Verb endings - - - - - - - Possession - - - - - -

Ex.

- Pronominal Suffixes -Possession Suffix never stressed = -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- Prepositions from, through, across with on, upon, onto to without at, in like, as up to, as far as, until

Demonstratives This one / that one - - Conjunctions - (-)

book and pencil

Indefinite article (-e) = a man/some man Comparison - more - the most Plural - - (animate) - - - - - - - - -

Occurs regularly at certain time (-) During the day, daily During the night, nightly Yearly For men / mens Name the creator (-) / chemistry /chemist / sports /sportsman Small (-) / Cat / kitten / Chair / stool Nouns from adjectives (-) / Good / goodness / Book / written Nouns from verbs (-, -) Past stem + - to say speech Present stem + - to read - reader Izofat To connect nouns to words that modify them, add - A new book

Participles Past participle Present participle Agent past part Future participle Particles Direct object (the)

- - - -, - - - - - - -

Persian has no cases. (Note: this depends a bit on what you consider to be a case, but the main point here is that there's much less to learn) Cases almost don't exist in English except in pronouns, which is why you have to say "she gives it to me" as opposed to "she gives it to I", and "for them" instead of "for they". Cases are bad enough when they apply to all nouns like in German, but even in languages where they don't you have to learn extra words with I, me, my, his, him, her, hers, their, them, and so on. Persian doesn't have this. I is man in Persian. To is be, so "to me" is be-man. You is shom, so to you is beshom. Genitive case (her, my, his, their, etc.) is the same thing. You take a noun, put an -e- in between, and then put the pronoun on the end. Water is b, so my water is b-e-man. Office is daftar, so your office is daftar-e-shom. Persian adjectives can be used as adverbs. For the most part adjectives can be used as adverbs. This means that khb, good, can also mean well, just like how English often says "you did good" instead of "you did well". In Persian this is grammatically correct, however. Persian words are intuitive and easy to build. Here are a few examples: Kaghaz (paper) + khosk (dry) + kon (present stem of 'to do') = Kaghaz-e-khosk-kon (blotting paper, literally paper of dry make). Shahr (city) + dr (present stem of 'to have') = shahrdr, municipality. Adding an to the end of this makes it into an adjective, giving shahrdr, municipal. Persian has quite a few cognates with English and other Indo-European languages. Given the large amount of Arabic and Turkish loanwords these aren't as frequent as the student might like, but a lot of words are the same or almost the same: bad (bad), mdar (mother), bardar (brother), p (foot, think pedestrian), ast (there is, think German ist), nist (there isn't, think German nicht), pedar (father), to (informal 'you', think thou), etc. And some other random notes: Cardinal numbers except 1st are all regular. Just put om on the end of the number. Plurals are regular, ending in -h or -n for living things. There are Arabic plurals for some words but there is nothing wrong with not using them (like Latin plurals of words like octopi for octopus). Relative clauses are easy, just using ke to join two clauses. "The coffee that he drank" for example is literally "Coffee ke he drank it". "The boy that went to school" is "Boy ke he went to school". http://www.pagef30.com/2008/08/detailed-explanation-ofwhy-persian.html

Verbs additional stem

After conjugation + conjugation + conjugation