THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT FACTOR (SOIL AND OIL) FOR

SUSTAINABILITY MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM

Endang Hilmi dan Asrul Sahri Siregar1
Lecture in PSPK Unsoed Purwokerto

ABSTRACT
Mangrove ecosystem is forest ecosystem type which is located in innudation
area or tidal water area, is affacted by muddy soil, sand or muddy sand but it is not
affected by climate. Its trees are able to grow on relatively high salinity and on
muddy place but the slope of topography area is not higher than 0,25 – 0,5%, and
Mangrove ecosystem play an important role in sustaining the productivity of
inshore and offshore fisheries.
The aims of this reasearch are : (1) to know effect of environment factor (soil,
and oil) for trees growth in mangrove ecosystem (2) to know effect of environment
factor for aquatic organisms. This research has been done in mangrove ecosystem
and coastal zone in Eastern Seram. The methods are used in this research are
identification of soil factor, identification of growth level of mangrove trees, and
identification of aquatic organism.
The results of this research are (1) the mangrove ecosystem in Eastern Seram
has been degraded, the growth level of mangrove trees in Eastern Seram are skinny,
stunted until normal and The aquatic organisms are plankton consist of 3 classes,
i.e. Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae, and benthos. consists of 7
groups, i.e. Polychaeta, Schapopods, Sipuncula, Gastropods, Crustacea, Sipuncula,
Pelecypods, Polychaets, Schapopoda and Cepalochordata.

Keywords : Mangrove, Eastern Seram, Growth of trees, and Aquatic organism.

INTRODUCTION Hamilton et al., 1984). Mangrove

Mangrove ecosystem is forest ecosystem is one of the primary
ecosystem type which is located in natural features of coastlines
innudation area or tidal water area, is throughout the tropical and
affacted by muddy soil, sand or subtropical regions.
muddy sand but it is not affected by Mangrove ecosystem is playing
climate. Its trees are able to grow on an important role in sustaining the
relatively high salinity and on muddy productivity of inshore and offshore
place but the slope of topography fisheries. They contribute nutrients to
area is not higher than 0,25 – 0,5% the ecosystem, provide shelters and
(Sandy, 1986). Mangrove forest has a nurseries for fish and help support
unique vegetation in coastal zonation, extensive aquatic species
from brush up to trees (50-60 m (Aksorkonkoae, 1993). Mangrove as
height) which have only one canopy an important food source, because the
structure (Aksorkonkoae, 1993, and primary food source for organism in
mangrove is detritus or particulate
material derived from the
decomposition of mangrove forest
litter. About 80 – 90% is composed
of leaf litter, while the remainder
consists of twigs, flowers and fruits.
During decomposition, mangrove
litter is progressively enriched in
protein and serves as a food source
for filter, particulate and deposit
feeder, such as molluscs, crabs and
polychaete worms. So the mangrove
ecosystem has functions as shelter
and nurseries. Many species of
penaeied shrimp use mangrove forest
as shelter and nursery ground for at
least part of their life cycle, such as
Penaeus indicus, P. merguiensis, and
P.monodon.
Basicly, factors influenced the
mangrove growth are (1) temperature.
Optimum temperature for mangrove
growth is 20 – 24oC. (2) The presence
of mud. (3) Beach. Mangrove grows
well on protected beach area. (4)
Salinity. Mangrove is halophyt-
facultative plant which has rate of
growth is slowly. Mangrove grows at
soil salinity between 10 – 30o/oo. (5)
Shallow beach. Mangrove grows
better on shallow water. (6) Soil. Soil
conditions in mangrove forest are
smooth texture, low maturity level,
high salt and alkalinity, contains of
acid sulphic, high clay and dust
(Hardjowigeno, 1986, Snedaker and
Snedaker, 1984). Laboratory result
showed that soil pH ranged between
7.3 – 8.0, high NaCl, rich of K, Na,
Ca and Mg, organic coloid,
phosphate, Cl, SO3, iron compound
and sulphur particulary pyrite, rich of
organic compound and has high
nitrogen (aluvial hydromorf-young
soil-regosol or entisol). (7)
Freshwater source. Freshwater in
mangrove sourced from rain or river
which has affected affect the
distribution of type species and plant
growth. (8) Drainage/Aeration. It is
very important for oxygen supply and
respiration. (9). Rainfall. Optimum
growth for mangrove trees is best on
range of rainfall between 1.500 –
3.000 mm/year. (10). Tidal.
Mangrove forest develop well at a
place which has available freshwater.
At open sea, the high water tidal level
is not more than 0,5 m, otherwise at
shallow water area, it may reach more
than 3 m. (11). Dissolved Oxygen
(DO). The outside of mangrove
forest has DO ranges between 1,7 –
3,4 mg/l. DO inside and outside of
mangrove forest ranges between 4,9 –
2,4 mg/l, while at the close area, DO
ranges between 2,1 – 3,8 mg/l.
The aims of this research are:
(1) to know effect of environment
factor (soil, and oil) for trees growth
in mangrove ecosystem (2) to know
effect of environment factor for
aquatic organisms
METODE
The methods are used in this
research are (1) identification of soil
factor such as texture, permeability,
porosity, C organic, top soil and
salinity, (2) identification of water
quality such as pH, DO, Salinity, Hg.
(3) identification of Oil Potency, (4)
identification of sedimentation, (5)
identification of growth level of
mangrove trees, (5) identification of
aquatic organism
 This research has been done in
mangrove ecosystem and coastal zone
in eastern seram.
Mangrove ecosystem in
Namatimor
Mangrove ecosystem in
Salas
RESULTS
1. The eniviroment conditions
The conditions of environment
factors in Eastern Seram are
influenced by condition of coastal,
beach, and oil spilled activity.
The environment conditions of
environment conditions are showed
by Figure 1.
Base on the environment
conditions in Eastern Seram like as
Figure 1, showed that most of all of
coastal area in Eastern Seram include
as less supportive criteria to
mangrove grow esspecially trees
grow.
The factors caused mangrove
degraded are C organic of soil is low,
Top soil is thin, DO is low, pH is low
until normal, sedimentation is low
until high, and in this area found Hg
and oil content.
2. The Growth Level of Mangrove
Trees
The growing of trees in mangrove
ecosystem in East Seram is presented
in Table 2.
a. Mangrove Growth in Bula
Generally, ecosystem of
mangrove in Bula has degraded, and
has been doing to recovery itself with
succession process. The effect of
degraded ecosystem is growing of
mangrove trees in Bula are
obstructed, which were showed with
stunted stems. However, in some of
areas in Bula, trees growths were
normal, as well as stem, leaf, flower,
fruit or root. The blocked of
growing for trees and degraded
ecosystem were caused by (1) soil
conditions, such as acid pH,
permeability was very slow, organic-
C was low, top soil was thin (10-30
cm), salinity was high (29,86). This
condition influenced metabolism
process and at the end caused to
damage or death. For example,
salinity as much as >20 o/oo (high)
may block plant growth since it will
affect the process of photosynthesis
and the growth is finally obstructed.
On the other side, mangrove has the
ability to secrete and accumulate the
salt compound. The growth is still
obstructed or even dead whenever the
salt compound in soil or water is very
high. (2) Aquatic conditions, that
were low DO (<1) and high salinity.
In Bula, oil potency was low, so that
the area was still relatively clean from
polluted matter.
Table 1. Conditions of Mangrove Habitat
Soil Condition Water Quality Oil Potency
Texture Perme Sedimenta
Region pH Poro Orga Sali Oil Criteria
ability Top Salinity Hg TOC TPH tion
sity nic- pH DO nity (mg/
Sand Dust Clay (cm/ja soil (ppt) Content (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
(%) C (ppt) kg)
m) (cm)
Jetty 0.001- 1.20 Less
5.4 90.74 2.62 6.61 1.41 78.82 2.80 29.86 7.5 - 33 76.90 <10 Low
(Bula) 10-30 0.005 supportive
Nama- 0.001- Less
5.5 61.58 28.04 10.38 17.07 71.15 5.45 24.98 7.5 - 34 27.65 <10 0.35 Moderate
timor 10-30 0.005 supportive
0.001- Less
Okor 5.6 92.67 3.62 3.68 17.70 59.79 1.08 14.99 7-7.5 - 37 140.95 <10 0.52 Low
10-30 0.005 supportive
0.001- Less
Sesar 5.6 80.99 16.98 2.03 1.67 66.03 0.64 10-30 29.98 7.5 0.2 36 142.40 <10 0.65 Moderate
0.005 supportive
0.001- Less
Englas 5.6 80.99 16.98 2.03 53.68 87.35 0.70 10-30 19.90 7.5 0.2 36 122.10 <10 0.45 Moderate
0.005 supportive
0.001- Less
Silohan 5.6 69.14 25.44 5.42 5.65 68.58 3.12 10-30 24.88 8 0.4 36 145.65 <10 0.35 Moderate
0.005 supportive
0.001- Less
Hote 5.6 91.96 4 4.41 52.54 93.71 0.56 10-30 39.79 8 0.3 35 148.60 <10 0.65 Low
0.005 supportive
0.001- Less
Benggoi 5.5 36.48 53.72 9.8 9.70 80.25 6.01 10-30 39.98 7.5 1 32 76.45 <10 1.42 High
0.005 supportive
7- 0.001- Less
Salas 5.4 51.85 33.57 14.58 15.21 51.39 7.29 10-30 24.97 - 34 142.65 <10 1.30 Moderate
7.5 0.005 supportive

0.001- Less
Bolifar 5.6 92.1 2.59 5.31 14.18 59.80 2.00 10-30 14.98 7.5 1.9 36
0.005
25.60 <10 0.25 Low
supportive

b. Mangrove Growth in
Namatimor and Okor
Similiar with mangrove
ecosystem in Bula, mangrove
ecosystem in Namatimor and Okor
has been degraded and has been
doing to recovery itself. Where as the
growth of mangrove trees in
Namatimor and Okor were relatively
normal, and were dominated by of
trees (saplings), so the potency of
trees in this area were still low. Its
normal growth stage is presented with
the performance of stem, leaf, flower,
fruit or root. However, the poor
condition of mangrove in Namatimor
and Okor have affected degradation
ecosystem, for example (1) soil
conditions, such as acid pH,
permeability was very slow, organic-
C was low, top soil was thin (10-30
cm), salinity was high and the rate of
sedimentation was moderate (2)
aquatic conditions, that were low DO
(<1) and high salinity. In the future,
poor condition of mangrove
ecosystem will cause the degradation
of mangrove growth for trees and
degradation for ecosystem.
c. Mangrove Growth in Sesar
Generally, ecosystem mangrove
in Sesar has degraded and mangrove
trees were stunted, especially on front
area of mangrove ecosystem (nearest
to the open sea). It could be seen
from the performance of Ceriops
tagal and mangrove ecosystem
condition. It was caused by (1) soil
conditions, such as acid pH,
permeability was very slow, organic-
C was low, top soil was thin (10-30
cm) and salinity was high (29.98) and
the rate of sedimentation was
moderate, which may cause the
damage or death of mangrove. As
well as in Bula, high salinity of soil
water (>20o/oo), top soil was thin,
organic C was low and rate
sedimentation was moderate caused
blocked the mangrove growth and
degraded the mangrove ecosystem
On the other side, mangrove has the
ability to secrete and accumulate the
salt compound, so the mangrove trees
could adapted with environmental
condition to still life, where as the
salt compound in soil or water was
very high caused the growth of trees
was obstructed or death. (2) Aquatic
conditions, that were low DO (<1)
and high salinity. In Bula, oil
potency was low, so that the area was
still relatively clean from polluted
matter.
d. Mangrove Growth in Englas,
Silohan and Hote.
As well as mangrove growth in
Namatimor and Okor, ecosystem
mangrove in Englas, Hote, Silohan
have degraded, and have been
recovering themselves with
succession process. It’s showed with
dominated by sapling where as
mangrove trees growth in Englas,
Silohan and Hote were normal.
Normal growth of trees was presented
by the performance of its stem, leaf,
flower, fruit and root. However, the
poor condition of mangrove in
Englas, Silohan and Hote affected the
degradation mangrove ecosystem. It
was caused by (1) soil conditions,
such as acid pH, permeability was
slow, organic-C was low, top soil was
thin (10-30 cm) and salinity was high
and sedimentation. (2) Aquatic
conditions, that were low DO (<1)
and high salinity.
e. Mangrove Growth in Benggoi
The mangrove ecosystem in
Banggoi has degraded. The
degradation ecosystem was caused by
sedimentation process and the other
factors affected the mangrove
degradation were (1) soil conditions,
such as acid pH, permeability was
slow, organic-C was low, top soil was
thin (10-30 cm) and salinity was
extremely high (39,98), and rate of
sedimentation was high. (2) Aquatic
conditions, that were low DO (<1)
and high salinity. The degradation
ecosystem was indicated by presence
of Nypa frutican (amount of
N.fritican was high) but, the growth
of mangrove trees in Benggoi was
relatively normal. Whereas, in
Benggoi, oil potency was low, so that
the area was still relatively clean from
polluted matter.
f. Mangrove Growth in Salas and
Bolifar
The mangrove ecosystem in
Salas and Bolifar has degraded. The
degradation ecosystem was caused by
poor habitat in mangrove, and high
density of mangrove trees. And the
high density of mangrove trees
caused performance of trees was
skinny. The factor caused the
obstructed of mangrove growth are
(1) density of mangrove trees (2) soil
conditions, such as acid pH,
permeability was very slow, organic-
C was low, top soil was thin (10-30
cm), salinity was high and the rate of
sedimentation was low up to
moderate. These may block the
metabolism process and finally
damage or kill the plants. (2) Aquatic
conditions, that were low DO (<1)
and high salinity
3. Aquatic Organisms
Base on report of study in
Eastern Seram by Waindo (2005),
that aquatic organisms were found in
coastal and mangrove ecosystem are :
- Plankton
Plankton is aquatic biota
characterized by their microscopic
size and unable to move actively
against the sea current. Plankton
consists of zooplankton and
phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is
microscopic aquatic plant, while
zooplankton is animal. In aquatic
ecosystem, phytoplankton is the main
producer, able to conduct
photosynthetic process, producing
organic material by converting
inorganic nutrient into carbohydrate.
The phytoplankton constitutes as first
level in food chain and zooplankton
settle in second level as primary
consumer. As consumer, zooplankton
are unable to conduct photosynthesis
due to lack of chlorophyll.
Phytoplankton communities
found in the study area consist of 3
classes, i.e. Bacillariophyceae,
Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae.
As commonly found in global
estuaries, Bacillariophyceae well
known as diatoms are the main group
composing the phytoplankton
community in the study area. High
abundance of diatoms is due to the
high abundance of silicate, which is
commonly found in the coastal
waters.
- Benthos REFERRANCE
Benthos is marine animal which
is inhabits the sea floor. Their Aksornkoae, S. 1993. Ecology and
appearances, due to their immobility Management of Mangrove. The
character can be used as bioindicator IUCN Wetlands Programme.
for aquatic pollution. In this study, Bangkok.
benthos community consists of 7 Hamilton, L.S. and S.C. Snedaker.
groups, i.e. Polychaeta, Schapopods, 1984. Handbook for Mangrove
Sipuncula, Gastropods, Crustacea, Area Management. IUCN
Sipuncula, Pelecypods, Polychaets, Commission on Ecology Gland.
Schapopoda and Cepalochordata Honolulu
.
CONCLUSION Hardjowigweno, S. 1986. Status
pengetahuan tanah-tanah
The mangrove ecosystem in mangrove di Indonesia. Prosiding
Eastern Seram has been degraded. Seminar II Ekosistem Mangrove.
The factors caused mangrove LIPI. p : -
ecosystem degraded are (1) habitat Hutchings, P and P. Saenger. 1987.
has been degraded such as soil Ecology of Mangrove. University
texture, top soil, water quality, oil of Queensland Press. New York.
potency, and sedimentation (2)
activity of oil minning, but effect of Kitamaru, S., C. Anwar., A.
oil minning for mangrove ecosystem Chaniago., and S. Baba. 1997.
is low. Handbook of Mangrove In
The growth level of mangrove Indonesia (Bali and Lombok).
trees in Eastern Seram is skinny, ISME and JICA. Okinawa
stunted until normal. Sandy, I.M. 1986. Klasifikasi Pesisir
The aquatic organisms are (1) dan Penggunaan Tanah.
plankton. Phytoplankton communities Simposium Ekologis untuk
found in the study area consist of 3 Pengelolaan Daerah Pesisir.
classes, i.e. Bacillariophyceae, Jakarta. Indonesia. p : -
Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae.
As commonly found in global Waindo Spec Terra. 2005.
estuaries, Bacillariophyceae well Environmental Sensitivity
known as diatoms are the main group Mapping and Study of Bula
composing the phytoplankton Coastal Area’. Report not
community in the study area, (2) published. Jakarta
Benthos. In this study, benthos
community consists of 7 groups, i.e.
Polychaeta, Schapopods, Sipuncula,
Gastropods, Crustacea, Sipuncula,
Pelecypods, Polychaets, Schapopoda
and Cepalochordata.
Table 2. The Growth Level of Mangrove Trees in Eastern Seram
Species Part of Trees Growth Ecosystem Lavel
Area Growth
Dominant Associate Stem Leaf Flower Fruit Status succession
level
Avicennia marina, Ceriops
Rhizophora Stunted- Stunted- Stunted- Secondary
Jeti (Bula) tagal, lumnitzera racemosa, Stunted Stunted Degraded
apiculata normal normal normal succession
Xylocarpus granatum.
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza,
Rhizophora Secondary
Namatimor Rhizophora mucronata, Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Degraded
apiculata succession
Xylocarpus granatum
Anisoptera costata, Ceriops
decandra, Ceriops tagal,
Lumnitzera Secondary
Okor Lumnitzera littorea, Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Degraded
littorea succession
Xylocarpus granatum,
Rhizophora mucronata
Normal,
Rhizophora Secondary
Sesar Ceriops tagal Stunted ceriops were Normal Normal Stunted Degraded
apiculata succession
stunted
Secondary
Englas Avicennia alba Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Degraded
succession
Bruguiera cylindrica,
Rhizophora Casuarina equisetifolia, Cocos Secondary
Silohan Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Degraded
apiculata nucifera, Hibiscus tiliaceus, succession
Soneratia alba
Avicennia Avicennia marina, Rhizophora Secondary
Hote Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Degraded
marina apiculata. succession

Rhizophora Bruguiera cylindrica, Secondary

Benggoi Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Degraded
apiculata Soneratia alba succession

Rhizophora Secondary
Salas skinny Normal Normal Normal skinny Degraded
apiculata succession

Casuarina equisetifolia,
Secondary
Bolifar Avicennia alba Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus skinny Normal Normal Normal skinny Degraded
succession
granatum