Hydraulics Lesson7

21.03.
2010
HYDRAULICS
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.
A.SUNA ERSES
Assist.Prof.Dr.
erses@sakarya.edu.tr
Homework project :hydraulicssakarya@gmail com project :hydraulicssakarya@gmail.com (Tel: 0 264 295 5465) Sakarya University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Esentepe Campus, 54187 SAKARYA
Apply continuity and energy equations to pipe system networks Analyze pipe flow and pressure in a network using the Hardy Cross method
AIM
LESSON 7: FLOW IN PIPE (Pipe Network)
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Pipe Network
Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng. Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.
Pipe Network simulates steady flow of liquids or gases under pressure. pressure It can simulate : Citys water supply systems, Local pipe network with long pipelines with different diameter pipes in series, pipes in parallel, parallel Groundwater flow into a slotted well screen, Soil vapor extraction well design
Typical Layout of Water Distribution Network
http://www.haestad.com/news /article.asp?article=007
21.03.2010
Typical Layout of Sewerage Network
http://www.haestad.com/news/article.asp?article=007
Hardy Cross Method (Cross, 1936)

The Hardy Cross method is also known as the single path adjustment method and is a relaxation method. The flowrate in each pipe is adjusted iteratively until all equations are satisfied.
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The method is based on two primary physical laws: The sum of pipe flows into and out of a node equals the flow entering or leaving the system through the node. The hydraulic head at a node is the same whether it is computed from upstream or downstream directions. (Hydraulic head = elevation head + pressure head, Z+P/S).

Step 1: Build up system configuration and make the first guess of flow distribution in the pipe network Step 2: Calculate head loss of each pipe section Step 3: Compute the algebraic sum of the head losses around each elementary loop. p p gy y Step 4: Complete the mass and energy balance by an iterative procedure. Step 5: Compute the pressure distribution in the network and check on the pressure requirement.
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Hardy Cross Methods: Step 1

By careful inspection we may assume the most reasonable distribution of flows in the pipe network and make the first guess of the flow pattern.
Step 1: Sign Convention in Pipe Network

Enter flows at nodes as positive for inflows and negative for outflows. outflows Inflows plus outflows must sum to 0. Enter one pressure in the system and all other pressures are computed. You do not need to use all the pipes or nodes. Enter a diameter of 0.0 if a pipe does not exist. If a node is surrounded on all sides by nonexistent pipes, the node's flow must be entered as 0.0.
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Step 1: How to Handle Minor Losses

Minor losses such as pipe elbows, bends, and elbows bends valves may be included by using the equivalent length of pipe method (Mays, 1999). Equivalent length (Leq) may be computed using the following calculator which uses the formula Leq=KD/f.
Step 1: Summary of Minor Losses Calculation

Enter node flows, elevations, pressure. Select Darcy Weisbach (Moody diagram) or Hazen Williams friction losses. Include minor losses by equivalent length of pipe.
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Minor Losses
If you go by a rigorous method f is the Darcymethod, Weisbach friction factor for the pipe containing the fitting, and cannot be known with certainty until after the pipe network program is run. However, since you need to know f ahead of time, a reasonable value to use is f 0.02, which is the f=0.02, default value.

Write head loss condition for each pipe in the form: Hi (or hL) = K Qn n=2.0 for Darcy Weisbach losses n=1.85 for Hazen Williams losses.
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Friction Losses, H
Hazen Williams equation
Darcy Weisbach equation

Compute the algebraic sum of the head losses around each elementary loop, Hi (or hL,i) = Ki Qin Consider losses from clockwise flows as positive, counterclockwise negative. Be careful about the common pipe sections shared by two adjacent loops.
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Adjust the flow in each loop by a correction Q or to balance the head in that loop and give K Qn=0 The heart of this method lies in the following determination of Q . For any pipe, we may write: Q=Q Q Q0+ Q Where Q0 is the assumed discharge and Q is the corrected discharge.

Binomial series gives:

H KQ n K (Q0 Q ) n K (Q0n nQ0n 1 Q .....)
If Q is small compared with Q0, we may neglect the terms of the binomial series after the second one:
H KQ0n QKnQ0n 1
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For a loop, Hi (or hL i) = Ki Qin =0: loop 0: L,
H h KQ QKnQ
L n 0
n 1 0
We may solve this equation for Q :

Q
KQ Q KnQ
n 0 n 1 0
KQ Q n KQ Q
0
n 1 0
n 1 0
h n h / Q
L L
# Sum the numerator algebraically with due account of each sign # Sum the denominator arithmetically

It indicates that clockwise flows may be considered as producing clockwise losses, and counterclockwise flows, counterclockwise losses. This means that the minus sign is assigned to all counterclockwise conditions in a loop, namely flow Q and lost head hL.
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Friction Losses, H
The calculation procedure g p gives y a choice of you computing friction losses H using the DarcyWeisbach (DW) or the Hazen-Williams (HW) method. The DW method can be used for any liquid or gas while the HW method can only be used for water at temperatures typical of municipal water supply systems.
n=2.0 for Darcy Weisbach losses n=1.85 for Hazen Williams losses.
Iteration
After we have given eac loop a first co ect o , te ave g ve each oop st correction, the losses will still not balance, we need to repeat the procedure, arriving at a second correction, and so on, until the corrections become negligible.
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Step 5: Pressure Computation

After computing flowrate Q in each pipe and loss H in each pipe and using the input node elevations Z and known pressure at one node, pressure P at each node is computed around the network: Pj = (Zi - Zj - Hpipe) + Pi node j is down-gradient from node i. = fluid density [F/L3].
EXAMPLE 1:
300mm L1=1000m
102 lt/sn L2=670m 200mm
102 lt/sn
For the pipe loop shown in the figure, find the discharges in the loop pp p g , g p (f=0.03)
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EXAMPLE 2:
120 l/s A L=200m L=400m 250mm B L=200m For the pipe loop shown in the figure, find the g p discharges in the loop (f=0.03) 40 l/s
200mm
250mm
L=400m 200mm
C 25 l/s
L=200m
150mm F
250mm E
L=200m
L=400m 250mm
35 l/s
20 l/s
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Hydraulics Lesson7

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21.03.

Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

LESSON 7: FLOW IN PIPE (Pipe Network)

Typical Layout of Water Distribution Network

Typical Layout of Sewerage Network

Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

Hardy Cross Method (Cross, 1936)

Hardy Cross Method (Cross, 1936)

Hardy Cross Method (Cross, 1936)

Hardy Cross Methods: Step 1

Step 1: Sign Convention in Pipe Network

Step 1: How to Handle Minor Losses

Step 1: Summary of Minor Losses Calculation

Hardy Cross Methods: Step 2

Darcy Weisbach equation

Hardy Cross Methods: Step 3

Hardy Cross Methods: Step 4

Hardy Cross Methods: Step 4

Binomial series gives:

Hardy Cross Methods: Step 4

For a loop, Hi (or hL i) = Ki Qin =0: loop 0: L,

We may solve this equation for Q :

Hardy Cross Methods: Step 4

Step 5: Pressure Computation

Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

102 lt/sn L2=670m 200mm

Environmental En Dep.-Hydraulics ng.

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