Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 2

Peter Sipes Phonology project Indo-European data points

1. Frisian
Frisian is an Indo-Eurpoean language of the West Germanic group and is most closely related to English, though it has experienced significant contact with Dutch and German. It is spoken in many dialects, of which Western Frisian has the most speakers. with 467,000 speakers as of the 2001 census in the Netherlands (Lewis 2009). Consonants (modified from Keil, 2003) Labial stops fricatives nasals laterals flaps p b (/v'/) f v m

Alveolar t d s z n l r

Velar k g x [] []

Notes on consonants: [] is non-phonemic, but there is dispute as to whether it is an allophone of /x/ or /g/ /v'/ may not be a phoneme instead being an allophone of /v/ or [], which itself may or may not be a phoneme nor is mentioned in Keil's list of phonemes (and thus left out here) [] may be the SR of either /ng/ or //. There is some dispute. Keil says coronal where I say alveolar to stay consistent with class usage Vowels (modified from Keil, 2003) i+y--------+---+u \ | | e+------+---+o \ | | +-----+---+ \ | | a+---+---+ Diphthongs Non-centering: /i()u, yu, u, ui, oi, oi, i, ai, ai/ Centering: /i, y, u, , o/ Notes on vowels All vowels distinguish between /V/ and /V/, except for the pair // and /e/ Vowels may nasalize before nasal consonants, but not necessarily Long vowels can be subject to shortening and breaking (changing to a diphthong) in some instances Sources Keil, Benjamin. (2003). Frisian Phonology. Retrieved from: http://bkeil.bol.ucla.edu/LING__201_Frisian.pdf Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Retrieved from: http://www.ethnologue.com/.

2. Pashto
Pashto is an Indo-European language in the Western Iranian group (Henderson, 1998). It is spoken on the border regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan, where it is an official language. It has several dialects which totaled at least 20 million speakers as of 1979 (Elfenbein, 1997) or maybe 6 million speakers in 1983 (Henderson, 1998). Elfenbein suggests that current statistics are difficult to come by, but Wikipedia suggests 4060 million speakers within the last ten years: make of that what you may. Consonants (into IPA from Elfenbein, 1997) Labial Dental Palatoalveolar stops affricates spirants nasals laterals flaps semivowels w (f) m p b t d ts dz s z n l r j t d x (h)

Retroflex

Velar k g

Uvular (q)

Glottal ()

Notes on consonants: voiceless stops are all aspirated, though it is not phonemic /f, q, , h/ are only found in loan words /n/ has allophones [n, , , ] depending on place of articulation of next sound, // is also phonemic for some reason, fricatives are distinguished from spirants Vowels (modified from Henderson, 1998) i+---------+---+u \ | | e+-------+---+o \ | +-----+---+ \ | | +---+--+ Notes on vowels Vowels nasalize before nasal consonants, but non-phonemically Diphthongs were not mentioned, though maximum syllable structure (below) suggests it // contrasts with // Wikipedia mentions the following diphthongs: /ai/, /i/, /w/ and /aw/ Maximum syllable structure (from Henderson, 1998) (C)(C)(C)V(V)(C)(C) Sources Elfenbein, Josef. (1997). Pashto Phonology. In Alan S. Kaye (Ed.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa: including the Caucasus (pages of chapter). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Henderson, Michael M. T. (1998). Sample Phonology I Term Paper: The Phonology of Pashto. Retrived from: http://people.ku.edu/~mmth/Sample_Pashto_Phonology_I_Term_Paper.pdf

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi