Eurocode 3 Part 1-5 (EN 1993-1-5)

Plated structural elements

Professor Bernt Johansson
Steel Structures
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Eurocode 3-1-5
1 Introduction
2 Basis of design and modelling
3 Shear lag in member design
4 Plate buckling effects due to direct stress
5 Resistance to shear
6 Resistance to transverse forces
7 Interaction
8 Flange induced buckling
9 Stiffeners and detailing
10 Reduced stress method
Annex A Critical stresses
Annex B Non-uniform members
Annex C Design by FEM
Annex D Corrugated webs
Annex E Refined effective cross sections
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Shear lag
b
eff
= b
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Shear lag
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Shear lag
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Shear lag
At Ultimate Limit State
* =

7
Classical theory of stability
w
b

xy
w

xy
a) b)
0
0,4
0,6
1,0
0,2
1000 2000
r / t
4000
0

test

cr

x
M
y
M
y
F
z
N
N
2
2
cr

l
EI
N =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
w
2
v cr

L
EK
GK EI
L
M
y
2
2
2
2
cr
) 1 ( 12

b
t E
k

= r
Et
) 1 ( 3
1
2
cr

=
Elastic material
Perfect shape (straight
bar, flat plate)
Small deformations
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Classical theory of stability
Can not be used directly for design.
The critical load is only used for defining
a slenderness parameter
cr
y
cr
y
o
M
M
r
N
N
=
A buckling curve is used for defining a
reduction factor () with which the
resistance is given by
M1
y eff
M1
y
Rd b,
o

f A
r
f A
N =
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Reduction factor
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1

0 0,5 1,0 1,5

Lokal buckling
Bjvrid-
knckning
Bjknckning
Skalbuckling

LT

2
1

cr
f
y
=

Note: only one curve is shown for each type of instability
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Plate buckling, classical theory of
stability
x
y
a
b
2
2
2
12(1 )
28, 4
cr
y
cr
E t
k
b
f
b
t k

(
=
(

= =
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Effective width
f
y
b
ef
/2
b
ef
/2
b
eff cr
y
1 b
b f

= =
2
u y cr y
1, 90 N bt f t Ef = =
ef
1 0, 22
1
f
b
b

| |
= =
|
\ .
First model by von Karman
EN 1993-1-5 uses an improved
model by Winter
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Test results plate buckling
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Flange buckling
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Test results flange buckling
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Effective cross section for centric compression
b
w,eff
= b
w
= 1,0 if 0,67
if > 0,67
2
22 , 0

=
0, 0176
w
b
t

=
235/
y
f =
b
f,eff
b
f
t
f
t
w
b
w,eff
/2
b
w
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Effective cross section for centric compression
b
f,eff
= b
f
= 1,0 if 0,75
if > 0,75
2
0,188

=
235/
y
f =
0, 0537
f
b
t

=
b
f,eff
b
f
t
f
t
w
b
w,eff
/2
b
w
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Cross section classes for bending in EC3
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Tvrsnittsdel upplagd utefter tv lngsgende kanter

Bjnings-
axel
c
t
c
t
c
t
c
t
t c t c
t
c c
t





Bjnings-
axel
Klass
Tvrsnittsdel
pverkad av
bjning
Tvrsnittsdel
pverkad av
tryck
Tvrsnittsdel pverkad av bjning och
tryck
Spnningsfrdelning
i tvrsnittsdelen
(tryck positiv)
f
y
f
y
c
+
-

f
y
f
y
c +
-

f
y
f
y
c
+

c
-

1 72 / t c 33 / t c
396
0, 5: /
13 1
36
0, 5: /
c t
c t

>

2 83 / t c 38 / t c
456
0, 5: /
13 1
41, 5
0, 5: /
c t
c t

>

Spnningsfrdelning
i tvrsnittsdelen
(tryck positiv)
f
y
f
y
c
+
-

f
y
c +

f
y
f
y
c
+
-

3 124 / t c 42 / t c
*)
42
1: /
0, 67 0, 33
1 : / 62 (1 )
c t
c t

>
+


f
y
235 275 355 420 460
y
/ 235 f =
1,00 0,92 0,81 0,75 0,71

Slenderness limits
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Effective cross section for web plate
1
) 3 ( 055 , 0 1
2
p
p

=
( )

=
k 4 , 28
t
b
p
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Plates with longitudinal stiffeners
Determine effective area A
c,ef,loc
for buckling
of subpanels
Determine reduction factor for buckling of
the stiffened plate
Determine reduction factor
c
for column like
buckling of the stiffened panel
Interpolate between and
c
to get final
reduction factor
c
.
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Plates with longitudinal stiffeners
b
1
b
2
b
3
0,5 b
1
0,5 b
3
b
1
b
2
b
3

1
b
1
/2
2
b
2
/2

3
b
3
/2
2
b
2
/2
A
c
A
c.eff.loc
b
1.bord.eff
b
2.bord.eff
p . cr
y c . A
p . cr c
y loc . eff . c
p
f
A
f A

=
c
loc . eff . c
c . A
A
A
=

cr,p
is the critical stress for
plate buckling according to
orthotropic plate theory.
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One stiffener
Section XX
X
X
b
1
b
2
B a
Section XX
X
X
b
1
b
2
B a
) (
05 , 1
2 1
3
1 ,
2 1
b b t I
b b
E
N
sl cr
+ =
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
3
2
2
92 35 b b ,
a ) b b ( t E
a
I E
N
st
cr
+
+

=
N
cr
is the largest of:
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Column type buckling
Buckling of the stiffened
plate with longitudinal
edges assumed to be
unsupported.
2
2
a
I E
N
st
cr

=
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2
c
2
c
1
+
=
| |
2
) 2 , 0 ( 1 5 , 0
c c
e
+ + =
e
i
09 , 0
e
+ =
1
1
, sl
, sl
A
I
i =

G
1
: centrod of the siffener

G : centrod of the stiffener
including the contributive plating
e
1

e
2


G
2
: centrod of the plating

= 0,34 for closed stiffener
= 0,49 for open stiffener
Reduction factor
c
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Interpolation and effective area
c c c
) )( ( + = 2
1
,
,
=
c cr
p cr

t b A A
eff , edge loc , eff , c
c
eff , c
+ =
Final effective area
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Yield resistance to shear
0,5
0
0 10 20
G/f
v

f
v

0,82
y
pl w
3
f
V A =
= 1,2 for grades up to
and including S460
= 1 for higher grades
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Shear buckling

2
2
cr
2

12(1 )
E t
k
b

(
=
(

2
4
5, 34
( / )
k
a b
= +

v w
w
cr
w
0, 0267 f b
t k

= =

2
4
5, 34
( / )
k
a b
= +
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Resistance to shear buckling
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Model for shear buckling resistance
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Resistance according to EN 1993-1-5

w

Styv ndav-
styvning
Vek ndav-
styvning

w
<0,83
0,83 <
w
<1,08 0,83/
w
0,83/
w

1.08<
w
1,37/(0,7+
w
) 0,83/
w

= 1,20

fr S235-S460
= 1,0 fr >S460

b,Rd bw,Rd bf,Rd pl
/
M
V V V V = +
bw,Rd w yw w w M
/ 3 V f h t =
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Rigid end post
2
yw w
h
w
32
f t
q
h
=
w
0,1 e h
2
e w
40 A t >
The bearing stiffener should be designed for the
support reaction. The additional stiffener should
fulfil
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Contribution from flanges
2
2
f f yf
Ed
bf,Rd
M f,Rd
1
b t f
M
V
c M
(
| |
(
=
|
|
(
\ .

2
f f yf
2
w w yw
1, 6
0, 25
b t f
c a
t h f
| |
= +
|
|
\ .
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Patch loading
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Critical force
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Yield force
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Resistance to patch load
( ) 1
5 , 0
=

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Interaction
If two or more cross sectional resultants act
simultaneously they interact in using the
resistance. Often the interaction is weak
and it is neglected.
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Bending and shear

y h
f
y f
y
2
y w
pl
pl
4
f t
V
M M h
V
| |
=
|
|
\ .
2
f
pl pl pl
1 1
M M V
M M V
| || |
+ =
| |
| |
\ .\ .
2
f,Rd
Ed Ed
pl,Rd pl,Rd bw,Rd
1 2 1 1, 0
M
M V
M M V
| || |
+
| |
| |
\ . \ .
According to Eurocode 3-1-5
for an I-girder
pl
V
h
V
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Interaction M-V
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Interaction patch load and bending
4 , 1 8 , 0 +
R R
M
M
F
F
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Flange induced buckling
fc w
A
A
f
E
K
t
h
w
yf
w

K=0,55 elastic resistance

K=0,40 plastic resistance
K=0,30 plastic rotation
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Stiffeners
Design rules for stiffeners are quite elaborate. They
shall be checked for:
Torsional buckling
Strength
Stiffness
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Reduced stress method
The reduced stress method is general and it is able
to deal with complex states of stress. For combined
states of stress the reduced stress method uses a
criterion similar to the von Mises yield criterion. It has
the merit of being general but it gives results very
different from the interaction.
The resistance of the cross section is given by the
plate with the smallest strength. It means that no
redistribution of stresses is utilized, which is very
conservative. The practical consequence is that the
slenderness of each plate has to be limited such that
the buckling strength is close to the yield strength.
This is usually achieved by providing the girder with
stiffeners.
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Further information
Commentary and worked examples to EN 1993-1-5
"Plated structural elements free download at
http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/showpublication.php?id=100
ECCS Eurocode Design Manual Design of Plated
Structures. To be published, can be ordered at
http://www.steelconstruct.com/
EBPlate software for calculating critical stresses for
stiffened or unstiffened plates. Free download at
http://www.steelbizfrance.com/file/recfile.asp?idrub=58