Module 22: Inductance and Magnetic Field Energy

Module 22: Outline

Self Inductance Energy in Inductors Circuits with Inductors: RL Circuit

Faradays Law of Induction y

dB = dt
Changing magnetic flux induces an EMF Lenz: Induction opposes change
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Self Inductance

Self Inductance
What if is the effect of putting current into coil 1? There is self flux:

B LI
Faradays Law

dI = L dt

Calculating Self Inductance g

L=
1. 2. 3. 4.

total B,self

V s 1H=1 A

Unit: Henry

Assume a current I is flowing in your device Calculate the B field due to that I Calculate the flux due to that B field Calculate the self inductance (divide out I)

Problem: Solenoid
Calculate the self inductance L of a self-inductance ( g solenoid (n turns per meter, length l, radius R) total B,selff , L= REMEMBER I
1. 1 2. 3. 3 4. Assume a current I is flowing in your device Calculate the B field due to that I Calculate the flux due to that B field Calculate the self inductance (divide out I)
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Solenoid Inductance
B

B ds = B
w l

= 0 I enc = 0 ( n ) I

B = 0 nI I
B ,turn = B dA = BA = 0 nI R
2

L=

N B,turn I

= N 0 n R = 0 n R l
2 2 2
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Energy in Inductors

Inductor Behavior

L I

dI = L dt
10

Inductor with constant current does nothing

Back EMF

dI = L dt

dI >0 0, dt

L < 0

dI <0 0, dt

L > 0
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Energy To Charge Inductor

1. Start with uncharged inductor 2. Gradually increase current. Must work:

dI dW = Pdt = I dt = L I dt = LI dI dt
3. Integrate up to find total work done:

W = dW =

I =0 0
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LI dI = L I
1 2

Energy Stored in Inductor

UL = L I
1 2

But where is e e gy stored? ut e e s energy sto ed

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Example: Solenoid
Ideal solenoid, length l, radius R, n turns/length, current I:

B = 0 nI
U B = LI =
1 2 2 1 2

L = o n R l
2 2

( n R l )I
2 2 o

B2 2 UB = R l 2o
Energy Density Volume
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Energy Density gy y
Energy is stored in the magnetic field!

B uB = 2o

: Magnetic Energy Density

uE =

o E
2

2
: Electric Energy Density

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Problem: Coaxial Cable

Inner wire: r = a Outer wire: r = b
I
X

1. How much energy is stored per unit length? p g 2. What is inductance per unit length?

HINTS: This does require an integral The EASIEST way to do (2) is to use (1)
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Technology
Many Applications of Faradays Law

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Demos: Breaking Circuits Big Inductor Marconi Coil M i C il

The Question: What happens if big I, small t
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The Point: Big EMF g

Big L Big dI Small dt

dI = L dt
Huge
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First: Mutual Inductance

20

Demonstration: Remote Speaker p

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Mutual Inductance
Current I2 in coil 2, induces magnetic fl 12 i coil 1 ti flux in il 1. Mutual inductance M12:

12 M12 I 2
M12 = M 21 = M
Change current in coil 2? Induce EMF in coil 1:

12 M12

dI 2 dt d
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Transformer
Step-up transformer Flux through each turn same:

d = Np ; dt

s
Ns Np

d = Ns dt

s p

Ns > Np: step up transformer step-up Ns < Np: step-down transformer

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Demonstrations: One Turn Secondary: Nail Many Turn Secondary: Jacobs Ladder

24

Concept Question: Residential Transformer

If the transformer in the can looks like the picture, how is it connected?

1. House=Left, Line=Right 2. Line=Left, 2 Line=Left House=Right 3. I dont know

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Answer: Residential Transformer

Answer: 1. House on left, line on right

The house needs a lower voltage, g so we step down to the house (fewer turns on house side)

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Transmission of Electric Power

Power loss can be greatly reduced if transmitted at high voltage

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Example: Transmission lines p

An average of 120 kW of electric power is sent from a power plant The transmission lines have a total plant. resistance of 0.40 . Calculate the power loss if the power is sent at (a) 240 V and (b) 24,000 V V, 24 000 V.
(a)

P 1 2 10 W 1.2 = 500A I= = 2 V 2.4 10 V 83% loss!! PL = I 2 R = (500A)2 (0.40) = 100kW

5

(b)

P 1.2 10 W I= = = 5.0 A 4 V 2.4 10 V

5

0.0083% loss
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PL = I 2 R = (5.0 A)2 (0.40) = 10W

Transmission lines
We just calculated that I2R is smaller for bigger voltages voltages. What about V2/R? Isnt that bigger? Why doesnt that matter? y

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Brakes

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Magnet Falling Through a Ring g g g g

Link to movie

What happened to kinetic energy of pp gy magnet?

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Demonstration: Eddy Current Braking y g

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Eddy Current Braking y g

What happened to kinetic energy of disk?

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Eddy Current Braking y g

The magnet induces currents in the metal that dissipate the energy through Joule heating:

XX XX

1. Current is induced counter-clockwise (out from center) 2. Force is opposing motion pp g (creates slowing torque)

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Eddy Current Braking y g

The magnet induces currents in the metal that dissipate the energy through Joule heating:

XX XX

1. Current is induced clockwise (out from center) 2. Force is opposing motion pp g (creates slowing torque) 3. 3 EMF proportional to 4. . 2

R
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Demonstration: Levitating Magnet

Link to Movie

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MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu

8.02SC Physics II: Electricity and Magnetism

Fall 2010

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