Brkewn 2019

RF Design for the Mobile Device Explosion
BRKEWN-2019 Jim Florwick WNBU-TME
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2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
Session Objectives
At the end of the session, the participants should be able to:
Define High Client Density and why this is important Understand how to define the mobile application requirements in terms of bandwidth/client Understand throughput characteristics of available wireless protocols (802.11b,g,a,n) Understand the RF challenges that come with High Client Density Understand the available mitigation strategies that can be employed and how/when to apply them
Use the knowledge gained to educate end customers and produce successful wireless deployments
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What Will Be Covered

Introduction Challenge Statement Key Design Criteria and Concepts
RF Basics in Dense Environments Wireless Protocols/Capabilities Balancing Signal Against Interference
Available Design Elements
Practical Application
Features - RRM, ClientLink, BandSelect, Antenna Selection, APs
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What Will Not Be Covered

Specific Applications and Their Performance Wired Side Considerations and Resource Requirements
Application Server Performance Security Services
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Why High Client Density?

Mobility has rapidly changed how we use and what we expect of wireless network resources Wireless is fast becoming the preferred option in edge technology and in a lot of cases the only practical one The need to provide high performance wireless connectivity to large dense groups of clients exists today in auditoriums, classrooms, lecture halls, sporting arenas The same principles are becoming increasingly necessary in traditional coverage models due to the explosion of 2.4 GHz smart devices and increasing connection counts per seat Application demands are increasing in this medium Even with the fantastic advances - wireless is still a shared Half Duplex medium and requires efficient spectrum use to succeed.
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Design Steps
Determine Application Requirements

Select Supported Protocols Determine AP Type and Placement Tune the Configuration
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Aggregate and Per-User Throughput

802.11, like Ethernet 802.3, it is a shared medium No AIR Switching! Aggregate throughput is the total bandwidth shared by all users in a cell The larger the cell, the more users in the cell
Greater per user throughput means smaller cells and more access points for a given area Whats the aggregate throughput of the access point? On average, what amount of per user throughput do you need to provide?
How many users per access point?
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Per-User Application Throughput Examples

Protocol Data Rate (Mbps) Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) 7.2 7.2 7.2 13 13 13 25 25 25 35 35 35 Example User Count 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 Average per User Throughput 720Kbps 360Kbps 240Kbps 1.3Mbps 650Kbps 430Kbps 2.5Mbps 1.25Mbps 833Kbps 3.5 Mbps 1.75 Mbps 1.16 Mbps
802.11b 802.11b 802.11b 802.11b/g 802.11b/g 802.11b/g 802.11a 802.11a 802.11a 802.11n MCS7 802.11n MCS7 802.11n MCS7
11 11 11 54 54 54 54 54 54 72 (400 nS GI) 72 (400 nS GI) 72 (400 nS GI)
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How Much Bandwidth Is Required?

Often, Less than Youd Think It is most likely that you wont be supporting just one application Design for the highest bandwidth demand that you intend to support
What you really need here is the minimum acceptable throughput that the application will require It is advisable to measure this yourself on multiple platforms manufacturer/supplier numbers are good but Trust and Verify is always a better career bet.
Application By Use Case
Web - Casual Web - Instructional Audio - Casual Audio - instructional Video - Casual Video - Instructional Printing File Sharing - Casual File Sharing - Instructional Online Testing Device Backups
Throughput Nominal
500 Kbps 1 Mbps 100 Kbps 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 2-4 Mbps 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 2-8 Mbps 2-4 Mbps 10-50 Mbps
Multiply this number by the number of connections/seats that you need to support This is the aggregate bandwidth you will require in your space
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Design Steps
Determine Application Requirements Select Supported Protocols

Determine AP Type and Placement Tune the Configuration
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Channel Throughput by Protocol

Protocol 802.11b 802.11b/g mix 802.11g 802.11a 802.11n (HT20 1ss MCS7) 802.11n (HT20 2ss MCS15) Throughput (Mbps) 7.2 13 25 25 35 70*
If your application requires 3 Mbps then you can get 2 seats on 802.11b or 4 seats on b/g mix 6 seats on a pure 802.11g channel or 802.11a This assumes that the channel is performing at peak efficiency
* Two spatial streams note most PDAs are SISO (MCS 7) 35 Mbps max
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Points to Consider
3 non-overlapping channels in 2.4 GHz
Thats 1 (one) 100 Mbps FastEthernet interface!
4-21 non-overlapping channels in 5 GHz (check your regulatory domain) Not all clients will be able to use DFS channels or 802.11n 100-140 least supported 802.11n APs will buy a lot of advantage for legacy a/g clients In general treat 802.11n clients as a bonus and Do Not count on the number that will be able to use it unless you have certain knowledge of their presence 5 GHz will be critical to supporting High Density
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Cell Size By Protocol / Speed

Assuming 10% PER
Speed 1 2 5.5 6 11 12 24 36 48 54 Required SNR 0 3 6 2 9 6 11 13 17 19 AP Sensitivity -91 -91 -91 -87 -88 -86 -85 -85 -78 -77
Channel Utilization Is the Aggregate of Every Radio on the Channel That Can Be Heard Above -85 dBm This Means Clients Too
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Channel Re-Use
The question is how many channels can I get in a room? Co-channel and Adjacent Channel interference from Client Radios will be the single biggest obstacle- WHY?
MCS Index 1/2/3 Spatial Stream 0/8/16 1/9/17 2/10/18 3/11/19 4/12/20 5/13/21 6/14/22 7/15/23 Modulation BPSK 1/2 QPSK 1/2 QPSK 3/4 16 QAM 1/2 16 QAM 3/4 64 QAM 2/3 64 QAM 3/4 64 QAM 5/6 -82 -79 -77 -74 -70 -66 -65 -64 Minimum Sensitivity 20 MHz Required SNR (dB) 1 4 6.5 9.75 13 17.25 18.75 19.75
*Assuming 10% PER

Normal Enterprise Planning
30 ft 9 m 900 ft 2 81 m 2 30 ft 9 m
Total occupancy of 32 users 900 ft 2 /32 (users)= 1 user every 28 ft 2

High Density Clients

Contrast normal with these assumptions If sitting in a theater style seat, place your hand on the back of the seat in front of you thats about 36 inches, 3 feet The average seat width is 24 Inches 3 ft x 2 ft, lets assume 1m x 1m or 1 m 2 In the user seating thats 1 device per 1m 2
The New Normal Is More than 1 Device/Mac per User

Data Rate and Performance Variance

Data rates decrease with the increase of distance from the radio source and client power will increase Individual throughput (performance) varies with the number of users Performance degrades with radio interference from other sources Critical deployment design goal is to achieve high data rate at cell boundary
High signal AND low noise
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What Is CCA and SOP?

802.11 is CSMA/CA collision avoidance CCA is Clear Channel Assessment and is the listen before talk component of Collision Avoidance With 802.11n radios CCA is typically linked to Preamble/Start of packet Radios are better (mostly) CCA - is -65 and SOP is -85 dBm for 802.11b/g/a If you can hear it above these levels you are sharing the spectrum
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Cell Isolation
In a High Density Client environment, the APs will have the best view of the room often line of site to the client (in overhead mounting) Client devices will be embedded with the users and result in a 10-15 dB attenuation. This serves to reduce the overall interference radius of the clients. Difficult to predict the radio dynamics affecting the client unless direct measurements can be taken when space is filled. Very possible to focus on the AP and its view of the world and improve downlink performance. The object is to make the network resilient by optimizing every aspect within our control
Channel Efficiency
Range versus rate is something that we are generally working to maximize in a coverage design In High Density Design, the reverse is actually true we want to minimize the propagation of a cell Minimizing the cell size is a function of limiting the propagation, there are 3 ways to do this
1. 2. 3. Limiting supported rates Managing the power of the radios (AP and Client) Using the right antennas to shape both Tx and Rx cell size and isolate
Properly applied, this will maximize channel re-use in a small space
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Duty Cycle and Spectrum Capacity

Duty Cycle is the on time of a given transmitter It is measured as percentage of total time available, this relates directly to channel utilization, but is only part of the story protocol overhead is the full story 802.11 can only do essentially two things to recover in a challenging RF environment
Rate shift to a slower speed that can be supported If retries are excessive, then the link will be rate shifted to a slower speed in an attempt to gain reliability Retransmit a Frame Turn the radio on again to send information that has already been sent once = Increased Duty Cycle
Both of these will increase Duty Cycle and make the problem worse if it is a dense network
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Understand Protocol Selection 802.11 b/g/a/n and Duty CycleImportant? Why?
Spectrum Is a Shared Finite Resource

Duty Cycle and Spectrum 802.11 b/g

Healthy Network 20-30% Duty Cycle Channel Separation
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Duty Cycle and Spectrum 802.11 b/g

Unhealthy Network No Channel Separation 100% Duty Cycle
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Channel Utilization
What Made the Difference?
What Made This Dramatic Change?
5% After
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Every SSID Counts!

Each SSID requires a separate Beacon Each SSID will advertise at the minimum mandatory data rate Disabled not available to a client Supported available to an associated client Mandatory Client must support in order to associate Lowest mandatory rate is beacon rate Highest mandatory rate is default Mcast rate
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Data Rate Cell Size

Controlling Cell Size
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802.11b Scalability
*11/7 Mbps
*11/7 Mbps Total Offered Capacity = 21Mbps *11/7 Mbps * Data Rate/Throughput What If We Added Three More APs to This Coverage Area?
802.11b/g Mixed Scalability
*54/13 Mbps
*54/13 Mbps Total Offered Capacity = 39Mbps *54/13 Mbps * Data Rate/Throughput
802.11a Scalability US 5 GHz Has 21 Indoor Channels

*54/25 Mbps *54/25 Mbps *54/25 Mbps *54/25 Mbps *54/25 Mbps *54/25 Mbps *54/25 Mbps *54/25 Mbps *54/25 Mbps
20Channels x25 Mbps Total Offered capacity = 500 Mbps!
* Data Rate/Throughput What About 11n? 9-Bonded Channels

Capacity
Aggregate Capacity is throughput multiplied by available, nonoverlapping channels
802.11b and 802.11g operate in the same band, use the same three channels Any 802.11g capacity increase is from throughput alone
802.11a currently provides 4 to 21 channels in most of the world
In theory, access points set to non-overlapping channels may be colocated to provide all available capacity in a single coverage area
While throughput might be similar to 802.11g, channels are not, neither then is capacity
More commonly, its an expression of total throughput across a network or facility

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Receiver Sensitivity
Example for 2.4GHz Direct Sequence Indication of the ability of the receiver to decode the desired signal The minimum received signal level, in the absence of interference, at which the desired signal can be decoded with a particular PER (Packet Error Rate) Typically expressed in dBm The more negative the value, the better Function of the data rate: the higher the data rate, the higher the receiver sensitivity required
-87 dBm -90 dBm -92 dBm -94 dBm -98 dBm
Receiver Sensitivity @ 11 Mbps Receiver Sensitivity @ 5.5 Mbps Receiver Sensitivity @ 2 Mbps Receiver Sensitivity @ 1 Mbps Receiver Noise Floor (Will Vary for Each Environment)
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BandSelect
Access Point Assisted 5 GHz Band Selection
Challenge
Dual-Band Clients Persistently Connect to 2.4 GHz 2.4GHz may have 802.11b/g clients causing contention 2.4GHz is prone to interference
Dual-Band Client Radio 2.4/5GHz
Solution
BandSelect Directs Clients to 5 GHz Optimizing RF Usage Better usage of the higher capacity 5GHz band Frees up 2.4 GHz for single band clients
802.11n
Discovery Response
2.4
Discovery Probes Looking for AP
Optimize RF Utilization by Moving 5 GHz Capable Client Out of the Congested 2.4 GHz Channels
BandSelect
Configuration Per-SSID Override (Cont.)
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BandSelect
Configuration Customized Behavior
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High Density Deployment

High Density 5GHz deployment
5GHz does not have the overlap or collision domain issues of 2.4GHz. 12 APs on 1 floor
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2.4 GHz Efficiency

Eliminate Lowest supported rates
There is no consistency between clients on when to rate shift and for how long. Eliminate support for this at the AP. Eliminating all 802.11b rates removes the need for 802.11g protection mechanisms (CTS to self) and significantly improves efficiency
Eliminate 802.11b all together if possible
Beacons will be transmitted at the lowest AP Mandatory rate A beacon will be sent for each supported SSID
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Design Steps
Determine Application Requirements Select Supported Protocols Determine AP Type and Placement
Tune the Configuration
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Selection of APs
The type of AP you select will have a large impact on the amount of data that you successfully deliver Any AP that you consider should at a minimum have diversity antenna's 802.11n APs in general provide improved performance for legacy clients 802.11n Clients get a huge benefit and relieve a lot of stress on bandwidth for legacy clients (130 mbps connections for 802.11n HT20 MCS 15) Depending on density requirements stock omni antenna may suffice. Higher Density = More Complexity
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Antenna Theory and Antenna Gain

A theoretical isotropic antenna has a perfect 360 vertical and horizontal beamwidth (it puts the i in dBi) This is a reference for all antenna Gain is equal in all directions The reception of good signals and interference is the same in all directions
Gain
High Gain Omni-Directional Antenna:

More coverage area on the horizontal elevation Energy level directly above or below the antenna will become lower
There Is No Increase in Transmitted Energy with the Higher Gain

Antenna Radiation Patterns
Dipole
Omni
Antenna Choice Plays a Critical Part in Design for Proper Coverage
Patch Yagi
#CiscoPlusCA
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Cisco 1040, 1140, 3500i Antennas
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Cisco 3600i
2.4 Ghz Azimuth Elevation
5 Ghz Azimuth
Elevation
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Antenna Options Directional

1250 1260 3500e/p 3600e
Product ID
AIR-ANT2460NP-R
Description H/E Plane

2.4 GHz 80/75 MIMO directional patch
Gain
6 dBi
AIR-ANT5160NP-R
5 GHz 65/65 MIMO directional patch
6 dBi
AIR-ANT2410Y-R
2.4 GHz 55/47 single element yagi (1 piece, 3 required)
10 dBi
AIR-ANT25137NP-R
Dual-band 2.4 GHz 36/36 5 GHz 55/48 MIMO directional patch Duak-Band 2.4 GHz 105/70 5 GHz 125/60 4 element Dual band MIMO
13/7 dBi
AIR-ANT2566P4W-R
6/6 dBi
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Antenna Options Omni

Product ID
AIR-ANT2452V-R
Description
2.4 GHz 5.2 dBi Diversity pillar mount ant,RP-TNC Connectors
Gain
5.2 dBi
AIR-ANT2451NV-R
2.4 GHz 3 dBi/5 GHz 4 dBi 802.11n dual band omni antenna
3 dbi/4 dBi
AIR-ANT2430V-R
2.4 GHz Omni 3 dBi, 3 element Ceiling Mount
3 dBi
AIR-ANT5140V-R
5 GHz Omni 4 dBi, 3 element Ceiling Mount
4 dBi 2.2 dBi 3.5 dBi 4 dBi
AIR-ANT2422SDW-R AIR-ANT5135SDW-R
2.4 GHz 2.2 dBi Short white dipole antenna, Qty 1 5 GHz 3.5 dBi Short white dipole antenna, Qty. 1
AIR-ANT2440NV-R
2.4 GHz 4 dBi 802.11n Omni wall mount antenna
AIR-ANT5140NV-R
5 GHz 4 dBi 802.11n Omni wall mount antenna
4 dBi
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Theater - Auditorium
Use Tripods and Omnis to mount APs Illuminating from the corners encourages cell separation Antennas pointed up!
Theater Lecture Hall

Overhead Is Optimal, but Using Directional Antennas Can Get You Where You Need to Be 460 Seats 11 APs/Channels
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Small Sporting Event

Illuminating from the sides focuses energy near users The center is not likely to need much connectivity Omni Patch, or wall mounted
Large Venue High Density

20K Seats and Up
Divide the coverage area into cells to support the application and anticipated number of application users Use APs with Directional Antennas to create WLAN cells within the seating areas Use down-tilt to control the vertical RF beam width Design and Install for both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz support If dual-band APs are used, verify if PoE+ switches are required to power the AP
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Note: Where APs May Be Physically Mounted in the Stadium Also Effects Capacity Design
Example: Single Tier

322 Seats (red) 480 Seats (blue) One AP per section
Dividing Up the Coverage Area Depends on Where AP/Antennas May Be Mounted
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Example: Two-Tiered RF Design

1020 Seats 96 Deep 47 Wide
Seating Sections in the Lower Bowl Are Served by Different AP
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Bowl Seating RF Cell Footprint

Overlapping cells should use non-overlapping channels (shown is the use of the 3 nonoverlapping channels in the 2.4 GHz domain) Use Radio Resource Management (RRM) to automatically set the AP channel and power Sub-dividing fan seating with an AP/Directional Antenna depends on where APs can be mounted and pointed
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Design Steps
Determine Application Requirements Select Supported Protocols Determine AP Type and Placement Tune the Configuration
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Managing the Resulting RF

Use RRM? YES! - RRM profiles available since 7.2! DCA will maintain channel plan with changing interference levels this is a good thing TPC Threshold to adjust power levels to the floor
Lower for 2.4 GHz Set threshold higher for 5 GHz
Minimize cell foot print by eliminating lower data rates Maintain 20% cell overlap
Highly Recommend Version 7.2 or Greater

RRM Configurations Data Rates

Assignable through Profiles!
5 GHz Disable 6-18 Mbps 2.4 GHz Disable 1,2,5.5,6,9,11 Mbps Mandatory, Supported, Disabled Whats it all mean?
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DCA Settings
Set DCA to Automatic Avoid Foreign AP interference Threshold for change can be managed buy changing to low sensitivity 30 dBm improvement required for channel change Ensure DCA has run through startup
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TPC Threshold In Profiles!

5 GHz can be run much hotter than 2.4 GHz more channels Hotter 5 GHz signals will also encourage dual-band reluctant clients to prefer 5 GHz Power levels of 4-5 is generally what you will want for 5 GHz, 7 is acceptable for 2.4 GHz. Test your coverage and adjust
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TPC Min/Max Power GUI Configuration

v. 6.1.n (in Profiles in 7.2)
From the controller GUI selectWireless=>802.11a/b=>RRM-TPC
Note: Ensure you select apply in the upper right had corner of the screen to save.
The Problem
Beam Strength not Directed to Client
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802.11a/g/n Client Connection Not Optimized, Creates Coverage Hole/Rate Shifting

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The Solution
Cisco Innovation: ClientLink
Intelligent Beam Forming Directs Signal to Improve Performance and Coverage for 802.11a/g Devices
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With a Motorola Xoom, one spatial stream client performance is an average of 32% better with Cisco 3600.
Total Time Taken
11GB File Transfer
Total Battery Drop
30ft Distance from Access Point to Motorola Xoom Download a file via FTP till complete and observe battery drop.
Battery Life Improvement Results

38% Better Than Aruba
Total GB tablet can
download before hitting 100% battery drain.

Cisco = 73.33GB Aruba = 45.83GB
Start Battery Cisco 3600e Aruba AP 134 75% 75% End Battery 60% 51% Total Battery Drop 15% 24% Download Time 56 min 70 min
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ClinetLink1: Higher Throughput per 11a/g Device

Up to 65% Increase in Throughput
13.6% Throughput vs. Distance 87.7% 70.4% 89.5%
No Connection without ClientLink
Test: 802.11a/g Device with 802.11n Network Source: Miercom

CL1: Higher System Capacity

Up to 27% Improvement in Channel Capacity
Channel Util of 74.2%
Faster data transmission, less retries = more efficient use of RF channel. Faster 11a/g transactions opens airtime for 11n devices, providing them improved experience
Test: 802.11a/g Device Measured at 16 Antenna Orientations with 802.11n Network Source: Miercom
Channel Util of 45.2%
CL1: Reduced Coverage Holes

Higher PHY Data Rates ClientLink Disabled ClientLink Enabled
Lower Data Rates Source: Miercom; AirMagnet 6.0 Iperf Survey

Higher Data Rates

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Load Balancing
Concept
Max Max
Load
Min
Load
Min
New Client Joining Network

Load Balancing in Action

Packet Capture
Association Allowed
AP Is Loaded. Association Denied

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Load Balancing
Implementation
The threshold to start load balancing is configured as a number of clients Association denied (Code 17) frames will be sent to clients who attempt to associate to loaded APs If the client does not join a different AP, the loaded AP will allow the client to associate after a number of retries (default is 3) Configured on a per-controller basis at a global level
Can be overridden for specific WLANs
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Load Balancing
Caveats
Load balancing only occurs amongst APs on the same controller Load balancing requires that the client respect the Code 17 association response and act accordingly Load Balancing only occurs at initial association, not on re-association. Some older clients simply ignore the Code 17 response and try and associate again.
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Links/References
Cisco 802.11n Design and Deployment Guidelines
Cisco High Density Wireless Lan Design Guide Cisco Client Link White Paper Client Link testing Miercom Client Link 2 Testing - Miercom Report Cisco 3600e/i
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Recommended Reading
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Housekeeping
We value your feedbackdon't forget to complete your online session evaluations after each session and complete the Overall Conference Evaluation which will be available online from Thursday Visit the World of Solutions Please remember this is a 'non-smoking' venue! Please switch off your mobile phones Please make use of the recycling bins provided Please remember to wear your badge at all times
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Complete Your Online Session Evaluation

Give us your feedback and you could win fabulous prizes. Winners announced daily. Receive 20 Passport points for each session evaluation you complete. Complete your session evaluation online now (open a browser through our wireless network to access our portal) or visit one of the Internet stations throughout the Convention Center.
Dont forget to activate your Cisco Live Virtual account for access to all session material, communities, and on-demand and live activities throughout the year. Activate your account at the Cisco booth in the World of Solutions or visit www.ciscolive.com.
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Final Thoughts
Get hands-on experience with the Walk-in Labs located in World of Solutions, booth 1042 Come see demos of many key solutions and products in the main Cisco booth 2924 Visit www.ciscoLive365.com after the event for updated PDFs, ondemand session videos, networking, and more! Follow Cisco Live! using social media:
LinkedIn Group: http://linkd.in/CiscoLI
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ciscoliveus Twitter: https://twitter.com/#!/CiscoLive
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RF Design for the Mobile Device Explosion

BRKEWN-2019 Jim Florwick WNBU-TME

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

What Will Be Covered

Available Design Elements

Features - RRM, ClientLink, BandSelect, Antenna Selection, APs

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

What Will Not Be Covered

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Why High Client Density?

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Determine Application Requirements

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Aggregate and Per-User Throughput

How many users per access point?

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Per-User Application Throughput Examples

11 11 11 54 54 54 54 54 54 72 (400 nS GI) 72 (400 nS GI) 72 (400 nS GI)

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

How Much Bandwidth Is Required?

Determine Application Requirements Select Supported Protocols

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Channel Throughput by Protocol

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cell Size By Protocol / Speed

*Assuming 10% PER

Normal Enterprise Planning

Total occupancy of 32 users 900 ft 2 /32 (users)= 1 user every 28 ft 2

High Density Clients

The New Normal Is More than 1 Device/Mac per User

Data Rate and Performance Variance

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

What Is CCA and SOP?

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Properly applied, this will maximize channel re-use in a small space

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Duty Cycle and Spectrum Capacity

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Understand Protocol Selection 802.11 b/g/a/n and Duty CycleImportant? Why?

Spectrum Is a Shared Finite Resource

Duty Cycle and Spectrum 802.11 b/g

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Duty Cycle and Spectrum 802.11 b/g

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

What Made This Dramatic Change?

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Every SSID Counts!

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Data Rate Cell Size

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

802.11b/g Mixed Scalability

802.11a Scalability US 5 GHz Has 21 Indoor Channels

20Channels x25 Mbps Total Offered capacity = 500 Mbps!

* Data Rate/Throughput What About 11n? 9-Bonded Channels

802.11a currently provides 4 to 21 channels in most of the world

More commonly, its an expression of total throughput across a network or facility

Dual-Band Client Radio 2.4/5GHz

Discovery Probes Looking for AP

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

High Density Deployment