International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

G AND ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)

ISSN 0976 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), pp. 144-153 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.html Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.1861 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJCIET
IAEM E

ASSESSMENT AND REHABILITATION OF AN EXISTING ROOFING SYSTEM SUBJECTED TO CYCLONIC WIND LOADS
Dr. K.S. Satyanarayanan* and T.V. Srinivas Murthy#
*

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University S.R.M. Nagar, Kattankulatur -603 203 Kancheepuram District (E mail: srm.kssn@gmail.com T.V. Srinivas Murthy Former PG student in Structural Engineering SRM University S.R.M. Nagar, Kattankulatur -603 203 Kancheepuram District (E mail: srinibcd@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT
The endeavour of the present study is to evaluate the level of safety of the existing roof truss systems to the design recommendation suggested in the relevant codes. For this purpose, the steel roof truss system of a Drying Yard at Puducherry is taken up. The existing system is analyzed for the design wind speed of 50m/sec using STADD. Pro 2006 Package. Members that are failing in this analysis are identified. This identification is based on Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR) which is defined as the ratio of member force developed in any particular member to its ultimate strength. DCR is greater than one for failed members, less than one for safe members and nearly equal to one for safe and economical members. Further, two types of rehabilitation methods were suggested and evaluated. In the first method the existing truss is kept same and additional members are added in the top chord, so as to increase the pitch. Second method concentrates on adding members at the bottom boom of the truss, so that a trussed beam action is created.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL Our country is going through a major development phase especially in infrastructure facilities, particularly from the last decade. Unfortunately, some of these developments do not comply with the present codal requirements. Luckily, the non compliance of codal rules

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

surface out mainly when there is a natural calamity like cyclones, earth quakes, Tsunami etc. strikes. This project pertains to Puducherry located 160km from Chennai on the East coast. The normal design wind speed in this area is 50.0m/sec is taken for design purpose. The THANE cyclone struck Puducherry and Cuddalore cities on December 30, 2011 and severe action took place between 3 to 4am. The crown hit the city at a speed of 140km/hr to 150 km/hr (41.6m/s).. It is a need for assessment of the wind load carrying capacity of the existing roof structures in order to ensure the life safety of the occupants and future life of the existing buildings. If there is any deficiency, strengthening measures shall be adopted for its improved performance. 1.2 OBJECTIVE 1. To assess the effect of wind loads, with the dead loads and live loads over the roofing systems of a particular structure in accordance to current codes of practice and also to assess the carrying capacity of the roofing system. 2. To assess a method of strengthening the roofing system at an adequate level of performance. 1.3 SCOPE In this present study, a covered drying yard shed of size 12.83mx40m in plan located in Puducherry, which was designed and constructed in 2006 is taken for wind load assessment with current codes of practice and a comparison is to be made with a level of adequacy. 1.4 NEED FOR THE PRESENT WORK It is often felt that the safety structure or structure system is ensured in high confidents level when the practices recommended in code are followed. In contrast to this believe it is also found in practice that under sever loading periods, the structural system do fail in spite being designed as per codes. Hence, it is found necessary to assess a structural system. Here, the roofing system which has been subjected to a severe loading case and verifies the adequacy level of the member to withstand calamities. These failures may be attributed to one or more points listed as follows. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Roofing structure not designed to IS codes Upgrading of code based on design forces Deterioration of strength due to aging of the structure Modification of the existing structure in order to strengthen the same. Change in use of the building due to increase of wind loads.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

1.5 RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE The recent Thane cyclone, earthquake in Japan and Tsunami in Indonesia have awakened the curiosity of the public on how prepared the city is in case of a possible calamity. No proper warning alert and reliable warning technology to forewarn are available. Much of the emphasis therefore is on how stringently; buildings have adhered to the norms laid down by the National Building Code. The one question that more people are asking now is: How capable is the citys infrastructure and buildings, particularly in any natural disaster? Therefore, this project proposes to undertake the evaluation of the existing steel structures for the cyclone resistance which occur often, as per the current codes of practice. The strengthening measures would be suggested based on the deficiencies found. 1.6 METHODOLOGY 1. Find the structure and the roofing system. 2. Analysis of the roofing system for loads as per IS 875 (Part1, Part-2 , Part-3 IS 800 : 2007). 3. Finding the reserved capacity of the various elements and identifying the key elements using STADD.Pro 2006 under design loads. 4. Analysis of the truss systems for increased intensities of wind loads in different intervals and investigating the key elements at each intensity.

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL A detailed review of literature on structural safety or adequacy of systems has been carried out and related details above the same are reported in this chapter. The review of literature has been presented in a classified manner. 2.2 GENERAL ABOUT DAMAGES DUE TO WIND OR CYCLONES Bandari et al, (2008), Wind Storms Damage and Guidelines for Mitigative Measures, have explained on the damages created by cyclones and hurricanes. Guidelines for Engineered Construction: This category of construction is carefully planned and properly designed using relevant codes of practice. Following guidelines may be adopted for such structures. a) Design Wind Velocity : The design wind velocity will be taken as specified in IS :875 (part 3), except that for a 60 km belt on the east coasts as also for the Cyclonic Region Importance Factor, varying from 1.0 to 1.3 may be contemplated as a multiplier to this velocity

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

b)

Pressures and Forces

i) The pressures and forces, both global and local, shall be computed using the coefficients given in IS:875 (Part 3) for various types of buildings and structures

2.3 PLANNING ASPECTS OF SYSTEMS AND ITS COMPONENTS CYLONE RESISTANT BUILDING ARCHITEXTURE Ankush Agarwal (2007) explains how failures take place in the roofing materials during the cyclones. Roof Sheeting This is perhaps the commonest area of failure in cyclones. The causes are usually inadequate fastening devices, inadequate sheet thickness and insufficient frequencies of fasteners in the known areas of greater wind suction. Wind generating opening on the windward side during a cyclone will increase the pressure on the internal surfaces. This pressure, in combination with the external suction, may be sufficient to cause the roof to blow off and the walls to explode. . 2.4 CRITICAL SUMMARY The reported literature is seldom found to have case studies on adequacy of roofing systems in a cyclone affected area. Hence there is a need to pursue a scientific investigation on this line. 2.5 MERIT AND DEMERITS OF USING TUBULAR SYSTEM Tubular Steel roof trusses are used for large span constructions such as factories industry work sheds, shopping malls, huge exhibition centers, multiplexes etc. They are generally used for spans as large as 25-30m.

ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION.
3.1 DETAILS OF THE ROOFING SYSTEM EVALUATED The roofing structure taken for study is a drying yard. Analysis and design of an existing truss for drying yard at Puducherry. The details of the existing drying yard truss as collected are listed below. 3.2 Details of truss Length of the truss is 13.03m, height at eaves is 3.0m and at ridge is 4.87m Centre distance between steel columns is 5.0m The truss is fixed at left end and on rollers at the right end The truss is bolted to steel column. All joints in the truss are as assumed to be pinned.
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

Rise of truss: 1.87m, Pitch: 160 The size of the drying yard is 12.83m x 40m with tubular trusses 3.3 DETAILS OF ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION

Fig. 3.1 Model of the actual truss done in STAAD pro 2006 All the members in top and bottom chords are failing in the existing truss. For the assessments of wind load for the roofing system, the following load combinations as per is 800-2007 are taken for comparative studies: 1.5(DL + LL) 1.5(DL + WL1) (WL1- wind load, wind angle 0) 1.5(DL + WL2) (WL2- wind load, wind angle 90) 0.9DL + 1.5WL1 0.9DL + 1.5WL2 DL+LL+WL1 DL+LL+WL2

EVALUATION OF REHABILITATION STRATEGIES

4.1 STRATEGIES FOR REHABILITATION There are two strategies tried for saving the existing structure, namely roofing system For Truss they are, (i) Method 1- adding the members in top chord ii) Method 2- adding the members in top and bottom 4.2.1 REHABILITATION METHOD 1 Additional members are inserted in the top chord in Fig. 4.1 and Fig. 4.2. This results in increased pitch from the existing 16 degrees to 23.28 degrees, affecting all the load calculations. Appendix C presents the details of load calculations due to increase of pitch.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

Green stand for existing members and red stands for additional members provided

Fig. 4.1 Existing truss with increased members at top chord Table 4.1 Evaluation Results of Rehabilitation Method 1 Diameter of pipe in mm 127.0 101.6 76.1 76.1 76.1 76.1 42.4 42.4 42.4 42.4 101.6 Length in m 1.06 1.26 1.03 0.71 1.06 1.48 0.97 1.4 1.46 0.97 1.02 Axial force in kN 205.3 C 134.3 C 52.7 T 27.9 T 65.2 T 22.9 T 31.1 T 17.2 C 2 2.4 T 31.3 T 78.8 T Capacity of the members in kN 433.0 270.0 186.4 186.4 186.4 186.4 89.5 70.0 89.5 89.5 279.0 Demand Capacity Ratio 0.47 0.50 0.28 0.15 0.35 0.12 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.36 0.29

Member

Result

1 5 13 16 18 21 24 29 38 44 47

Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass

4.2.2 REHABILITATION METHOD 2 Method- 2, concentrates on adding members at the bottom boom of the truss, so that a trussed beam action is created. Additional members are inserted in the top chord of the existing truss in Fig. 4.3 and Fig. 4.4. This results in increased pitch from the existing 16 degrees to 23.28 degrees. Here, the openings in the structure are reduced to less than 5%. Value of Cpi gets reduced from 0.7 to 0.2. The wind velocity is increased from the design speed of 50m/sec to

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

75m/sec. Green stands for existing members and red stands for additional members

Fig. 4.2 Existing truss with increased members in top and bottom chord Table 4.2 Evaluation of Results of Rehabilitation Method II Member Diameter of pipe in mm Length in m Axial force in kN Result Capacity of the members Demand Capacity Ratio

1 3 14 25 42 54 71 99 106

76.1 76.1 60.3 48.3 48.3 76.1 48.3 76.1 48.3

1.06 1.07 1.48 0.85 0.90 1.02 0.16 1.40 0.89

41.83 C 35.27 C 22.39 T 8.71 T 11.8 T 66.7 T 14.4 T 94.62 C 6.83 C

Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass

177.0 177.0 145.0 81.3 81.3 186.4 81.3 184.0 93.7

0.24 0.20 0.16 0.10 0.15 0.36 0.18 0.51 0.07

COMPARISON OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 EVALUATION OF RESULTS The analysis and the evaluation of truss carried out are explained in the form of the following chart

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

Evaluation of Truss

Members Failure
49% in existing Truss

Comparison based on Weight of truss

Comparison based on Demand/Capacity

Fig. 5.1 Comparison based on Demand/capacity ratio

Fig. 5.2 Comparison based on weight of truss

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Existing Method-1 Method-2 0 0 400 0 750 0 1150

Fig. 5.3 Comparison based on rates Rs/m2 5.2 Observations 1. Existing truss, wind speed 50 m/sec, is a failure truss 2. Rehabilitation Method 1,wind speed 50 m/sec, all members passing, internal opening more than 20% 3. Rehabilitation Method 2, wind speed 75 m/sec, all members passing, internal opening less than 5 % 5.3 DISCUSSION The demand to capacity ratio (DCR) in case 1 in that all the members in top and bottom chord of existing steel structures are failing, hence the steel in structure needs to be rehabilitated. In the method I after the rehabilitation, all the members are passing, having DCR less than I (wind velocity 50 m/sec and Cpi =0.7). In the method II after rehabilitation all the members are passing and DCR less than I (wind velocity 75m/sec and Cpi=0.2). This may be the best possible way to encounter unforeseen cyclones.

CONCLUSIONS
The objective of the present work is to evaluate the level of safety of the existing roof truss system to the design recommendation suggested in the relevant Codes. For this purpose, the roof truss system of a drying yard at Puducherry is taken up. The existing system is analyzed for the design wind speed of 50m/sec using STAAD pro 2006 package. Members that are failing in this analysis are identified. This identification is based on demand capacity ratio (DCR) is defined as ratio of member force developed in any particular member to its ultimate strength, which becomes greater than 1 for failed members (unsafe), less than 1 for safe economical members.
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

Further, two types of evaluation methods are suggested and evaluated. Method 1: The existing truss is kept as the same and additional members in the top chord are added so as to rise the pitch. Method 2: Concentrates on adding members at the bottom boom of the truss, so that a trussed beam action is created. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK The present work may be extended to create a novel bolting/fixture methodology that prevent roof sheet-purlin connection damages. REFERENCES 1. IS: 875 (1987) Part III, Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than Earth quake) for buildings and structures, Bureau of Indian Standard, Manak Bhawan, New Delhi, 1987. 2. IS: 800 (2007), Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel, Bureau of Indian Standard, Manak Bhawan, New Delhi, February 1985. 3. Ankush Agarwal (2007), Cyclone Resistant Building Architecture, GolUNDP, Disaster Risk management Programme. 4. Benzulk (2010), posted Advantages of tubular steel roof truss 5. N.M. Bhandari, Premkrishna and Krishan Kumar (2008), Wind storm, damages and guide lines for mitigative measures, Dept of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. 6. S K Duggal (2002), Edition II, Design of Steel Structures, Tata McGrawHill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi. 7. N Krishna Raju 1997, Structural Design & Drawing, Reinforced Concrete and Steel, Universities Press 8. S. R. Satish Kumar and A. R. Santha Kumar (2006), Design of steel structure Indian Institute of technology Madras.

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