Shielded Metal Arc Welding What Is Welding?

Process of joining metals / alloys The process performed by Heat with or without Pressure Filler metal may or may not be used The joint will be homogeneous

Classification of Welding
Pressure Welding With Heat & Pressure Fusion Welding With Heat & mostly with Filler

Pressure Welding Process

Metal parts heated to forging temperature Heating by Oven, Oxy fuel flame or Electric Resistance Pressure applied on heated parts by Hammer, Hydraulic Press or Mechanical lever The Parts remain permanent homogeneous joint

Types of Pressure Welding

Forge Welding Resistance Butt / Flash Butt / Stud Welding Resistance Spot Welding Resistance Seam welding

Fusion Welding Process

Metal parts locally heated to melt along the joint. Heating by oxy fuel flame or electric Arc. Invariably filler metal added to molten pool. On cooling, molten puddle solidifies to permanent homogeneous joint.

Types of Fusion Welding

Shielded Metal Arc Welding- SMAW Gas Tungsten Arc Welding - GTAW Gas Metal Arc Welding GMAW (MIG / MAG / FCAW) Submerged Arc Welding SAW Gas welding Oxy Fuel Gas Electron Beam Welding EBW Laser Welding Thermit Welding

SMAW Process
An electric Arc struck between electrode and base metal joint Base metal melts under arc Electrode tip melts in drops and transfers to molten pool of BM Electrode with Arc moves along the joint keeping constant arc length On cooling pool solidifies

+
Core Wire

Flux Coating

Pool Arc Base Metal

Equipment, Accessories & tools

Power Source Welding Cables, Holder & Earthing Clamp Head Screen, Hand gloves, Chipping Hammer & Wire Brush

Types of Power Source

Inverter- DC Thyristor DC Diesel Generator Set -DC Rectifier DC Transformer AC

Characteristic of Power Source

Manual welding Automatic / Semi Automatic welding

Drooping Cons. A

Linear Cons. V

V
V1 V2

V
Vertical Curve
V1 V2

Horizontal Curve

A
A1 A2 A1 A2

Electrode
Consumable Metallic Wire Coated with Flux Conducts Current and generates Arc Wire melts & deposited as filler in joint

Flux Coating on Electrode

Sodium Chloride Potassium Chloride Titanium Dioxide Sodium Silicate Ferrosilicon Iron Powder Alloying Elements Binding Material

Function Of Flux in welding

Stabilizes Arc Prevents contamination of weld metal Cleans the weld from unwanted impurities Increases fluidity of molten metal Generates inert gas shielding while metal transfers Forms slag after melting & covers weld Allows deposited metal to cool slowly Introduces alloying elements in the weld Increases deposition efficiency Minimizes the spatter generation Helps in even & uniform bead finish

CS & LAS Electrode Sizes & Recommended Currents

Core Wire (in mm) No Dia 2 2.5 3.15 4 5 6.3 Length 300 350 450 450 450 450 14 12 10 8 6 4 Gage Time Average required for electrodes burning in consumed in seconds 8 Hrs shift 50-55 60-65 80 -85 85-90 90-95 95-100 ----120 - 140 110 - 120 80 - 90 60 -70

Current

1 2 3 4 5 6

40 60 A 60 85 A 100 130 A 130 180 A 150 210 A 240 250 A

Apex. Cost of CS & SS Electrodes

Electrode Quality AWS Classification E6013 CS E7018 E308L SS E309 3.15 350 31.60 3.15 3.15 450 350 6.30 22.30 Core Wire ( in mm ) Dia 3.15 Length 450 Cost Per Piece ( in Rupees) 3.00

ASME Classification of Electrodes

SFA 5.1

E 7018
E = Electrode 70 = UTS in 1000 psi (60/70/80/90/100/ 110) 1 = Position (1= all, 2= only 1G, 1F & 2F, 4= All with 3G Down) 8 = Type of coating & Current + Polarity (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)

ASME Classification of CS / LAS Electrodes

E7018A1 =70,000 PSI, E9018D1 = 90,000 PSI, SFA5.5 E8018B2 = 80,000 PSI E10018D2 = 100,000 PSI

SFA 5-1 E7018 = All Position E7028 = Only 1G, 1F & 2F E7048 = All Position with 3G Down E7018 = Type of coating, Current & Polarity (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

ASME Classification for CS Electrodes

AWS Classification
E6010 E6011 E6012 E6013 E6018 / E7018 E6019 E6020 E6022 E6027 / E7027 E7014 E7015 E7016 E7018M E7024 E7028 E7048

Type of Coating/Covering
High Cellulose Sodium High Cellulose Potassium High Titania Sodium High Titania Potassium Low Hydrogen Potassium, Iron Powder Iron Oxide Titania Potassium High Iron Oxide High Iron Oxide High Iron Oxide, Iron Powder Iron Powder Titania Low Hydrogen Sodium Low Hydrogen Potassium Low Hydrogen Iron Powder Iron Powder Titania Low Hydrogen Potassium, Iron Powder Low Hydrogen Potassium, Iron Powder

Welding Position
All All All All All All F & H Fillet F & H Fillet F & H Fillet All All All All F & H Fillet F & H Fillet All With V Down

Current & Polarity

DC , Elec + Ve AC or DC , Elec + Ve AC or DC , Elec Ve AC or DC, Elec + Ve / - Ve AC or DC , Elec + Ve AC or DC, Elec + Ve / - Ve AC or DC, Elec + Ve / - Ve AC or DC , Elec Ve AC or DC, Elec + Ve / - Ve AC or DC, Elec + Ve / - Ve DC, Elec + Ve AC or DC, Elec + Ve DC, Elec + Ve AC or DC, Elec + Ve / - Ve AC or DC , Elec + Ve AC or DC , Elec + Ve

ASME Classification for LAS Electrodes - SFA5.5

AWS E7018-A1 E8018-B1 E8018-B2 E8018-B2L E8018-B3 E8018-B3L E8015-B4L E8016-B5 E8018-B6 E8018-B6L E8018-C1 E8018-C2 E8018-C3 E8018-C4 E9018-D1 E9018- D2 E9018- D3 E8018- G Type of LAS Electrode Carbon Moly Electrode. Chrom.Moly Electrode Chrom.Moly Electrode Chrom.Moly Electrode Chrom.Moly Electrode Chrom.Moly Electrode Chrom.Moly Electrode Chrom.Moly Electrode Chrom.Moly Electrode Chrom.Moly Electrode Nickel steel electrode Nickel steel electrode Nickel steel electrode Nickel steel electrode Manganese Moly electrode Manganese Moly electrode Manganese Moly electrode General LAS electrode 0.5% Mo 0.5Cr. 0-5Mo 1/1.25Cr. 0.5Mo 1/1.25Cr. 0.5Mo 2.25Cr. 1Mo 2.25Cr. 1Mo 2Cr. 0.5Mo 0.5Cr. 1Mo, 0.05V 5Cr. 0.5Mo 5Cr. 0.5Mo 2.5Ni 3.5Ni 1Ni,0.15Cr. 0.35Mo, 0.05V 1.5Ni 1.5Mn, 0.35Mo, 0.9Ni 1.75Mn, 0.35Mo, 0.9Ni 1.5Mn, 0.5Mo, 0.9Ni 1Mn,0.5Ni,0.3Cr,0.2Mo,0.1V Mn= 1.0 1-75 % Mn= 1.65 2% Mn= 1.0 1.8% Max. limit of alloy Alloy Content Remarks C 0.12% C= 0.05 0.12% C= 0.05 0.12% C 0.05% C= 0.05 0.12% C 0.05% C 0.05% C= 0.07 0.15% C=0.05 0.1% C 0.05%

ASME Classification of SS Electrodes SFA 5.4

E308L-15 E316H-16 E317-26 E310Mo-16 E309Cb-16 E34717 E = Electrode 308, 316, 317, 310, 309,347, 318 etc = Chemical Composition L, H, Mo, Cb = Low carbon, High carbon, Moly, Columbium (optional) 1 = All position, 2 = Only Flat & Horizontal fillet 5, 6 &7 = Type of coating + current & polarity

Baking Of Basic Coated Electrodes

Bake the loose electrodes in a baking Oven Baking temperature 250 C to 300 C Baking time 2 Hrs to 3 Hrs

Reduce the temperature to 100 C Hold the electrodes at this temperature till use Alternatively 15 baked electrodes can be packed in vacuum sealed foils and stored out side Consume all 15 electrodes within 2 Hrs after breaking the sealing Unused / left over electrodes to be re-baked

Why Baking?
To remove the moisture (H2O) from coating which will avoid possible cracking of weld?

How Does Moist Electrode Generate Crack Within Weld?

Moist electrodes introduce atomic hydrogen at high temperature in weld On cooling, atomic hydrogen try to form molecules The attraction / force results in stresses and fine cracks Cracks occur within hardened metal - HAZ Known as Hydrogen Embrittlement , Under Bead Crack, HIC, Delayed Crack, Cold Crack.

Important Terminologies used in Critical Welding Operation

Preheating Post Heating or Dehydrogenation Intermediate Stress relieving Inter pass Temperature Post Weld Heat Treatment

What Is Preheating?
Heating the base metal along the weld joint to a predetermined minimum temperature immediately before starting the weld. Heating by Oxy fuel flame or electric resistant coil Heating from opposite side of welding wherever possible Temperature to be verified by thermo chalks prior to starting the weld

Preheating eliminates possible cracking of weld and HAZ Applicable to Hard enable low alloy steels of all thickness Carbon steels of thickness above 25 mm. Restrained welds of CS & LAS of all thickness Preheating temperature vary from 75C to 300C depending on harden ability of material, thickness & joint restraint

Why Preheating?

How does Preheating Eliminate Crack?

Preheating promotes slow cooling of weld and HAZ Slow cooling softens or minimise hardening of weld and HAZ of CS & LAS Soft material not prone to crack even in restrained condition

What Is Post Heating/Dehydrogenation?

Raising the pre heating temperature of the weld joint to a predetermined temperature range (250 C to 350 C) for a minimum period of time (3 Hrs) before the weld cools down to room temperature. Post Heating applicable to joints welded with Preheat Post heating performed when welding is completed or terminated any time in between. Heating by Oxy fuel flame or electric resistant coil Heating from opposite side of welding wherever possible Temperature verified by thermo chalks during the period

Why Post Heating?

Post heating eliminates possible delayed cracking of weld and HAZ Applicable to o Thicker hard enable low alloy steels

o Restrained hard enable welds of all thickness Post heating temperature and duration depends on harden ability of material, thickness & joint restrain

How does Post Heating Eliminate Crack?

SMAW introduces hydrogen in weld metal Entrapped hydrogen in weld metal induces delayed cracks unless removed before cooling to room temperature Retaining the weld at a higher temperature for a longer duration allows the material to remain comparatively soft. This allows hydrogen to come out of weld / to grain boundaries in molecular form without cracks

What Is Intermediate Stress Relieving?

Heat treating a subassembly in a furnace / locally along the weld joint to a predetermined cycle immediately on completion of critical restrained weld joint / joints without allowing the welds to cool down from pre heat temperature. Rate of heating, Soaking temperature, Soaking time and rate of cooling depends on material quality and thickness ISR applicable to joints welded with Preheat Applicable to Highly restrained air hard enable material

Why Intermediate Stress Relieving?

Restrained welds in air hard enable steel highly prone to crack on cooling to room temperature. Cracks due to entrapped hydrogen, hardened HAZ and built in stress Intermediate stress relieving makes the joint free from crack prone by o o o Relieving built in stresses Relieving entrapped hydrogen. Softening HAZ.

What Is Inter- Pass Temperature?

The temperature of a previously layed weld bead immediately before depositing the next bead over it Temperature to be verified by thermo chalk prior to starting next bead on base metal adjacent to weld bead. Applicable to o Stainless Steel o Carbon Steel & LAS with minimum impact

Why Inter Pass Temperature?

Control on inter pass temperature avoids overheating, there by Refines the weld metal with fine grains Improves the notch toughness properties Minimize the loss of alloying elements in welds Reduces the distortion

What Is Post Weld Heat Treatment?

Heat treating an assembly on completion of all applicable welding, in an enclosed furnace with controlled heating/cooling rate and soaking at a specific temperature for a specific time. Rate of heating, Soaking temperature, Soaking time and rate of cooling depends on material quality and thickness Applicable to All type of CS & LAS

Welded joints retain internal stresses within the structure HAZ of welds remains invariably hardened

Why Post Weld Heat Treatment?

 Post Weld Heat Treatment relieves internal stresses and softens HAZ. This reduces the cracking tendency of the equipment in service

Welding Terminologies used in Qualifications

Heat Input Heat Affected Zone HAZ Dilution Overlap In Weld Overlay Tempering Bead

The extent of heat energy generated in Joules per unit length while making each weld bead. Heat Input is the Function of Welding Current, Arc Voltage, And the Welding Speed It is measured in Joules Heat Input in Joules / mm = (A x V x 60) Travel Speed in mm / min

What Is Heat Input In Welding?

Why Control On Heat input?

Heat Input controls the grain size of weld metal. Lower the Heat input finer the grain size. Finer the Grain size Better the impact properties Heat Input Also controls Dilution, width of HAZ, Geometry of Bead size & distortion

What Is Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)

A small volume of BM adjacent to weld fusion line, which is totally changed in its structure due to intense heat of each weld bead, is known HAZ
Diluted BM HAZ Weld Zone

Fusion Line Weld Zone

Diluted BM

What Is Significant Of HAZ?

It is a part and parcel of weld joint It is inevitable It has properties different from BM & Weld Metal
Diluted BM HAZ Weld Zone

Fusion Line Weld Zone

Diluted BM

What Is Dilution in Weld

In all Fusion welding, a small portion of BM very close to the welding heat gets melted and added to weld zone / fusion zone. Dilution is the ratio of molten base metal volume (Area) to the volume (Area) of total fusion zone % Dilution = (Area of Diluted BM Total Fused Area) 100
Weld / Fusion Zone HAZ Diluted BM

Fusion Line

 Weld metal chemistry changes depending on the extent of dilution Chemical elements influence Physical properties of the joint. Weld chemistry influences corrosion resistance of weld overlays
Diluted BM HAZ Weld Zone

What Is Significant Of Dilution

Fusion Line Weld Zone

Diluted BM

What Is Overlap In Weld Overlay?

The extent of covering or over lapping of previous weld bead by the adjacent bead.
More Thickness Less Thickness Less Dilution More Dilution

40 to 50 % Over Lap

10 to 15 % Over Lap

What Is Significant Of Overlap In Weld Overlay?

Overlap of 40 to 50% results in Less Dilution & more weld overlay Thickness per layer Less dilution results weld metal chemistry more towards filler metal chemistry More Thickness Less Dilution More Dilution Less Thickness

40 to 50 % Over Lap

10 to 15 % Over Lap

What Is Temper Bead Technique?

In a multi pass groove & Fillet Welds, each bead & its HAZ are getting tempered (heat treated) by the welding heat of the next bead. Thus all beads & their HAZ, except those in last layer, are tempered. Temper beads are the specially & carefully welded temporary beads on the top of final weld reinforcement without allowing to generate any HAZ within the BM. Temper beads are to be ground flush with the required reinforcement.

Temper Bead
Temper Bead T1 & T2 Not To Generate HAZ In BM Temper Beads To Be Ground Flush

Rqd. Reinforcement

T1 5 4 3

T2 5 4 3

T1 & T2 To be ground Flush

2 1

HAZ

1. Crack 3. Slag 5. Pinhole 7. Undercut 9. Lack of Penetration 11. Spatters 13. Under Flush 15. Uneven Bead

2. Lack of Fusion 4. Porosity 6. Piping 8. Overlap 10. Excess Penetration 12. Suck Back 14. Burn Through 16.Stray Arcing

Common Defects in SMAW

Crack

1) 2) 3) 4)

Cause Wrong Consumable Wrong Procedure Improper Preheat Excessive Restrain

crack

1) 2) 3) 4)

Remedy Use Right Electrode Qualify Procedure Preheat Uniformly Post heating or ISR

Lack of Fusion

Cause
1) Inadequate Current 2) Wrong Electrode angle 3) Improper bead placement

Remedy
1) Use Right Current 2) Train /Qualify welder 3) Train/Qualify Welder

Lack Of Fusion

Slag
Cause
1) 2) 3) 4)
Inadequate Cleaning Inadequate Current Wrong Electrode angle Improper bead placement

Remedy
1) 2) 3) 4)
Clean each bead Use Right Current Train / Qualify welder Train / Qualify Welder

Slag

Porosity
Cause
1) 2) 3) 4)
Damp Electrode Damaged coating Wet surface of BM Rusted core wire

Remedy
1) 2) 3) 4)
Bake the electrodes Replace the electrodes Clean & warm the BM Replace the electrodes

Porosity

. .

Cause
1) Damp Electrode 2) Damaged coating 3) Wet surface of BM/WM 4) Rusted core wire
Pinhole

Pinhole Remedy
1) Bake the electrodes 2) Replace the electrodes 3) Clean & warm the BM 4) Replace the electrodes

Piping
Cause
1) 2) 3) 4)
Damp Electrode Damaged coating Previous beads wet Rusted core wire

Remedy
1) 2) 3) 4)
Bake the electrodes Replace the electrodes Clean & warm the weld Replace the electrodes

Piping
Undercut
Cause
1) Excess Current 2) Excess Voltage 3) Improper Electrode
angle 5) Eccentric Coating
Under cut

Remedy
1) Reduce the Current 2) Reduce Arc length 3) Train & Qualify the
Welder 5) Replace the electrode

Overlap
Cause Remedy
1) Wrong Electrode Angle 1) Train & Qualify welder 2) Inadequate current

3) Increase the current

Overlap

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Lack of Penetration*
Cause
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Excess Root Face Inadequate Root opening Over size electrode Wrong Electrode angle Improper bead placement Improper weaving technique

Remedy
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Reduce Root Face Increase Root Opening Reduce electrode size Train / Qualify Welder Train / Qualify Welder Train & Qualify Welder

* Applicable to SSFPW

LOP

Excess Penetration*
Cause Remedy

2) 3) 4) 5)

Excess root opening Excess Current Inadequate root face Wrong Electrode angle

2) 3) 4) 5)

Reduce root gap Reduce Current Increase Root face Train / Qualify Welder

* Applicable to SSFPW

Excess Penetration

Spatters
Cause
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
Excess Current Excess Voltage Wrong Polarity Wet Electrodes Rusted BM surface Rusted Core wire Eccentrics coating

Remedy
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
Reduce to Right Current Reduce Arc length Correct the polarity Use Baked electrodes Clean BM surface Replace the electrodes Replace the electrodes

Spatters

Suck Back*
1) 2) 3) 4)
Cause Excess weaving in root Excess Current Inadequate root face Wrong Electrode angle Remedy 1)Reduce weaving 2) Reduce Current 3) Increase Root face 4) Train / Qualify Welder

* Applicable to SSFPW in 4G, 3G & 2G

Suck Back

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Cause
1)
2)

Under Flush Remedy

1)
2) 3) Weld some more beads in final layer Train / Qualify welder Train / Qualify Welder

3)

Inadequate weld beads in final layer Inadequate understanding on weld reinforcement requirement Wrong selection of Electrode size for final layer

Under flush

Burn through*
Cause
1) 2) 3) 4)
Excess Current Excess Root opening Inadequate Root face Improper weaving

Remedy
1) 2) 3) 4)
Reduce the Current Reduce root opening Increase root face Train / Qualify Welder

Burn trough

Uneven Bead Finish

Cause
1) Improper bead
placement 2) Excess Voltage 3) Excess / inadequate current

Remedy
1) Train & Qualify the
Welder 2) Reduce Arc length 3) Train & Qualify the Welder

Uneven bead finish

Cause

Stray Arcing Remedy

1) Wrong Arc Striking Practice 1) Train the Welder 2) Inadequate Skill of Welder 2) Train the Welder
Arc Strikes

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Good Engineering Practices in Shielded Metal Arc Welding

Do Welding with properly baked electrodes Basic coated CS electrodes to be baked to 250C to 300C for two hours Baked electrodes to be directly used on job or to be retained in a hold over oven at 100 C until use Unused balance electrodes shall be returned to baking oven Do not weld with damp Electrodes Do not try to heat electrodes by touching the job (Short circuiting) Do not use electrodes with damaged coating Do not use electrodes with cracked coating Do not bend the electrodes after holding it in the holder Do not weld on groove / surface with mill scale or rusting Prior to welding, clean the weld groove with power wire wheel Do not weld with unidentified electrodes Do not leave balance electrodes unattended on shop All connections with earthing and welding cables shall be tight fitted Earthing clamp shall always be tightly connected to the job Burn the full length of electrode below 50 mm in stub length Earthing cable shall directly connect to the job with an earthing clamp. Tacks for set up shall be minimum 5 times the electrode diameter Weaving shall be limited to three times the electrode diameter. Only trained & qualified welders shall be employed for welding Do not direct fan or blower to welding arc Remove paint if any from the area near welding While welding in open, area shall be covered to protect from rain water & breeze Weld edge preparation shall be free from serrations Use poison plates between the job material & structural supports. Do not damage parent metal while removing temporary supports. Locations where from temporary supports are removed shall be touched up by welding / grinding and PT checked. Remove visible defects from welds before placing the subsequent beads Do not weld over a visible crack Electrodes kept outside more than 2 Hrs shall be returned to baking oven Maximum 15 electrodes at a time shall be taken from oven for welding When preheat is required, heat from opposite side of welding. Use temperature indicating crayons for checking temperature Does not Weld more than specified weld size- Fillet / Reinforcement?

Safety Precautions in SMAW

Welders shall use safety devises Hand gloves, Head screen with right glass & Safety shoes Welders shall use full sleeve boiler suit Use welding glass-DIN 11/12 up to 250 Amps and 13 above 250 Amps Do not look at the arc with naked eyes Do not throw Stubs on ground. They shall be placed in stub collector. Do not keep electrode in the holder when work is not in progress Do not touch the electrode held on holder and the job when the power source is on Keep welding cables duly wound near power source when no welding is done Acetone / inflammable liquids (Chemical for dye penetrate test) shall not be brought near welding Gas cutting unit / fuel gas cylinders shall be away from welding area Wet safety Shoes or wet hand gloves shall not be worn while welding Do not breath welding fumes When working in confined area, ensure adequate ventilation / exhaust Gas cutting torch / preheating burner shall not be taken inside confined area unless the flame is lit When not in use, switch off the power source from electric supply

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Commonly used SS Electrodes (Undiluted weld metal composition- SFA5.4)

AWS E308 - 16 E308H 16 E308L - 16 E309 - 16 E309H 16 E309L - 16 E309Cb - 16 E309Mo - 16 E310 - 16 E310H 16 E310Cb 16 E310Mo - 16 E316 16 E316H - 16 E316L 16 E317 16 E317L 16 C 0.08 0.04 0.08 0.04 0.15 0.04 0.15 0.04 0-12 0.12 0.08-0.20 0.35 0.45 0.12 0.12 0.08 0.04 0. 0.04 0.08 0.04 Cr 18 - 21 18 - 21 18 - 21 22 - 25 22 - 25 22 - 25 22 - 25 22 - 25 25 - 28 25 - 28 25 - 28 25 - 28 17 - 20 17 - 20 17 - 20 18-21 18-21 Ni 9 - 11 9 - 11 9 - 11 12 - 14 12 - 14 12 - 14 12 - 14 12 - 14 20 22.5 20 22.5 20 22.5 20 22.5 11-14 11-14 11-14 12-14 12-14 Mo 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 2.0-3.0 0.75 0.75 0.75 2.0-3.0 2.0-3.0 2.0-3.0 2.0-3.0 3.0-4.0 3.0-4.0 Cu= 0.75 mAX Cb --------------------0.7 - 1 ------------Mn 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 0.5 2,5 0.5 2,5 0.5 2,5 0.5- 2.5 0.5- 2.5 Si 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 P 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 S 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

AWS E318 - 16 E347 - 16 E409Cb 16 E410 - 16 E410NiMo - 16 E430 - 16 E430Cb 16 E2209 - 16 @ E2553 16 # E2593 16 E2594 16

C 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.12 0.06 0.1 0.1 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.4

Cr 17 - 20 18 - 21 11 - 14 11- 13.5 11- 12.5 15 - 18 15 - 18 25.5 -23.5 24 - 27 24 - 27 24 - 27

Ni 11 - 14 9 - 11 0.6 0.7 4.5 - 5 0.6 0.6 8.5 10.5 6.6 8.5 8.5 10.5 8 10.5

Mo 2.0 3.0 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.4 0.7 0.75 0.75 2.5 3.5 2.9 3.9 2.9 3.9 3.5 4.5

Cb 6*C 8*C 0.5 1.5 ----0.5 1.5 ------

Mn 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5-2.0 0.5 1.5 0.5 2.0 0.5 2.0

Si 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

P 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

@ N=0.08 0.20,

# N=0.10 0.25,

N=0.08 0.25 ,

N=0.2 0.3

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