PAPER PRESENTATION ON 4G MAGIC

Abhay Ananda Shukla

Roll- 2007-1026

CONTENT TITLE
1. OBJECTIVE 2. What is 4G? 3. KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES Communications Architecture Ad Hoc Networks Smart Antennas MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO Mobile IPv6 OFDM 4. FUTURE SCOPE OF 4G APPLICATIONS Socio-Economic Impact 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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OBJECTIVE
4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth Generation, is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous generations. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGICMobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service.

What is 4G?
The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGICMobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. This paper presents an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and integration of mobile communication. The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one word- Integration; the 4G systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user demands. The continuous expansion of mobile communication and wireless networks shows evidence of exceptional growth in the areas of mobile subscriber, wireless network access, mobile services, and applications.

KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES
Communications Architecture
Broadcast layer: fix access points, (i.e. cell tower) connected by fiber, microwave, or satellite (ISP) Ad-hoc/hot-spot layer: wireless LANs (i.e. internet) Personal Layer Gateway: devices that connect to upper layers; cell phone, fax, voice, data modem, MP3 players, PDAs Info-Sensor layer: environmental sensors Fiber-optic wire layer: high speed subterranean labyrinth of fiber optic cables and repeaters

Ad Hoc Networks
Spontaneous self organization of networks of devices Not necessarily connected to internet 4G will create hybrid wireless networks using Ad Hoc networks Form of mesh networkingVery reliable

Smart Antennas
Multiple smart antennas can be employed to help find, tune, and turn up signal information. Since the antennas can both listen and talk, a smart antenna can send signals back in the same direction that they came from. This means that the antenna system cannot only hear many times louder, but can also respond more loudly and directly as well. There are two types of smart antennas: Switched Beam Antennas have fixed beams of transmission, and can switch from one predefined beam to another when the user with the phone moves throughout the sector Adaptive Array Antennas represent the most advanced smart antenna approach to date using a variety of new signal processing algorithms to locate and track the user, minimize interference, and maximize intended signal reception. Smart antennas can thereby: Optimize available power Increase base station range and coverage Reuse available spectrum Increase bandwidth Lengthen battery life of wireless devices

MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT

MIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas (space multiplex) and time or frequency. It is well suited to OFDM, as it is possible to process independent time symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform is correctly designed for the channel. This aspect of OFDM greatly simplifies processing. The signal transmitted by m antennas is received by n antennas. Processing of the received signals may deliver several performances improvements: range, quality of received signal and spectrum efficiency. In principle, MIMO is more efficient when many multiple path signals are received. The performance in cellular deployments is still subject to research and simulations. However, it is generally admitted that the gain in spectrum efficiency is directly related to the minimum number of antennas in the link.

Software Defined Radio

A software defined radio is one that can be configured to any radio or frequency standard through the use of software. For example, if one was a subscriber of Sprint and moved into an area where Sprint did not have service, but Cingular did, the phone would automatically switch from operating on a CDMA frequency to a TDMA frequency. In addition, if a new standard were to be created, the phone would be able to support that new standard with a simple software update. With current phones, this is impossible. A software defined radio in the context of 4G would be able to work on different broadband networks and would be able to transfer to another network seamlessly while traveling outside of the users home network. A software defined radios best advantage is its great flexibility to be programmed for emerging wireless standards. It can be dynamically updated with new software without any changes in hardware and infrastructure. Roaming can be an issue with different standards, but with a software defined radio, users can just download the interface upon entering new territory, or the software could just download automatically.

Mobile IPv6
The next generation addressing system uses the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) to locate devices. IPv6 has a much larger address space. Its addresses take the form x: x: x: x: x: x: x: x where each x is the hexadecimal value that makes up one eighth of the address. An example of this is: FEDC: BA98:7654:3210: FEDC: BA98:7654:3210 (The Internet Engineering Task Force Network Working Group). Using this address format, there is room for approximately 3.40*10^38 unique addresses. This is approximately 8.05*10^28 times as large as the IPv4 address space and should have room for all wired and wireless devices, as well as room for all of the foreseeable expansion in several lifetimes. There are enough addresses for every phone to have a unique address. Thus, phone in the future can use VoIP over the Internet instead of continuing to use their existing network.

OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer 2 performance by proposing an additional degree of freedom. Using ODFM, it is possible to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity. OFDM also provides a frequency diversity gain, improving the physical layer performance .It is also compatible with other enhancement Technologies, such as smart antennas and MIMO. OFDM modulation can also be employed as a multiple access technology (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access; OFDMA). In this case, each OFDM symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a different set of sub carriers (sub channels). This not only provides additional flexibility for resource allocation (increasing the capacity), but also enables cross-layer optimization of radio link usage.

How OFDM Works

Above, binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The phase of the sin wave changes to represent a different bit.

Frequency of the previous wave

How OFDM Works

The frequencies are spaced so that the signals do not interfere with each other (no cross talk) Parallel Data Transmission -Allows for the sending of multiple signals simultaneously from the same antenna (or wire) to one device Parallel Data Transmission -Allows for the sending of multiple signals simultaneously from the same antenna (or wire) to one device Each transmission has a different stream of bits

FUTURE SCOPE OF 4G
As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G systems offer this promise of a standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key concept of integration. Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users. There must be a low complexity of implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end users and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of PCC (personal computing and communication)a vision that affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless network.

APPLICATIONS
The different application areas of 4G are as follows: VIRTUAL NAVIGATION TELE-GEOPROCESSING APPLICATIONS TELE-MEDICINE AND EDUCATION CRISIS MANAGEMENT MULTIMEDIA VIDEO SERVICES

BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following is the list of resources referred to during the creation of this seminar Report. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G www.4g.co.uk www.uscwc.com/4GReport www.four-g.net/