MEMBRANES 1. Describe, explain fluid mosaic model of membrane structure 2.

Include outline of roles of phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins, glycoprotein 3. Outline roles/f(x)s of membranes within/at surface of cells 4. D&E diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, soln of diff Membrane Structure Phospholipid 2 non-polar hydrophobic fatty acid tails attached to 2C of 3C glycerol - -ve charge phosphate grp attached to 3rd carbon of glycerol (interact with water, hydrophilic) amphipathic- Hphilic,phobic regions Cholesterol - 4 ring structure, largely hydrophobic hydrophilic hydroxyl grp, hydrophobic ring structure (1/2 cell membrane) Proteins

hydrophobic portionis non-aq bilayer core phospholipids in membrane held by weak hydrophobic interactions of VdWs forces weak interactions allow membrane lipids/proteins to drift laterally within membrane plane molecules rarely flip transversely across membrane/switch phospholipids layer - large size, large drag force, anchored to cytoskeleton/extracellular matrix phospholipids move quickly along membranes plane, protein < lipid

not embedded in lipid bilayer held by fibres of extracellular matrix/ cytoskeleton (maintain cell shape, fix location for membrane proteins) membrane carbohydrates- cell-cell recog sort out embryos cell into tissue/organs immune sys. reject foreign cells Membrane carbohydrates: branched oligo(<15)saccharides covalent bond to lipid/protein A, B, AB, O blood groups Selectively permeable plasma membrane regulates (sugars, a.a., nutrients, metabolic waste pdts) traffic lipids permit non-polar molecules specific integral transport proteins Non-polar (hydrophobic) molecules HC, CO2 , O2 (dissolve, cross membrane) smaller (same lipid solubility) faster Polar, charged (hydrophilic) molecules small enough to pass hydrophobic core charged ions (Na+, H+) canNot. Retain cytoplasm Maintain homeostatic condition appropriate to biochemical reactions necessary to sustain life Compartmentalization Cell level, inter organelle, intra organelle Chemical Rxns membrane has specialized enzymes for biosynthetic f(x)s and energy generation - During respiration, org cmpds that contain high energy e- are broken down, releasing eto do work. These e- reach membrane (cristae of mitochondrion and thylakoid membrane of chloroplast), pass down series of e- carriers. - Protons pumped into a specialized compartment creating proton gradient forming ATP Communications

Temp membrane fluid until phospholipids settle in closely-packed arrangem membrane solidifies Temp for solidifyg (depends cholesterol, phospholipids composition) Freeze at temperature if proportion of phospholipids with unsaturated HC tails - cold tolerant plants (winter wheat) unsaturated phospholipids conc. in autumn, prevent plasma membranes solidifying in winter. OH grp of cholesterol aligns with phosphate heads of phospholipids while remaining portion is tucked into fatty acid portion of membrane. Steroid ring (4 HC rings) closely attracted to fatty acid chains nearest phospholipids heads = restrains motion, less fluid even at warmer temp. ++firmness/integrity, maintains fluidity 1. Integral proteins - penetrate hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer (hydrophobic regions surrounded by hydrocarbon portions of phospholipids) - hydrophobic regions consist of non-polar a.a. coiled in alpha helices - hydrophilic parts exposed to aq. Soln Unilateral proteins across membrane Transmembrane proteins 2. Peripheral/extrinsic proteins

polypeptide chain(s) in 3D conformatn hydrophilic/hydrophobic regions (polar/acid/basic) hydrophilic trans-membrane proteins, peripheral membrane protein, integral membrane protein

Carbohydrates covalently assoc. with lipids/proteins, forming glycolipids/ glycoproteins Fluid Mosaic Model membrane is fluid bilayer of phospholipid moledules in which proteins are dispersed/embedded/ assoc superficially proteins constantly changing/moving hydrophilic portions of proteins/phospholipids maximally exposed = results stable membrane structure

a) b)

facilitate substs insoluble in phospholipids provide hydrophilic channels (transmembrane channel proteins) OR carrier proteins (conformation change)

- stomach/intestine cells release enzymes, mucus (release mucin from goblet cells lining intestinal wall for lubrication) - amoeba pumps out excess water Active process, but not active transport

TO - - - obtain nutrients for energy/raw materials - excrete waste/ secrete useful subst. - generate essential ionic gradients (nervous, muscular activity) - maintain suitable pH, ionic conc. for enzyme 1. 2. 3. Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport Bulk Transport (endo/exo-cytosis)

Channel Proteins fixed shape, trans membrane selective hydrophilic channel water channel protein in cells lining collecting ducts in kidney Carrier Proteins - rapid changes in shape, exists in 2 alternate conformations (entry of glucose molecules into RBCs, movement of chloride and hydrogencarbonate ions into/out of RBC) - direction cannot work against conc. gradient - chance collision (trans protein, substrate) - more binding sites, faster facilitated diffusn Active transport Energy (atp)-consuming transport of molecules/ions across membrane, against conc. gradient - ATP manufactured by respiration - Carrier proteins in cell membrane needs ATP to keep changing shape - Usually one way, maintain integral conc. of small molecules that differ from conc. in envir. Endocytosis infolding or extension of cell surface membrane to form vesicle or vacuole, thus allowing cell to acquire macromolecules and particulate matter Exocytosis secretion of macromolecules(waste material/undigested remains/useful products) by fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane - lipid molecules of 2 bilayers rearrange (fuse) - pancreas (insulin exocytosis to blood) - neurons (release acetylcholine, stimulate other neurons/muscle cells)

4.

A) Active Process - active transport - movement of subs. Across membranes, against conc/e-chemical gradient, use ATP - Sodium-potassium pump B) Passive Process - Diffusion & Osmosis Diffusion (nerves) Movement of molecules/ions frm region of high conc. to region of low conc, down diffusion gradient [spontaneous, passive] (O2 from lungs to blood, CO2 Opp.) 1. molecular size ( smaller, faster) 2. solubility in lipid bilayer (non polar faster) 3. Charge of molecule (charged specie attract more water, form hydration shells, increase effective size of ion ions difficult to pass thru l.b.) 4. Conc gradient (steeper, faster) 5. Kinetic energy of molecules (high temp, high energy, high diffusion rate) too high temp affects integrity of membrane, loss of selectivity 6. Surface Area ( larger, faster) (microvilli increase absorption) 7. Distance (longer, slower) Facilitated Diffusion (w transport protein)