1.

Experiment results

Figure 1: figure show the generator 1 and generator 2 for the experiment that control using SCADA system

Figure 2: figure show the hardware for generation part for the experimentthat control using SCADA system

Figure 3: figure show the hardware for transmission part for the experimentthat control using SCADA system

Figure 4: figure show the hardware for distribution part for the experiment that control using SCADA system

Isolator

Circuit Breaker

Generation part

Transmission part

Distribution part

Figure 5: SCADA system

Figure 6: main menu operation screen

1.1

Experiment 1: resistive load analysis R Load Conditions I1 (A) Low Medium High 1.16 1.6 1.79 1.0 1.0 1.0 PF1 VR (V) 403 377 365 Real Power,P (W) 280 370 400 Reactive Power,Q (VA) 0 0 0

Table 1: Measurement for Load Analyzer R Load Conditions I1 (A) Low Medium High 1.07 1.52 1.7 0.91 0.95 0.97 PF1 VS (V) 404 379 367 Real Power,P (W) 740 990 1080 Reactive Power,Q (VA) 360 340 330

Table 2: Measurement for L1- Analyzer Rload Low Medium High Vs 404 379 367 VR 403 377 365 Vdiff 1 2 2

Table 3: Voltage Drop table

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Low Medium High

Load Analyzer Line Analyzer

Figure 7: Graph of value of currents at Load and Line analyzer

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Low Medium High Line Power (W) Load Power (W)

Figure 8: Graph of real power, P of load and line analyzer

410 400 390 380 370 360 350 340 Vr (V) Vs (V) Low Medium High

Figure 9: Graph on sending end voltage and receiving end voltage at different load condition

1.2

Experiment 3: L (inductance) load analysis with R (resistance) MEDIUM analysis R Load Conditions I1 (A) Low Medium High 1.84 1.87 1.91 1.0 0.98 0.93 PF1 VR (V) 399 384 369 Real Power,P (W) 430 400 380 Reactive Power,Q (VA) 30 120 160

Table 7: Measurement for Load Analyzer R Load Conditions I1 (A) Low Medium High 1.54 1.55 1.51 1.0 1.0 1.0 PF1 VS (V) 403 388 374 Real Power,P (W) 1180 1120 1060 Reactive Power,Q (VA) 0 0 0

Table 8: Measurement for L1- Analyzer Rload Low Medium High Vs 403 388 374 VR 399 384 369 Vdiff 4 4 5

Table 9: Voltage Drop table

2.5 2 1.5 Line analyzer 1 0.5 0 Low Medium High Load analyzer

Figure 10: Graph on Load analyzer currents, I and Line analyzer currents, I versus resistance value

1400 1200 1000 800 Line Power (W) 600 400 200 0 Low Medium High Load Power (W)

Figure 11: Graph on real power at line analyzer and load analyzer versus resistance value
410

400

390 Sending end voltage (Vs) Receiving end voltage (Vr) 370

380

360

350 Low Medium High

Figure 12: Graph on sending end voltage, Vs and receiving end voltage, Vr versus resistance value

1.3

Experiment 6: C load with R MEDIUM analysis I1 (A) Low Medium High 1.89 2.08 2.24 0.96 0.9 0.82 PF1 VR (V) 431 452 455 Real Power,P (W) 480 530 540 Reactive Power,Q (VA) 140 290 380

R (MEDIUM) C load conditions

Table 15: Measurement for Load Analyzer R (MEDIUM) C load conditions I1 (A) Low Medium High 1.99 2.29 2.49 0.81 0.74 0.67 PF1 VS (V) 430 450 452 Real Power,P (W) 1250 1380 1390 Reactive Power,Q (VA) 930 1280 1560

Table 16: Measurement for L1- Analyzer Rload Low Medium High Vs 430 450 452 VR 431 452 455 Vdiff -1 -2 -3

Table 17: Voltage Drop table

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Low Medium High Line current Load current

Figure 13: Graph on Load current, I and Line current versus resistances value
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Low Medium High Line Power (W) Load Power (W)

Figure 14: Graph on load power and line power versus resistance values

460 455 450 445 440 435 430 425 420 415 Low Medium High Sending end voltage (Vs) Receiving end voltage (Vr)

Figure 15: Graph on sending end voltage (Vs) and receiving end voltage (Vr) versus resistance values

2.0 Discussion

2.1

Experiment 1: resistive load analysis

From the experiment 1, it is observable that the power factor obtained at the load analyzer (receiving) is equals to 1 at each of the load condition. This also means that power factor obtain at this stage is unity. Hence, the power produces only real power has the value and the reactive power is equal to zero. In the other hand, at the sending part which is the line analyzer, it is observable that both real and reactive power has its own value. The power factor at this side is directly proportional to the resistive load conditions. According to table 3, when the value of load condition is increased, the voltage at sending end and receiving end is decreasing. At low resistive load condition, it is observable that the voltage difference between sending voltage and receiving voltage is 1V while during medium and high resistive load condition it can be said that the voltage difference is 2V. Based on these results, the impedance value at low load condition is smaller compared to the medium and high load condition.

V diff (V)
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Low Medium High V diff (V)

Figure 16: Graph on voltage difference versus resistive load

2.2

Experiment 3: RL load experiment

In this experiment, inductance load is connected along with the resistive load in order to observe the effect on sending and receiving end voltage at the systems. From the results table, it can be said that the receiving end voltage is depending on the connected inductive load. When the value of inductance connected in the circuit is increased, the receiving end voltage will decreased. From this observation, it shows that the additional inductance load is affecting the receiving end voltage. It is observable that the sending end voltage at the terminal is also reduced when the inductance load is increased. Theoretically, the produced power factor is depending on the inductance value in the circuit.

405 400 395 390 385 Vr (V) 380 375 370 365 360 355 350 Medium Resistive, R

L load
Low Medium High

Figure 17: Graph receiving end voltage versus resistive condition during RL load

2.3

Experiment 6: RC load experiment

This experiment is conducted in order to observe the effect of insertion of capacitor in the system along with the resistance. Specifically, this experiment involved medium setting of resistive load while varying the capacitance value through the experiment. During capacitance value is low the power factor

obtained at the load analyzer is 0.96. However, when the capacitance value is increased to medium and high, it is observable that the value of power factor is decreasing greatly. At the line analyzer, the power factor can be said poorly decreased where the highest value of power factor reached is only 0.81 for low capacitance setting. In this part of experiment, it is observable that the voltage difference between sending end voltage, Vs and the receiving end voltage, Vr is producing negative value as can be seen at the table.

2.4

Questions: 1. What can be said with the different between Vs and Vr for low, medium and high load condition? ( according to experiment 1) According to the results of experiment 1, it is observable that the value of Vr and Vs in the system is decreasing as the resistive load is being increased. During low resistive load, the value of Vs is 404V while for Vr is 403V. At medium resistive load conditions, the value of Vs and Vr is decreasing to 379V and 377V. This matter was produce again at high load condition which shows the Vs and Vr is decreased to 367V and 365V. 2. From the three R-L load experiments, does the voltage Vr of line depend on the connected inductance load? Yes. The R-L experiment shows that the receiving end voltage is totally dependable to the connected inducted load. This can be proven by taking a look at the results in table 9 which shows the voltage is decreasing when the load value is being increased. If the result were to be compared with the resistive load, it can be said that inductance load is giving effect to the receiving end voltage since the inductance also known as passive component which can stored charge and hence, affecting the voltage supplied.

3. How the voltage Vr of line depend on load capacitance and what are the effect of capacitance load to the power system performance? Explain

ICis charging current at no load IC lead VR by an angle 90.

Increasing charging current will lead to increases to the receiving end of the load and this is the reason why receiving end voltage is larger than sending end voltage. Load capacitance tends to help improving the power quality problem

especially when the power factor is lag due to availability of inductive load. Capacitor load will helps to inject the reactive power in the system and able to reduce more voltage drop.

4. What is Ferranti effect? Explain A long transmission line draws a substantial quantity of charging current. If such a line is open circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving end, Receiving end voltage being greater than sending end voltage in a transmission line is known as Ferranti effect. All electrical loads are inductive in nature and hence they consume lot of reactive power from the transmission lines. Hence there is voltage drop in the lines. Capacitors which supply reactive power are connected parallel to the transmission lines at the receiving end so as to compensate the reactive power consumed by the inductive loads. As the inductive load increases more of the capacitors are connected parallel via electronic switching. Thus reactive power consumed by inductive loads is supplied by the capacitors thereby reducing the consumption of reactive power from transmission line. However when the inductive loads are switched off the capacitors may still be in ON condition. The reactive power supplied by the capacitors adds on to the transmission lines due to the absence of inductance. As a result voltage at the receiving end or consumer end increases and is more than the voltage at the supply end. This is known as Ferranti effect.

3.0

Conclusions

As for the conclusion, the objectives of this experiment is achieved which is to take knowledge on the component elements of power plant simulator observing its constructive aspect. Besides that, students will be able to receive training in power system operation philosophy, using SCADA and able to take knowledge of the effect of different loads in power transmission. PSS SCADA system consists of electrical scada system, generators and turbine regulation system operation, and electrical scada. The SCADA system is used to control components inside grid system which cover from generation, transmission and also distribution. Through this experiment, we are also given chances to control electrical grid equipment such as breaker, generator, isolator, type of load and also generating voltage. In this experiment, we also taught of shutdown procedure which has to be done after completing the experiment according to the lab manual. In this PSS SCADA system have 2 generation, 2 feeders, 2 transmissions, and 1 distribution. During this experiment is conducted, load at the distribution part is also varied according to the lab manual. From the experiment, it is also observable that different load will cause the receiving end voltage to decrease to certain value according to the value of the load condition. In most cases the inductive load increases more of the capacitors are connected parallel via electronic switching. Thus reactive power consumed by inductive loads is supplied by the capacitors thereby reducing the consumption of reactive power from transmission line. Finally, it is known from this experiment that different load will produce an effect in electrical grid system especially transmission and distribution part.

4.0

References [1] EDIBON, SCADA lab manual

[2] Power System Analysis, Second Edition, Hadi Saadat, Mc Graw Hill Publication

[3] http://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/03/26/ferranti-effect/