4

Elastic Response of Anisotropic Materials

In this chapter, we will consider the strains induced in anisotropic materials when subjected to arbitrary combinations of stress, uniform changes in temperature, and/or uniform changes in moisture content. The chapter begins with a consideration of the strains induced by stress under constant environmental conditions. A generalized form of Hookes law, which relates strain to stress for any anisotropic material, will be developed. Next, Hookes law will be specialized for two particular types of anisotropy. First, for orthotropic materials, and then for transversely isotropic materials. Attention will then be focussed on strains caused by uniform changes in temperature or moisture content. As before, relationships for anisotropic materials will be developed rst, and will then be specialized to the case of orthotropic and transversely isotropic materials. Finally, the strains induced by the combined eects of stress, temperature, and moisture will be discussed. 1 STRAINS INDUCED BY STRESS: ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS A review of the stress and strain tensors has been provided in Chap. 2. Stress is a symmetrical second-order tensor. In tensoral notation, stress is written as
167

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rij, where subscripts i and j take on values of x, y, and z. Alternatively, the stress tensor can be written using matrix notation as: 2 3 rxx rxy rxz 1 rij 4 ryx ryy ryz 5 rzx rzy rzz Because the stress tensor is symmetrical (i.e., ryx=rxy, rzx=rxz, and rzy = ryz), only six independent stress components appear in Eq. (1). Similarly, strain is a symmetrical second-order tensor eij and can be written as: 3 2 3 2 exx cxy =2 cxz =2 exx exy exz 7 6 6 eyy cyz =2 7 2 eij 4 eyx eyy eyz 5 4 cyx =2 5 ezz czx =2 czy =2 ezx ezy ezz Only six independent strain components appear in Eq. (2). Also, the tensoral shear strain components equal one-half the more commonly used engineering shear strain components, that is, exy eyx cxy cyx cyz czy c c ; exz ezx xz zx ; eyz ezy 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

For any elastic solid, the strain and stress tensors are related as follows (assuming temperature and moisture content remain constant): eij Sijkl rkl 4

All subscripts that appear in Eq. (4) take on values of x, y, and z. Equation (4) is called generalized Hookes law, and is valid for any elastic solid under constant environmental conditions. It is seen that the strain and stress tensors are related via the fourth-order compliance tensor Sijkl. Because strains are unitless quantities, from Eq. (4), it is seen that the units of Sijkl are 1/ (stress) (i.e., either 1/Pa or 1/psi). Because the compliance tensor is described using four subscripts and because each subscript may take on three distinct value (e.g., x, y, or z), it would initially appear that 34=81 independent terms appear within the compliance tensor. However, due to symmetry of both the strain and stress tensors, it will be shown below that the compliance tensor consists of (at most) 36 material constants. It will be very convenient to express Eq. (4) using matrix notation. However, because Sijkl is a fourth-order tensor (and hence can be viewed as having four dimensions), we cannot expand Sijkl as a two-dimensional

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matrix directly. To expand Eq. (4), we must rst dene the components of stress and strain using contracted notation, as follows: exx ! e1 eyy ! e2 ezz ! e3 cyz czy ! e4 cxz czx ! e5 cxy cyx ! e6 rxx ! r1 ryy ! r2 rzz ! r3 ryz rzy ! r4 rxz rzx ! r5 rxy ryx ! r6

Notice that the symmetry of the strain and stress tensors (cyz=cxz, etc.) is embedded within the very denition of contracted notation. Also note that the shear strain components (e4, e5, and e6) represent engineering shear strains, rather than tensoral shear strains. Based on this change in notation, we can now write Eq. (4) as: ej Sij rj where i; j 16 6

In contracted notation, the strain and stress tensors are expressed with a single subscript (i.e., ei and rj), and hence in Eq. (6), they appear to be rstorder tensors. This is, of course, not the case. Both strain and stress are second-order tensors. We are able to write them as using contracted notation only because they are both symmetrical tensors. Similarly, contracted notation allows us to refer to individual components of the fourth-order compliance tensor expressed using only two subscripts. We will henceforth refer to Sij as the compliance matrix, and the use of contracted notation will be implied. Expanding Eq. (6), we have: 8 9 2 S11 > e1 > > > > > >e > 6S > 2 > 6 21 > > > > 6 > > <e = 6S 3 31 6 6S > > > e4 > 6 41 > > 6 > > >e > 4S > 5> 51 > > > > : ; e6 S61 S12 S22 S32 S42 S52 S62 S13 S23 S33 S43 S53 S63 S14 S24 S34 S44 S54 S64 S15 S25 S35 S45 S55 S65 38 9 S16 > r1 > > > > > S26 7> r2 > > > 7> > > > 7> > S36 7< r3 = 7 S46 7> r4 > 7> > > > 7> > > > S56 5> r5 > > > > > : ; S66 r6

In contracted notation, the compliance matrix has six rows and six columns, so it is now clear that it consists of 36 independent material constants (at most), as previously stated. Furthermore, through a consideration of strain energy, it can be shown [1] that the compliance matrix must

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itself be symmetrical. That is, all terms in symmetrical o-diagonal positions must be equal: S21 S12 S31 S13 S41 S14 S51 S15 S61 S16 S32 S23 S42 S24 S52 S25 S62 S26 S43 S34 S53 S35 S63 S36 S54 S45 S64 S46 S65 S56 8

Hence, although the compliance matrix for an anisotropic composite consists of 36 material constants, only 21 of these constants are independent. Substituting the original strain and stress terms (dened in Eq. (5)) into Eq. (7), we have: 9 2 9 8 38 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 > rxx > > exx > > > > > > 6 > > > >e > > > yy > 6 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 7> ryy > > > > > 7> > 6 > > > > > 7> = < e > 6S 7< rzz = S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 31 zz 7 6 9 > cyz > 6 S41 S42 S43 S44 S45 S46 7> ryz > > 6 > > 7> > 6 > > > > > 7> >c > 4S > xz > > > > S52 S53 S54 S55 S56 5> rxz > 51 > > > > > > > > ; ; : : cxy S61 S62 S63 S64 S65 S66 rxy The individual constants that appear in the compliance matrix can be easily related to the material properties dened in Chap. 3 by invoking the principal of superposition. That is, because we have restricted our attention to linear elastic behavior, an individual component of strain caused by several stress components acting simultaneously can be obtained by adding the strain caused by each stress component acting independently. For example, the strains exx caused by each stress component independently are given by: 1 rxx rxx causes from Eq: 3:1 exx Exx myx ryy causes from Eq: 3:6 exx ryy Eyy mzx rzz causes from Eq: 3:7 exx rzz Ezz gyz;xx syz causes from Eq: 3:14 exx syz Gyz gxz;xx sxz causes from Eq: 3:13 exx sxz Gxz gxy;xx sxy causes from Eq: 3:12 exx sxy Gxy

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To determine the strain exx induced if all stress components act simultaneously, simply add up the contribution to exx caused by each stress individually, to obtain: exx        gyz;xx myx 1 mzx rxx ryy rzz syz Exx Eyy Ezz Gyz     gxy;xx gxz;xx sxz sxy Gxz Gxy 

10a

Using an identical procedure, the remaining ve strain components caused by an arbitrary combination of stresses are:  eyy        gxz;yy mxy mzy 1 rxx ryy rzz syz Exx Ezz Gyz Eyy     gxz;yy gxy;yy sxz sxy Gxz Gxy

10b

 ezz

       gyz;zz myz mxz 1 rxx ryy rzz syz Ezz Exx Eyy Gyz     gxy;zz gxz;zz sxz sxy Gxz Gxy

10c

       gxx;yz gyy;yz gzz;yz 1 cyz rxx ryy rzz syz Gyz Exx Eyy Ezz     lxz;yz lxy;yz sxz sxy Gxz Gxy  cxz        gyy;xz lyz;xz gxx;xz gzz;xz rxx ryy rzz syz Exx Eyy Ezz Gyz     lxy;xz 1 sxz sxy Gxz Gxy        gxx;xy gyy;xy gzz;xy lyz;xy rxx ryy rzz syz Exx Eyy Ezz Gyz     lxz;xy 1 sxz sxy Gxy Gxz

10d

10e

 cxy

10f

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Equation (10a)(10f) can be assembled in matrix form:            38 9 2  9 8 gyz;xx gxy;xx gxz;xx myx 1 mzx >e > >r > > xx > > xx > > 6 > > > 7> > > > E E G G G > 6 Exx > > > > > >   yy   zz   yz   xz   xy  7> > 6 > > > 7> > > > > 6 mxy > > gyz;yy gxz;yy gxy;yy 7> mzy 1 > > > > > eyy > 6 > ryy > 7> > > > > 6 Exx > > > > > > Eyy Ezz Gyz Gxz Gxy 7> > 6 > > > > > >            7> > > > 7> > 6 mxz > > > gyz;zz gxy;zz 7> gxz;zz myz 1 > 6 > >e > >r > > > zz > 6 > zz > = = < 7< 6  Exx   Eyy   Ezz   Gyz   Gxz   Gxy  7 pc 6 7 gyy;yz gzz;yz lxz;yz lxy;yz 7> > > 1 > c > 6 gxx;yz > > > yz > 6 > 7> syz > > 6 > > > > > > Gyz Eyy Ezz Gxz Gxy 7> > 6 Exx > > > > > > 7> > > > >            7> > 6 g > > > 6 xx;xz > > gyy;xz lyz;xz lxy;xz 7> gzz;xz 1 > > > > > cxz > 6 > > > > 7> sxz > > > > 6 Exx > > > > Gxz Eyy Ezz Gyz Gxy 7> > > > 6 > > > > 7>            > > > 4 g > > > > 5> gyy;xy gzz;xy lyz;xy lxz;xy 1 > > > xx;xy >c > >s > : xy ; : xy > ; Gxy Exx Eyy Ezz Gyz Gxz 11 By comparing Eqs. (9) and (11), it can be seen that the individual components of the compliance matrix are directly related to the material properties measured during uniaxial tests or pure shear tests:
S11 S44 1 Exx 1 Gyx myx Eyy mzy Ezz gyz;yy Gyz gxz;xx Gxz gxz;zz Gxz gxy;xx Gxy gxy;zz Gxy lxy;xz Gxy S22 S55 1 Eyy 1 Gxz S31 S13 S33 S66 mxz Exx gxx;yz S41 S14 Exx gzz;yz S43 S34 Ezz gyy;xz S52 S25 Eyy lyz;xz S54 S45 Eyz gyy;xy S62 S26 Eyy lyz;xy S64 S46 Eyz 1 Ezz

mxy Exx myz S32 S23 Eyy gyy;yz S42 S24 Eyy gxx;xz S51 S15 Exx gzz;xz S53 S35 Ezz gxx;xy S61 S16 Exx gzz;xy S63 S36 Ezz lxz;xy S65 S56 Gxz S21 S12

1 Gxy mzx Ezz gyz;xx Gyz gyz;zz Gyz gxz;yy Gxz lxz;yz Gxz gxy;yy Gxy lxy;yz Gxy

12

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Because the compliance matrix must be symmetric, Eq. (12) shows that many of the properties of anisotropic materials are related through the following inverse relationships: myx mxz Exx Eyy myz mzy mxz mzx Exx Ezz Eyy Ezz gxx;yz gyz;xx gyy;yz gyz;yy Exx Gyz Eyy Gyz gxx;xz gxz;xx gyy;yz gyz;yy Exx Gxz Eyy Gyz gxx;xy gxy;xx gyy;xy gxy;yy Exx Gxy Eyy Gxy lxz;xy lxy;xz Gxz Gxy

gzz;yz gyz;zz Ezz Gyz gzz;xz gxz;zz Ezz Gxz gzz;xy gxy;zz Ezz Gxy

13 lyz;xz lxz;yz Gyz Gxz lyz;xy lxy;yz Gyz Gxy

The inverse relationships are very signicant from an experimental point of view because they dramatically reduce the number of tests that must be performed in order to determine the value of the many terms that appear within the compliance matrix of an anisotropic composite. Specically, if the compliance matrix were not symmetrical, and hence if the inverse relationships did not exist, then 36 tests would be required to measure all components of the compliance matrix. The fact that the compliance matrix must be symmetrical reduces the number of tests required to 21. Of course, this is still a large number of tests. Fortunately, because the principal material coordinate system of composites is readily apparent, the elastic properties of composites are usually measured relative to the principal material coordinate system rather than an arbitrary (nonprincipal) coordinate system. As discussed in Sec. 2, this further reduces the number of tests required. The 21 terms within the compliance matrix of an anisotropic composite can then be calculated based on properties measured relative to the principal material coordinate system. Thus far, we have discussed Hookes law in the form of strainstress relationships. That is, given values of the components of stress, we can calculate the resulting strains using Eq. (9) or Eq. (11), for example. In practice, we are often interested in the opposite problem. That is, a common circumstance in practice is that the components of strain induced in a structure have been measured, and we wish to calculate the stresses that caused these strains. In this case, we need a stressstrain form of Hookes law. The stressstrain form of Hookes law can be obtained by simply

Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

inverting previous results. For example, inverting Hookes law given by Eq. (6), we have: ri Cij ej where i; j 16 14

Cij is called the stiness matrix.* The stiness matrix is the mathematical inverse of the compliance matrix Cij=Sij1. In expanded form, Eq. (14) is written as: 8 9 2 38 9 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 > e1 > > r1 > > > > > > > 6 > > >r > > 2 > 6 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 7> e2 > > > > > 7> > > > 6 > > > > 7> > <r = 6C 7 < e3 = C32 C33 C34 C35 C36 31 3 7 6 15 > r4 > 6 C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 7> e4 > > > 6 7> > > > > > > > 6 7> > > r5 > 4 C > > > > C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 5> e5 > 51 > > > > > > > > : ; : ; r6 e6 C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66 The stiness matrix is symmetrical (C21=C12, C31=C13, etc.). The units of each stiness term are the same as stress (either Pa or psi). 2 STRAINS INDUCED BY STRESS: ORTHOTROPIC AND TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MATERIALS As discussed in Sec. 2 of Chap. 3, many of the unusual couplings between stress and strain exhibited by composites referenced to an arbitrary coordinate system do not occur if the stress and strain tensors are referenced to the principal material coordinate system. In this text, a material referenced to an arbitrary (nonprincipal) coordinate system is called anisotropic whereas if the same material is referenced to the principal material coordinate system, it is called either an orthotropic or transversely isotropic material. All of the following coupling terms are zero for orthotropic or transversely isotropic materials:


Coecients of mutual inuence of the second kind: g11;12 g11;13 g11;23 g22;12 g22;13 g22;23 g33;12 g33;13 g33;23 0

* The variable names assigned to the compliance and stiness matrices in this chapter have evolved over many years and are widely used within the structural mechanics community. The reader should note that, unfortunately, the symbol S is customarily used to refer to the compliance matrix, whereas the symbol C is customarily used to refer to the stiness matrix.

Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Coecients of mutual inuence of the rst kind: g12;11 g12;22 g12;23 g13;11 g13;22 g13;33 g23;11 g23;22 g23;33 0

Chentsov coecients: l12;13 l12;23 l13;12 l13;23 l23;12 l23;13 0

Because these coupling terms do not exist, Hookes law for orthotropic or transversely isotropic materials is simplied considerably relative to that of an anisotropic material. For an orthotropic material, Hookes law becomes (compare with Eq. (11)):
9 8 > > > e11 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > e22 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >e > > > 33 > > > = <  m21 6 E22 6 6 6 m21   1  6 6 E E22 6 11 6    6 m23 6 m13 6 6 E11 E22 6 6 > 6 > > >c > 6 > > 23 > 6 0 0 > > > 6 > > > > > > 6 > > 6 > > > > > > > >c > 6 > 13 > 6 0 0 > 6 > > > > 6 > > > > 6 > > > > 4 > > > > > > > > c12 > 0 0 ; : 1 E11 2      m31 E33  0 0 0  1 G23 0 0  0  1 G13 0  0  1 G12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 38 > > > r11 > > > > 7> > > > 7> > > > > 7> > > 7> > > > > 7> r > > 22 > 7> > > > 7> > > > 7> > > > 7> > > > 7> >r > > 7> 33 > > > = 7< 7 7 > 7> > > 7> s > > > 7> 23 > > > > 7> > > > 7> > > > 7> > > > > 7> > 7> s13 > > > > > 7> > > > 7> > >  7> > > > 5> > > > > > s12 > ; :

 m32 E33   1 E33 0 0 0

16

Alternatively, Eq. (16) may be written as: 9 8 > e11 > > > > > > > > > > e22 > > > > > > > > > > >e > = < 33 > 2 S11 S12 S22 S23 0 0 0 S13 S23 S33 0 0 0 0 0 0 S44 0 0 0 0 0 0 S55 0 38 9 > r11 > > > > > 7> > > > 0 7> r22 > > > 7> > > > > 7> > 7> r > = 0 7< 33 > 7 7> > 0 7> s23 > > > > 7> > > > 7> > > 7> s13 > 0 5> > > > > > > > ; : s12 S66 0

6 6 S12 6 6 6S 6 13 6 >c > 6 0 > 23 > 6 > > > 6 > > 6 > > > > > > c13 > 6 0 > 4 > > > > > > > ; : c12 0

17

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The fact that the compliance matrix must be symmetrical (S21=S12, etc.) has been included in Eq. (17). Each compliance term in Eq. (17) is related to the more familiar engineering properties as follows: S11 S44 1 E11 1 G23 S22 S55 m12 m21 E11 E22 m13 m31 E11 E33 m23 m32 E22 E33 1 E22 1 G13 S33 S66 1 E33 1 G12 18

S21 S12 S31 S13 S32 S23

It can be seen that only nine independent material constants exist for an orthotropic material. The set of nine independent constants can be viewed as: S11 ; S22 ; S33 ; S44 ; S55 ; S66 ; S12 ; S13 ; and S23 or, equivalently, as: E11 ; E22 ; E33 ; m12 ; m13 ; m23 ; G12 ; G13 ; and G23 Equation (17) is the strainstress form of Hookes law suitable for use with orthotropic materials. To obtain a stressstrain relationship, Eq. (17) is inverted, resulting in: 9 2 9 8 38 C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 > e11 > > r11 > > > > > > > > > > > > > 0 0 0 7> e22 > > r22 > 6 C12 C22 C23 > 6 > > 7> > 6 > > <r = 7< e > 0 0 0 7 33 = 6 C13 C23 C33 33 6 19 7 > s23 > 6 0 0 0 7> c23 > 0 0 C44 > 6 > > > > > > > 7> > >s > 4 > 13 > 0 5> c13 > 0 0 0 0 C55 > > > > > > > > ; ; : : s12 c12 0 0 0 0 0 C66 Individual components within the stiness matrix for an orthotropic material are related to the compliance terms as follows: C11 C22 C44 S22 S33 S2 23 S S11 S33 S2 13 S 1 S44 C12 C23 C55 S13 S23 S12 S33 S S12 S13 S11 S23 S 1 S55 C13 C33 C66 S12 S33 S13 S22 S S11 S22 S2 12 S 1 S66 20

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where: S S11 S22 S33 S11 S2 S22 S2 S33 S2 2S12 S13 S23 23 13 12 Alternatively, the stiness terms may be calculated using the elastic properties described in Sec. 2 of Chap. 3: C11 C13 C23 E22 m2 E33 E2 23 11 X m12 m23 m13 E11 E22 E33 X m23 E11 m12 m13 E22 E22 E33 X C55 G13 C12 C22 C33 m12 E22 m13 m23 E33 E11 E22 X 2 E11 m13 E33 E2 22 X 21 2 E11 m12 E22 E22 E33 X

C44 G23 where:

C66 G12

X E11 E22 m2 E2 m2 E22 E33 m2 E11 E33 2m12 m13 m23 E22 E33 12 22 13 23 Hookes law for transversely isotropic materials is simplied furthermore because in this case, E22=E33, m12=m13, m21=m31, m23=m32, and G12=G13. Also, it can also be easily shown that for transversely isotropic E22 composites, G23 21m . Hence, for transversely isotropic composites, Eq. 23 (16) reduces to:
     38 9 1 m21 m21 > > 0 0 0 7> r11 > > > 6 E11 > > E E > 6 7> > >   22   22  > > 6 m 7> > > > 1 m32 6 7> 21 > > r22 > 0 0 0 7> 6 > > 7> 6 E11 > > E22 E22 > 7> 6 > >      > > > 7> 6 m12 m23 1 > > 6 > > 0 0 0 7> r33 > = 7< 6 E E22 E22 11 7 6   6 7 > 6 > > 7> 21 m23 >c > 6 > > 23 > > 0 0 7> s23 > 0 0 0 > 6 > > > > > > 7> G22 > 6 > > > > > > 7> > 6 > > >   > > > 7> > 6 > > 1 > >c > 7> s13 > > > 13 > 6 0 7> 0 0 0 0 > > > > > > > > > 6 > > > G12 7> > 6 > > > > >   7> > 4 > > > > > >c > > 1 5> s > > > 12 > > 12 > ; ; : : 0 0 0 0 0 G12 9 8 >e > > 11 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > e22 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > e33 > > > = < 2 

22

which may also be written as: 9 2 8 S11 S12 S12 > e11 > > > > > > > > e22 > 6 S12 S22 S23 > 6 > > = <e > 6S 6 12 S23 S22 33 6 > c23 > 6 0 0 0 > 6 > > > > > > c13 > 4 0 > > 0 0 > > ; : c12 0 0 0

0 0 0 2S22 S23 0 0

0 0 0 0 S66 0

9 38 0 > r11 > > > > > 0 7> r22 > > > > 7> = < 7> r > 0 7 33 7 0 7> s23 > > > > 7> > > > > 0 5> s13 > > > ; : s12 S66

23

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It can be seen that only ve independent material constants exist for a transversely isotropic material. The set of ve independent constants can be viewed as: S11 ; S22 ; S66 ; S12 ; and S23 or, equivalently, as: E11 ; E22 ; m12 ; m23 ; and G12 Equation (23) is the strainstress form of Hookes law suitable for use with transversely isotropic composites. To obtain a stressstrain relationship, Eq. (23) is inverted, resulting in: 8 9 2 9 38 C11 C12 C12 0 0 0 > e11 > > r11 > > > > > > > > > > > r22 > 6 C12 C22 C23 > 6 > 0 0 0 7> e22 > 7> > > > > > 6 > > > > > > 7> > 6 > > <r = 7< e > 0 0 0 7 33 = 33 6 C12 C23 C22 6 7 > s23 > 6 0 0 7> c23 > 0 0 2C22 C23 0 > 6 > > > > > > 7> > 6 > >s > > 7> c > > > 13 > 4 0 > 13 > > > > > 0 0 0 C66 0 5> > > > > > > > ; ; : : s12 c12 0 0 0 0 0 C66 24 Individual components within the stiness matrix for a transversely isotropic composite are related to the compliance terms, as follows: C11 C23 where: V S11 S22 S23 2S2 12 Alternatively, the stiness terms may be calculated using the elastic properties described in Sec. 2 of Chap. 3: C11 C23 E2 1 m23 m12 E11 E22 E22 E11 m2 E22 11 12 C12 C22 X X1 m23 X E22 m23 E11 m2 E22 C22 C23 E22 12 C44 C66 C12 X1 m23 2 21 m23 26 where: X E11 1 m23 2m2 E22 12 S22 S33 X 2 S S11 S23 12 XS22 S23 C12 C66 S12 X 1 S66 C22 S11 S22 S2 12 XS22 S23

25

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Example Problem 1 The properties of a composite material are known to be: E11 170 GPa m12 0:30 G12 13 GPa E22 10 GPa m13 0:35 G13 10 GPa E33 8 GPa m23 0:40 G23 8 GPa

Note that nine distinct material properties have been specied, indicating that this composite material is orthotropic. Determine the strains caused by the following state of stress: 9 9 8 8 > r11 > > 350 MPa > > > > > > > > r > > 35 MPa > > > 22 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > < r = < 15 MPa = 33 > s23 > > 30 MPa > > > > > > > > > > > > s > > 10 MPa > > > 13 > > > > > > > > > > > > ; ; : : 25 MPa s12 Solution. Because the composite is orthotropic, strains are calculated using Eq. (17), where each term within the compliance matrix is calculated using Eq. (18): S11 S33 S55 1 1 5:88 12 E11 170 GPa 10 Pa S22 S44 S66 1 1 100:0 12 E22 10 GPa 10 GPa

1 1 125:0 E33 8 GPa 1012 Pa 1 1 100 G13 10 GPa 1012 Pa m12 0:030 1:76 12 E11 170 GPa 10 Pa m23 0:40 40:0 10 GPa 1012 Pa E22

1 1 125:0 G23 8 GPa 1012 Pa 1 1 76:9 G12 13 GPa 1012 Pa m13 0:35 2:06 12 E11 170 GPa 10 Pa

S21 S12 S32 S23

S31 S13

In this case, Eq. (17) becomes: 9 2 8 5:88 1:76 > e11 > > > > > > > > e22 > 6 1:76 100:0 > 6 > = 6 < 2:06 40:0 e33 6 0 > c23 > 6 0 > 6 > > >c > 4 0 0 > > 13 > > > ; : 0 0 c12 2:06 40:0 125:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 125:0 0 0 100:0 0 0 3 0 0 7 7  1 0 7 7 0 7 1012 Pa 7 0 5 76:9

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8 8 9 9 > 350 > > 1966 Am=m > > > > > > > > > 35 > > 2284 Am=m > > > > > > > > > > < = < = 15 246 Am=m 6 10 Pa > > > 3750 Arad > > 30 > > > > > > 10 > > > 1000 Arad > > > > > > > > > > ; : ; : 25 1923 Arad Example Problem 2 The properties of a composite material are known to be: E11 25 Msi m12 m13 0:30 G12 G13 2:0 Msi E22 E33 1:5 Msi m23 0:40

Note that only ve distinct material properties have been specied, indicating that this composite material is transversely isotropic. Determine the strains caused by the following state of stress: 9 8 9 8 > r11 > > 50 ksi > > > > > > > > > > > > > > r22 > > 5 ksi > > > > > = < = < 2 ksi r33 > s23 > > 4 ksi > > > > > > > s13 > > 1:5 ksi > > > > > > > > > > > > : ; : ; 3:5 ksi s12 Solution. Because the composite is transversely isotropic, strains are calculated using Eq. (22). Individual terms within the compliance matrix are: S11 S44 1 1 40:0 E11 25 Msi 109 psi S22 S33 1 1 667 E22 1:5 Msi 109 psi

1 21 m23 21 0:40 1866 9 G23 E22 1:5 Msi 10 psi 1 1 500 G12 2:0 Msi 109 psi m12 0:30 12:0 25 Msi 109 psi E11

S55 S66

S12 S21 S13 S31 S23 S32

m23 0:40 266 9 1:5 Msi 10 psi E22

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Equation (17) becomes: 9 2 8 3 40:0 12:0 12:0 0 0 0 > e11 > > > > > > e22 > 6 12:0 667 266 0 0 0 7 > 6 > > > 7  = 6 < 1 12:0 266 667 0 0 0 7 e33 7 6 0 0 800 0 0 7 109 psi > c23 > 6 0 > 6 > 7 > >c > 4 0 > 0 0 0 500 0 5 > 13 > > > : ; 0 0 0 0 0 500 c12 9 8 8 9 > 50 > > 1966 Ain:=in: > > > > > > > > > 5 > > 2203 Ain:=in: > > > > > > > > > > < = < = 2 596 Ain:=in: 3 10 psi > 4 > > 3200 Arad > > > > > > > > > 1:5 > > > 750 Arad > > > > > > > > > : ; : ; 1750 Arad 3:5 Example Problem 3 An orthotropic composite is subjected to a state of stress that causes the following state of strain: 9 9 8 8 > e11 > > 1500 Am=m > > > > > > > > > > e22 > > 2000 Am=m > > > > > > > > > = = < < 1000 Am=m e33 > c23 > > 2500 Arad > > > > > > > > > > c > > 500 Arad > > > 13 > > > > > > ; ; : : 2000 Arad c12 Determine the stresses that caused these strains (use material properties listed in Example Problem 1). Solution. Because the composite is orthotropic, stresses are calculated using Eq. (19). The stiness matrix can be obtained by: (a) inverting the compliance matrix determined as a part of Example Problem 1, (b) through the use of Eq. (20), or (c) through the use of Eq. (21). All three methods are entirely equivalent, and which procedure is selected for use is simply a matter of convenience. Equation (21) will be used in this example: X E11 E22 m2 E2 m2 E22 E33 m2 E11 E33 2m12 m13 m23 E22 E33 12 22 13 23 X f17010 0:302 102 0:352 108 0:402 1708 20:300:350:40108gGPa2 X 1457GPa2

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C11

E22 m2 E33 E2 f10 GPa 0:402 8 GPag170 GPa2 23 11 X 1457GPa2 172:98 GPa m12 E22 m13 m23 E33 E11 E22 X f0:3010 GPa 0:350:408 GPag170 GPa10 GPa 1457GPa2 m12 m23 m13 E11 E22 E33 X f0:300:40 0:35170 GPag10 GPa8 GPa 1457GPa2

C12

4:808 GPa C13

4:387 GPa C22 E11 m2 E33 E2 f170 GPa 0:352 8 GPag10 GPa 13 22 X 1457GPa2 11:602 GPa m23 E11 m12 m13 E22 E22 E33 X f0:40170 GPa 0:350:3510 GPag10 GPa8 GPa 1457GPa2

C23

3:792 GPa C33

E11 m2 E22 E22 E33 12 X f170 GPa 0:302 10 GPag10 GPa8 GPa 1457GPa2 C55 G13 10 GPa

9:286 GPa

C44 G23 8 GPa

C66 G12 13 GPa

Applying Eq. (19), the stresses are: 9 2 8 172:98 > r11 > > > > > > r22 > 6 4:808 > 6 > > > = 6 < 4:387 r33 6 s23 > 6 0 > 6 > > > > > s13 > 4 0 > > > > ; : 0 s12 4:808 11:602 3:792 0 0 0 4:387 3:792 9:286 0 0 0 0 0 0 8:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10:0 0 3 0 0 7 7 0 7 7GPa 0 7 7 0 5 13:0

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8 9 8 9 > 1500 Am=m > > 245:5 MPa > > > > > > > > > 2000 Am=m > > 19:78 MPa > > > > > > > > > > < = < = 1000 Am=m 10:29 MPa > 2500 Arad > > 20:0 MPa > > > > > > > 500 Arad > > 5:00 MPa > > > > > > > > > > > > ; : : ; 2000 Arad 26:0 MPa Example Problem 4 A transversely isotropic composite is subjected to a state of stress that causes the following state of strain: 8 9 8 9 > e11 > > 1250 Ain:=in: > > > > > > > > > > > > > > e22 > > 1000 Ain:=in: > > > > > < = < = e33 500 Ain:=in: > c23 > > 2500 Arad > > > > > > > > > > c > > 1000 Arad > > 13 > > > > > > > : ; : ; c12 2000 Arad Determine the stresses that caused these strains (use material properties listed in Example Problem 2) Solution. Because the composite is transversely isotropic, stresses are calculated using Eq. (24). The stiness matrix can be obtained by: (a) inverting the compliance matrix determined as a part of Example Problem 2, (b) through the use of Eq. (25), or (c) through the use of Eq. (26). All three methods are entirely equivalent, and which procedure is selected for use is simply a matter of convenience. Equation (26) will be used in this example: X E11 1 m23 2m2 E22 12 X 25 Msi1 0:40 20:302 1:5 Msi 14:73 Msi C11 C12 C22 E2 1 m23 25 Msi2 1 0:40 11 25:46 Msi X 14:73 Msi

m12 E11 E22 0:3025 Msi1:5 Msi 0:7637 Msi X 14:73 Msi 2 E22 E11 m2 E22 1:5 Msi 25 Msi 0:30 1:5 Msi 12 X1 m23 14:73 Msi1 0:40 1:809 Msi E22 m23 E11 m2 E22 12 X1 m23

C23

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 1:5 Msi 0:4025 Msi 0:302 1:5 Msi 0:7372 Msi 14:73Msi1 0:40 C44 E22 1:5 Msi 0:5357 Msi 21 m23 21 0:40

C66 G12 2:0 Msi Applying Eq. (24), the stresses are: 8 9 2 25:46 0:7637 0:7637 0 0 > r11 > > > > > > > 0 0 > r22 > 6 0:7637 1:809 0:07372 > > 6 < = 6 0:7637 0:7372 1:809 0 0 r33 6 0 0 0:5357 0 > s23 > 6 0 > > 6 > > > s13 > 4 0 0 0 0 2:0 > > > > ; : 0 0 0 0 0 s12 9 8 9 8 > 1250 Ain:=in: > > 32:97 ksi > > > > > > > > > > 1000 Ain:=in: > > 3:13 ksi > > > > > > > > > = = < < 2:60 ksi 500 Ain:=in: > 2500 Arad > > 1:34 ksi > > > > > > > > > > 1000 Arad > > 2:00 ksi > > > > > > > > > ; ; : : 4:00 ksi 2000 Arad 3 0 0 7 7 0 7 7Msi 0 7 7 0 5 2:0

3 STRAINS INDUCED BY A CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE OR MOISTURE CONTENT Material properties relating strains to a uniform change in temperature and a uniform change in moisture content were dened in Secs. 3 and 4 of Chap. 3, respectively. For anisotropic materials, strains caused by a change in temperature are given by Eq. (3.22), repeated here for convenience: 2 eT xx 6 eT 4 yx eT zx eT xy eT yy eT zy 3 2 axx eT xz 6a T 7 eyz 5 DT4 yx eT azx zz axy ayy azy 3 axz ayz 7 5 azz

repeated3:22

Similarly, strains caused by a change in moisture content are given by Eq. (3.25), repeated here for convenience: 2 eM xx cM zx cM xy eM yy cM zy cM xz eM zz 3 2 bxx bxz bxy byy byz bxz bzz 3 repeated3:25

6 cM 4 yx

cM 7 DM6 bxy 4 yz 5

byz 7 5

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As before, the strain tensors must be symmetric. This allows the use of contracted notation, and hence Eqs. (3.22) and (3.25) can be written in the form of column arrays: 8 T 9 8 9 8 M9 8 9 > exx > > axx > > exx > > bxx > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > eT > > ayy > > eM > >b > > > yy > > > yy > > yy > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > T > > > M> > = <e = <a = <e = <b > zz zz zz zz DT and DT 27 > cT > > ayz > > cM > > byz > > > > yx > > > yx > > > > > > > > > > > T > > > M> > >c > >a > >c > >b > > > > xz > > xz > > xz > > xz > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > T > > > M> > ; ; :c ; : :c ; :b > axy xy xy xy In the case of an orthotropic material a12=a13=a23=b12=b13= b23=0, and Eq. (27) becomes: 8 9 9 8 T 9 8 M9 8 >a11 > > e11 > > e11 > > > > b11 > > > > > > > > > > T > > M> > > > >a > >e > >e > >b > > > 22 > > 22 > > 22 > > 22 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > T > > M> > > > = <e = <e > <a = <b > = 33 33 33 33 and 28 DT DT > 23 > > cM > > > > 0 > > > cT > > 23 > >0 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > T > > M> > >0 > > 0 > >c > >c > > > > > > 13 > > > 13 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > : : T ; : M; ; : ; c12 c12 0 0 In addition to these simplications, for a transversely isotropic material with symmetry in the 23 plane, a33=a22 and b33=b22. Hence, for a transversely isotropic material, Eq. (28) becomes: 8 9 8 T 9 >a11 > > e11 > > > > > > > T > > > >e > > >a > > 22 > > 22 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > T > > > <e = <a = 22 33 DT > cT > >0 > > > > > > 23 > > > > > > > T > > > > > > > > > c13 > >0 > > > > > > > > : T > ; > > : ; c12 0 9 8 M9 8 > e11 > > b11 > > > > > > M> > >e > >b > > > 22 > > 22 > > > > > > > > > > > > > M> > <e > = = <b > 22 33 DT > cM > > 0 > > > > > > 23 > > > > > > > > M> > > > > > > > c13 > > 0 > > > > > > > > ; : M> ; : c12 0

and

29

4 STRAINS INDUCED BY COMBINED EFFECTS OF STRESS, TEMPERATURE, AND MOISTURE The strains induced by stress under constant environmental conditions for anisotropic materials were discussed in Sec. 1, and a similar discussion for the case of orthotropic and transversely isotropic materials was presented in

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Sec. 2. Strains induced by a uniform change in temperature or moisture content in the absence of stress was discussed for all three material classications in Sec. 3. We will now consider the strains induced if all of these mechanisms occur simultaneously. That is, we wish to consider the strains induced by the combined eects of stress, a uniform change in temperature, and a uniform change in moisture content. We will call this the total strain. Rigorously speaking, the total strain tensor (eij) is a nonlinear coupled function of these three mechanisms: eij fr; T; M The function f( ) is a nonlinear function of stress, temperature, and moisture content, even though we have limited our attention to linear relationships between strain and these three mechanisms. That is, we have dened:


Youngs modulus as the slope of linear region of the stressstrain curve (Sec. 2 of Chap. 3)  The coecient of thermal expansion (CTE) as the slope of the linear region of the strainDT curve (Sec. 3 of Chap. 3)  The coecient of moisture expansion (CME) as the slope of the linear region of the strainDT curve (Sec. 4 of Chap. 3). Despite these assumptions of linearity, the strain response may still be a coupled function of stress, temperature, and moisture because a change in one variable may cause a change in the other two. For example, for all polymerbased materials, an increase in temperature will ordinarily cause a decrease in Youngs modulus. Similarly, an increase in moisture content often causes an increase in CTEs and a decrease in Youngs modulus. These coupling eects are ignored throughout this text. It is assumed that the strain response is an uncoupled function of stress, temperature, and moisture. For example, we assume that Youngs modulus is measured under some standard environmental condition (say, at room temperature and 0% moisture content), and that subsequent changes in temperature or moisture content are relatively modest such that Youngs modulus may be assumed to remain constant. Based on these assumptions, the total strain tensor induced in a structure is simply the sum of the strains induced by each of mechanism acting independently: eij er eT eM ij ij ij 30

The superscripts j, T, and M used in Eq. (30) indicate that the individual components of strain are caused by the application of stress, by a uniform

Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

change in temperature, and by a uniform change in moisture content, respectively. Based on this assumption, for anisotropic materials, the total strain is obtained by superimposing Eqs. (9) and (27): 8 9 2 S11 > exx > > >e > 6 > yy > > > > 6 S21 > <e > 6 = S zz 6 31 > > 6 > cyz > 6 S41 > > > cxz > 4 S51 > > > > ; : cxy S61 S12 S13 S14 S15 S22 S23 S24 S25 S32 S33 S34 S35 S42 S43 S44 S45 S52 S53 S54 S55 S62 S63 S64 S65 8 8 9 9 > axx > > bxx > > > >a > >b > > > yy > > yy > > > > > > > > > = = < <b > azz zz DT DM > ayz > > byz > > > > > > > > axz > > > bxz > > > > > > > > > > : : ; ; bxy axy 9 38 S16 > rxx > > >r > > S26 7> yy > > > > 7> < = S36 7 rzz 7 S46 7> syz > > 7> > > S56 5> sxz > > > > > ; : sxy S66

31

Equation (31) allows the prediction of the strains induced by the simultaneous eects of stress and uniform changes in temperature and/or moisture content. In practice, the inverse problem is often encountered. That is, a common circumstance is that the strains, the change in temperature, and the change in moisture content have been measured, and we wish to calculate stresses. This can be accomplished by inverting Eq. (31) according to the laws of matrix algebra, resulting in: 8 9 2 3 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 > rxx > > >r > 6 > > yy > > > 6 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 7 > > 7 < = 6 7 rzz 6 C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 C36 7 syz > 6 C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 7 > > 6 > 7 > > sxz > 4 C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 5 > > > > > : ; sxy C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66 9 8 > exx DTaxx DMbxx > > > > > > > > eyy DTayy DMbyy > > > > > > > > = < ezz DTazz DMb > zz 32 > cyz DTayz DMbyz > > > > > > > c DTa DMb > > > xz xz > > xz > > > > : c DTa DMb > ;
xy xy xy

where the stiness matrix Cij=Sij1, as discussed in Sec. 1.

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Following an analogous procedure, the strains induced in an orthotropic material by the combined eects of stress, a uniform change in temperature, and/or a uniform change in moisture content can be found by superimposing Eqs. (17) and (28): 8 9 2 S11 > e11 > > > > > e22 > 6 S12 > > > 6 > > < = 6 e33 S 6 13 > c23 > 6 0 > > 6 > >c > 4 0 > 13 > > > > : ; c12 0 9 38 S13 0 0 0 > r11 > > > > > S23 0 0 0 7> r22 > > > > 7> < = S33 0 0 0 7 r33 7 0 S44 0 0 7> s23 > > 7> > > 0 0 S55 0 5> s13 > > > > > : ; s12 0 0 0 S66 8 9 8 9 > a11 > > b11 > > > > > > > > > a22 > > b22 > > > > > > > > > > < = < = a33 b33 DT DM > 0 > > 0 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 0 > > 0 > > > > > : : ; ; 0 0 S12 S22 S23 0 0 0 3 0 0 7 7 7 0 7 7 0 7 7 7 0 5 C66

33

Inverting Eq. (33), we obtain: 8 9 2 0 0 C11 C12 C13 > r11 > > > > > r22 > 6 C > > > 6 12 C22 C23 0 0 > > > > > > <r = 6C 6 13 C23 C33 0 0 33 6 6 0 > s23 > 6 0 0 C44 0 > > > > > >s > 6 0 > 4 > 13 > 0 0 0 C55 > > > > : ; 0 0 0 0 0 s12 8 9 > e11 DTa11 DMb11 > > > > > > > > e22 DTa22 DMb22 > > > > > = < e33 DTa33 DMb33 > > c23 > > > > > > > > > > c13 > > ; : c12

34

As discussed in preceding chapters, an implicit assumption in Eqs. (33) and (34) is that the strain tensor, stress tensor, and material properties are all referenced to the principal material coordinate system of the orthotropic material (i.e., the 123 coordinate system). If an orthotropic is referenced to a nonprincipal material coordinate system, then the relation between strain, stress, temperature, and moisture content is given by Eq. (31) or Eq. (32).

Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Finally, the strains induced in a transversely isotropic material by the combined eects of stress, a uniform change in temperature, and/or a uniform change in moisture content can be found by superimposing Eqs. (23) and (29): 9 2 9 8 38 S11 S12 S12 0 0 0 > r11 > > e11 > > > > > > > > > > > 6 > > e22 > 6 S12 S22 S23 0 0 0 7> r22 > 7> > > > > > 6 > > > > > > 7> > 6 > > = <e = 7< r > 0 0 0 7 33 33 6 S12 S23 S22 6 7 > c23 > 6 0 0 7> s23 > 0 0 2S22 S23 0 > 6 > > > > > > 7> > 6 > > > > 7> s > > > c13 > 4 0 > 13 > > > > > 0 0 0 S66 0 5> > > > > > > > ; ; : : s12 c12 0 0 0 0 0 S66 9 9 8 8 > a11 > > b11 > > > > > > > > > > a22 > > b22 > > > > > > > > > = = < < a22 b22 DT DM > 0 > > 0 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 0 > > 0 > > > > > ; ; : : 0 0 Inverting Eq. (35), we have: 8 9 2 0 C11 C12 C13 > r11 > > > > > r22 > 6 C12 C22 C23 > 0 > > 6 > > < = 6 r33 0 6 C12 C23 C22 0 0 C22 C23 =2 s23 > 6 0 > > 6 > > > s13 > 4 0 > 0 0 0 > > > > : ; s12 0 0 0 0 9 8 > e11 DTa11 DMb11 > > > > > > > > e22 DTa22 DMb22 > > > = < e33 DTa22 DMb22 c23 > > > > > > > > c13 > > > > ; : c12 3 0 0 7 7 0 7 7 0 7 7 0 5 C66

35

0 0 0 0 C66 0

36

Once again, Eqs. (35) and (36) are valid only if referenced to the principal material coordinate system of the transversely isotropic material (i.e., the 123 coordinate system). If a transversely isotropic material is referenced to a nonprincipal material coordinate system, then the relation between strain, stress, temperature, and moisture content is given by Eq. (31) or Eq. (32).

Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

HOMEWORK PROBLEMS An anisotropic material with the following properties is considered in problems 14: Exx 100 GPa vxy 0:20 Gxy 60 GPa gxx;xy 0:30 gyy;xy 0:60 gzz;xy 0:20 lxy;xz 0:10 axx 5 Am=m jC axy 5 Arad=jC bxy 150 Arad=%M Eyy 200 GPa vxz 0:25 Gxz 75 GPa gxx;xz 0:25 gyy;xz 0:75 gzz;xz 0:05 lxy;yz 0:05 ayy 10 Am=m jC axz 15 Arad=jC Ezz 75 GPa vyz 0:60 Gyz 50 GPa gxx;yz 0:30 gyy;yz 0:20 gzz;yz 0:15 gxz;yz 0:10 azz 20 Am=m jC ayz 25 Arad=jC bzz 1200 Am=m%M

bxx 300 Am=m%M byy 60 Am=m%M

bxz 1000 Arad=%M byz 350 Arad=%M

1. Calculate the compliance matrix, Sij. 2. Calculate the stiness matrix, Cij=Sij 1. (Perform this calculation using a suitable software package such as Maple, Matlab, Mathematica, etc.) 3. Consider the following stress tensor: rxx rij 4 ryx rzx 2 rxy ryy rzy 3 2 rxz 75 ryz 5 4 10 rzz 25 10 90 30 3 25 30 5 MPa 25

(a) Calculate the strains induced by this stress tensor, assuming no change in temperature or moisture content (i.e., assume DT=DM=0). (b) Calculate the strains induced by this stress tensor and a temperature increase of 100jC (assume DM=0). (c) Calculate the strains induced by this stress tensor and a 2% increase in moisture content (assume DT=0). (d) Calculate the strains induced by this stress tensor, a temperature increase of 100jC, and a 2% increase in moisture content.

Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4. Consider the following strains: exx 1500 Am=m cxy 750 Arad (a) eyy 2000 Am=m cxz 500 Arad ezz 1750 Am=m cyz 850 Arad

Calculate the stress tensor that caused these strains, assuming no change in temperature or moisture content (i.e., assuming DT=DM=0). (b) Calculate the stress tensor that caused these strains, if these strains were caused by the simultaneous eects of stress and a temperature decrease of 100jC (assume DM=0). (c) Calculate the stress tensor that caused these strains, if these strains were caused by the simultaneous eects of stress, a temperature decrease of 100jC, and a 2% increase in moisture content.

An orthotropic material with the following properties is considered in problems 58: E11 100 GPa m12 0:20 G12 60 GPa a11 1 Am=mjC b11 100 Am=m%M E22 200 GPa m13 0:25 G13 75 GPa a22 25 Am=mjC b22 600 Am=m%M E33 75 GPa m23 0:60 G23 50 GPa a33 15 Am=mjC b33 1000 Am=m%M

5. Calculate the compliance matrix, Sij. 6. Calculate the stiness matrix, Cij. 7. Consider the following stress tensor: 2 6 rij 4 r21 r31 (a) r11 r12 r22 r32 2 75 10 7 4 r23 5 10 90 25 30 r33 r13 3 3 25 30 5 MPa 25

Calculate the strains induced by this stress tensor, assuming no change in temperature or moisture content (i.e., assume DT= DM=0). (b) Calculate the strains induced by this stress tensor and a temperature increase of 100jC (assume DM=0). (c) Calculate the strains induced by this stress tensor and a 2% increase in moisture content (assume DT=0). (d) Calculate the strains induced by this stress tensor, a temperature increase of 100jC, and a 2% increase in moisture content.

Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Consider the following strains: e11 2000 Am=m c12 750 Arad (a) e22 3000 Am=m c13 1000 Arad e33 1500 Am=m c23 1250 Arad

Calculate the stress tensor that caused these strains, assuming no change in temperature or moisture content (i.e., assuming DT=DM=0). (b) Calculate the stress tensor that caused these strains, if these strains were caused by the simultaneous eects of stress and a temperature decrease of 100jC (assume DM=0). (c) Calculate the stress tensor that caused these strains, if these strains were caused by the simultaneous eects of stress, a temperature decrease of 100jC, and a 2% increase in moisture content.

REFERENCE
1. Jones, R.M. Mechanics of Composite Materials; Hemisphere Publ. Co.: New York, NY, 1975; ISBN 0-89116-490-1.

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