef ,ckvmolonf wvvFmom;jzpfygonf/ toQifrif;vnf;ysufygrnf/
xdkoldkUvnf; jrHKvmrnf[laompum;t& jrHKeHonf jyLudk&onf/ jyLdkUudk zsufqD;ac:,lvD&maom
taMumif;[k qdkvdkonf/
waMumif;wHkvnf; toQifrif;jrwfrif;dkU txGwftxdyfa&mufaomtcg xkdrif;onf eef;oufrnfrQ
eD&tHhaomtaMumif;udk edrdwfMwif;xifjrifjrJ? Sdynm[ddkUqdkcaomxHk;a[mif;ESifhtnD toQifrif;jrwf
eef;odrf;wufawmfrlaomtcg
uRefawmfESvHk;oGif;Munhfaomf
uRefawmf,yfcsxm;&matmuf
<uufwaumif0ifvmonf/
xkdYaemuf
BudK;MumiSufjrnfoHMum;ygonf/
xkdYaemuf
eef;wufrD;aygufazmuf&m ESpfcsuftoHxGuf xdkYjyifazmufaom rD;aygufrSmoSLygonf/
,if;odkYedrdwftvdk
,yfatmufukd<uuf0ifonfrSm
<uufaomfum;
toQifrif;eHawmf/
,yfrSm
av;ck&ygonf/ eef;oufav;&uf? xdkuvGefaomf &ufaygif;av;q,f? xkduvGefaomfav;ESpf?
oHk;csuftvGefNyD; ,yfonf&[ef;eH? toQifrif;jrwfvnf; &[ef;jyKawmfrl&tHh,lygonf/ xkdYaemuf
BudK;MumiSuftoHMum;jyefonfrSm
aemufwvvFmom;rif;jzpftHh,lygonf/
rD;aygufESpfcsuf&m
toHxGufonhftvdkaomfum; NrdKUawmfwGif aemufudkrif;ESpfquf&m[dawmhonf/
toQifrif;jrwf/
Sdynm[daToJqdkcaom
pum;"gwfudef;cef;udk
r,m;oD&dyvmrdyef;&H
wifavQmufaomtaMumif;vnf;
pma[mif;xGufrSefygonf/
xdkodkY"g;ydkifBuD;dkUwifavQmufvwfaomf
pE0drvrif; trdefYawmf[donfum;ow0gdkU uyfOyg'ftavQmuf qkdufa&mufvmaomtaMumif; awmifpOfom;bvJvnf; rif;jzpftHhaom
edrdwfMwif;jyvmonf/ SdtusdK;yD;&muHukodkvfajrmuf wa,mufay:rS [d&if;vlu vHkYv0D&d,
xkwfaomfvnf; uHtusdK;yD;ukefjcif;aMumihfaysmuf&onfom "rwmjzpfacsonf/ jynfom;jynfol
yifyef;oDBuDatmif igppfrxdk;jyDrdefYawmfrlNyD;rS eef;wuf t&uf (40) jynfhaomedwGif &[ef;jyK
oQpfaomif;odrfwGifeDawmfrlonf/
xkdrif;aemuf awmifpOf&rf;jAJom; Adkvfrif;atmifpefonf? eef;wuf rdzk&m;pdefcdkifESihf ou&mZf (1139) ck?
e,kefvjynhfausmf (13) edwGif xD;eef;wuf rif;jyKonf/ "r&mZf&mZmtrnfudkcHonf/
xkdrif;vGefNyD;aemuf

wlawmfvuf0Jjrefowdk;atmifonf

rdzk&m;apmr,fyHkESihf

ou&mZf

(1144)

ck?

wef;aqmifbkef; vjynhfausmf (14) &ufedwGif r[morwrif;trnfjzifh xD;eef;pdk;pHawmfrlonf/ ou&mZf

(1146)
ck?
jymokdvjynhfausmf
(15)
&uf
vuG,fedwGif
bdk;awmfbk&m;\om;awmf
tdrf&Sdrif;Oy&mZmvufodkY a&mufonf/
&cdkifjynfonf xdktcsdefrSp xD;eef;rif;qufjywfonf/ pE0drvrif;eef;wufaomtcg rD;aygufaoewf
ypfazmuf&m ESpfcsufomtoHxGufNyD;? aemufypfazmufaom rD;aygufaoewfrsm; toHrxGuf[dconfudk
"g;ydkifBuD;trwfdkUu
aemufudk
ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmf
rif;ESpfqufpdk;pH&ef[dawmhaMumif;
rif;xHavQmufxm;confrSm rSefvDawmhonf/
eEmxGef;
(28-12-9&)
225
usrf;ukd;pm&if;
1/ "n0wDta&;awmfykH toQifu0Dom&rax&f? oHwGJNrdKU
2/ r[mynmausmfavQmufxkH; toQifuwdom&rax&f? oHwGJNrdKU
3/ &ckdif&mZ0ifopfusrf; OD;pEmrmvmruFm&? &rf;NAJNrdKUawmif
4/ "n0wD&mZ0ifopfusrf; txufausmif;awmfq&mawmf OD;OmP (yxrwGJ) &aohawmifNrdKU
5/ i^rnf&mZ0if yDrSqifhul;rl
6/ rif;&mZmBuD;ta&;awmfykH
7/ r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD; OD;omxGef;atmif
8/ 0drvavQmufxkH;rsm; yDrl (pm&GD;olxH[d)
9/ OD;OD;omxGef;\rSwfpkrsm; vuf&GD;rl
10/ zm;jyKwfau&mZ0if yDrl? OD;ynmpm&?
11/ i^pnf&mZ0if r[mrkedAk'0d[m&ausmif;? ppfawG
12/ &ckdifusrf;ewf"rowf? OD;ynmpm&? r[mrkedAk'0d[m&
13/ oped'gef;usrf; yDrl? trsKd;om;pmMunhfwkduf? &efukef
14/ 'kd;a0&mZ0if yDrl? NrdKUrausmif;wkduf? awmifukwf
15/ armifykH&mZ0if yDrl
17/ ausmufkd;&mZ0if vufa&;rl? pma&;olxH[d