___________________________________________

___________________________________________


. 1900
9
3.7 .
%40 .
.
.

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ii


.1 1 ............................................................................................................
1-1 1 .............................................................................................
2-1 1 ...............................................................................................
3-1 3 ................................................................
.2 7 ......................................................................
1-2 7 ......................................................................................................
2-2 8 .....................................................................
3-2 12.............................................................................................
4-2 13...................................................................................
5-2 18........................................................................................
6-2 21...................................................................................
7-2 22....................................................
8-2 23............................................................................................
.3 26....................................................................................................
1-3 26......................................................................................................
2-3 26.....................................................................................
3-3 28.....................................................................................
4-3 29.......................................................
5-3 30...................................................................................
6-3 31...............................................................................................
7-3 31..........................................................................................
8-3 33.....................................................................................
9-3 36..............................................................................
10-3 38..........................................................................................
11-3 39...............................................................................
.4 41................................................................................................
1-4 41......................................................................................................
2-441.......................................................................................................
3-4 43...............................................................................................
4-4 46....................................................................
5-4 47............................................................................................
.5 50..........................................................................................................
iii

 1-5 50......................................................................................................
2-5 51...................................................................................
3-5 52...........................................................................................
4-5 52........................................................................................
5-5 53...............................................................................................
6-5 54......................................................................................
7-5 55................................................................................................
8-5 56...............................................................................................
9-5 58.......................................................................................
10-5 60...............................................................................
11-5 62..................................................................
12-5 63.................................................................................
13-5 64..........................................................................................
.6 68.....................................................................................
1-6 68......................................................................................................
2-6 69...........................................................................................
3-6 69.....................................................................................
4-6 70................................................................................................
5-6 71........................................................................................
6-6 76...................................................................
7-6 79.............................................................................................
8-6 79......................................................................................
.7 88........................................................................................................
1-7 88......................................................................................................
2-7 89..............................................................................
3-7 92..........................................................................................
4-7 94..............................................................................................
5-7 95..................................................................................................
.8 97..............................................................................................................
1-8 97......................................................................................................
2-8 98..............................................................................................
3-8 98.........................................................................................
4-8 99...................................................................................
5-8 101.................................................................................
6-8 105...........................................................................................
7-8 106.......................................................................................

iv

 .9 110........................................................................................................
1-9 110......................................................................................................
2-9 111..............................................................................................
3-9 112...........................................................................................
4-9 113.................................................................
5-9 116....................................................................................................
6-9 118............................................................
7-9 123........................................................................................
8-9 129..........................................................................
9-9 133.......................................................................................
10-9 137................................................................................
11-9 137........................................................................................
.10 142..............................................................................................
1-10 142....................................................................................................
2-10 143................................................................................................
3-10 145...........................................................................
4-10 147.................................................................................
5-10 147..............................................................................
6-10 148..........................................................................................
7-10 150.......................................................................................
8-10 150....................................................................................
9-10 152.......................................................................................

_____________________________________________________________

_______________________

vi

_______________________

vii


.

2007

viii

1 -1

.

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20-15 : 30-5 :

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30-25 : 35-10 :

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.(P-K
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N-P-K 18-18-18 %18
%18 %18 %46 ""
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) .(K2O
) (P ) (K.

12

 1979
26 . ) (N
40 40 300
. ) (P2O5 ) (K2O 15 110 24
480 .

.
1979
. 2-2
. .
20 .
100 .
) (P2O5 ) (K2O 100
.
:2-2 )
Doorenbos .(1979 Kassam

309
576-132
129
156-108
282
400-200

194
276-60
122
168-84
168
250-100
89
192-30
101
156-36
22
40-0

85
144-30
101
192-48
135
200-100

131
192-42
132
264-60
109
170-80

108
192-30
106
216-36
106
200-40

.
Y F
:
2
Y = a + bF cF
)(1-2
a F b )(
) Y F 25 50
F( c F Y .
a b c
.
1-2 N P .K
.
.

13

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) ( 3
.
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0.18
.
a

k g/h

kg/h

1460

1 40 0

10 0 0

700

250
200
150

W
0.1 8
=
N

100

)Applied Nitrogen (N) (kg/ha

1200 k
g/ ha

kg/h
a

kg/h
a

300

50

400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
)Irrigation Plus Initial Soil Water (W) (mm/season

:3-2

0
300

4-2
. 0.32
. 3-2 4-2
. %75
.
%75
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3-2 .4-2
) (
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:

14

)N = K (ETc

)(2-2

K
ETc
N .
400

9 t/
ha

Tc

E
0 .3 2

8 t/ha

200

=N

7 t/ha
4 t/
ha

t/h

3
ha

5 t/h

2t

6 t/ha

100

)Applied Nitrogen (kg/ha

300

900

800

500
600
700
)Maize Evapotranspiration (mm/season

400

0
300

:4-2 ) (
.

. K
0.18 0.12 0.32 0.15 .
0.10 = K .
.

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5-2 ) (N ) (P2O5
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) (P2O5 ) (N
.
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15

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N
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5

25

4.
0
5
3.

150

125

75
100
)Nitrogen (kg/ha

50

t/h a

a
t/h

a
t/h

t/h
a

)P 2O5 (kg/ha

P 2O

3. 0

t/h
a

0
5+
=1

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t/h

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0

25

:5-2 ) (
) (N ).(P2O4

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5 -2

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.

16

 .

).(ET

.
)( .

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.
1975
)
( .
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) (Y ) (X
. X
0.30 .1.2
:
Y = 0.8X + 1.3X2 1.1X3

)(3-2

Y )( X
. .1 = Y 1 = X
1979
.
) (ETa
) .(ETm ETm
. ) (1977
:
ET
Ya
1 = K y 1 a
ETm
Ym

)(4-2

Ya Ym
Ky ETa
ETm .
3-2 .

.

17

 :3-2 ) Ky Doorenbos .(1979 Kassam

1.1-0.7
1.1-0.7

-1.2

1.35
1.15
0.2
0.75
1.1
0.2

0.95
0.6
0.45
0.2

1.1-0.8

0.85
0.5
0.2

0.7
0.25

1.25
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.2

1.1
0.2
0.5
1.5
0.4

1.15
0.3
0.8
0.45

1.1
0.2
0.7
0.9
0.2

1.1

0.8
0.2
0.7
0.8
0.45

0.9
0.6
0.55
0.3

0.85
0.2
0.45
0.55
0.2

1.1-0.6
1.0
0.8
0.2

1.2

0.95
0.1
0.5
0.75

0.9
0.8
1.0
0.5
0.25

1.05
1.0
0.2

1.1
0.4
0.8
1.1
0.4

1.0
0.3
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.45

1.15
0.5
0.6
0.2
)(
0.55
0.65
0.2
)(

18

 Ky .3-2
. Ky 1.5
%10 ETa ETm )(Ya
%15 .Ym %10
%12.5 .


.
. 3-2
.
. T

ET . 1987

:
i

T
Y = 100 a
i =1 Tm i
n

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( I .
n 4 .6 5-2
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19

 6 -2

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Rs
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2.6 ) Rs 0.007 = (Rs 0.007 + 2.6
.6-2
Rs
.

21


.

.
10

75%

m
imu
t
p
O

50%
25%

)Leaf Area Index (LAI

100%
LA I

700

500
600
200
300
400
2
)Incident Solar Radiation (Rs) (cal/cm /day

100

:6-2 .

.
) (
.

8 -2

.
14
Jones) CERES- .(1986 Kiniry
.4-2
2.7 .

22


.
:4-2 -
-CERES -
).(1989 Karahliloglu
BioMass
)(kg/ha
11184
11186
11645
11827
11171
11687
12136
11903
11808
11951
11939
12190
11703
10753

Grain Yield
)(kg/ha
3860
4242
5453
5364
3473
5062
4097
3116
5059
4712
4658
5265
4163
1995

G5
6.90
7.70
10.15
8.50
9.00
9.60
8.00
6.90
8.80
10.00
8.50
10.00
6.50
5.6

G2
784
710
825
650
560
600
825
780
595
834
600
730
520
550

P5
685
685
685
800
600
685
685
665
760
685
750
880
900
900

P2
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.70
0.76
0.76
0.00
0.80
0.30
0.76
0.50
0.52
0.52
0.52

P1
162
172
172
200
215
200
245
265
218
225
260
220
340
360

Region
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5

Cultivar
Name
B56 X OH 43
B60 X R 71
B59 X C103
PIO 3382
PIO 3901
PIO 3780
W 64A X W117
B 14 X OH43
B 8 X 153R
PIO 3147
PV 82S
B 73 X MO17
H 610
PIO X 304C

Regions: 1. Northern United States, 2. Northern Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, 3. Southern Nebraska, S. Iowa, S. Illinois, S.
Indiana, 4. Central Missouri, Kansas to North Carolina southward, 5. Tropical.

Genetic Coefficients: P1 is for growing degree days (based on a minimum of 8C) from seedling emergence to the
end of the juvenile phase (daysC), P2 is for photoperiod sensitivity coefficient (1/hr), P5 is for growing degree days
(based on a minimum of 8C) from the silking stage to physiological maturity (daysC), G2 is for the potential kernel
number (kernels/plant), and G5 is for the potential kernel growth rate (mg/kernel-day).

)( .

. .
.
.
.
.
.

4-2 .

.

.
1987 Samani

23

 .


. 4-2
.
.

.

.
.
) http://atlas.usu.edu : (.

24

1 -3

.
. .

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2.65/.3

2 -3
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25


12 .
.
100
10

90
80

20
30

Clay

70
y
Cla

40

nt

70

Silty 50
clay
Silty clay
loam

100

Clay loam

Loam
Silt loam

Silt

10

Sandy
clay

40

Sandy clay
loam

80
90

rce

60

50

Pe

t
Si l

nt

rce

Pe

60

20

30

30
20

Sandy loam
L
10 oam
ys
an
d
Sand
100 90 80 70 60 50 40
Percent Sand

:1-3 .

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26

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20 %30
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:

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27

 .1-3 2-3
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)(0.95 x0.90 x0.80) x %100

%100
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%90
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80 %100
) 1(
60 %79
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40 %59
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20 %39
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10 %19
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%10
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4 -3

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2

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28

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6.5
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29

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7 -3
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51

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cylinder wall

earthen dike
buffer pond

buffer pond

vertical
infiltration
:2-3
.


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31


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)( .
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.

8 -3

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( .

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/ .
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1.8/ 3 .
1.4 1.5
.

)( . 10 /1
3 /1 .


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4
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.

.
.
%8
.%40

32


) ( .
1 3 .
.
.
.
) (PWP ) (
. 15 )15
( .
. ) (AW
) (FC ) .(PWP
. .
/ .5-3
:5-3 .
)/(

65-20

85-60

110-65

130-90

170-100

230-150

160-130

170-125

150-110

240-160

: .

. ) (1-3
. %55

.%90
.
.
1989 Bowers
2300 . 3 .

) .(CV

33

 %8 %41 .
:
AW = 2.3 + 0.37 FC

)(1-3

) (r2 0.98 .
.
.%21 1992 Jensen 8
.
%13 .1-3 1994 Allen
Jensen 1990 :
AW = 1.55 (FC)0.66

)(2-3

2-3 .1-3

.
%50
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%25 %75 .
%50 .
.
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9 -3
)(
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b
s

= 1

Vair + Vliquid
Vtotal

)(3-3

3-3 Vliquid
b ) ( s ) 2.65/ 3
( . 0.3 ) 0.6 (6-3 %30
.%60

34

 :3-3 .
:6-3 .
)/ (3 )(%
61-53
1.3-1.1

53-47
1.4-1.3

47-30
1.8-1.4

) (.
S :
v

Vliquid
Vair + Vliquid

=S

)(4-3

S v
:
= S

Vliquid
Vtotal

= v

)(5-3

:
w Vliquid
s Vsolid

= m

)(6-3

m w .
1/.3

) :(6-3

35

s Vsolid
)= s (1
Vtotal

= b

)(7-3

) (AW
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)(
3.

. :
AW = ( fc wp )Rz

)(8-3

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.

( .
)
.
4-3 :

.
3
. 4-3 ) (


. A1 A2
/ .

36

ground surface

init

fc

sat

depth

A1

A2

just after irrigation

1 -3 days after irrigation

:4-3 .

10 -3
.
.
.
:
t = z + p + s + m

)(9-3

t z
p s
m .

.
.
37

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38

1 -4
.

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2-4

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15 20 .
10 . 25 30 .
25 30 35
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%10 . %75 ) (P75

39

 10 .
%75 4 /3 .
4 /1 .

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1977
. %75
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-
0.33

2- 1

0.34

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4-3
0.34

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1.33

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P75 = Pm 0.74 SD

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1-4 .
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3-4

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17 .
.

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41

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1.32 1.19
0.78
0.60
0.50
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0.28
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2-4
.2 1961 Hershfield 1440 )24
( 1.13
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42

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43

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51

open
ditch

open
ditch
water table

semi-impermeable soil layer

:2-5
.


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:1-5 ) Doorenbos .(1984 Kassam
Remarks
An appropriate surface method for irrigating closegrowing crops where the topography is favorable.
An even grade in the direction of irrigation is
required on flat land and is desirable on slopes of
more than about 0.5%. Grade changes should be
slight and reverse grades must be avoided. There
should be no cross-slope.
Especially adapted to shallow soils underlain by a
clay pan or soils that have a low intake rate. Even
grade in the direction of irrigation is desirable but
not essential. Sharp grade changes and reverse
grades should be smoothed out. Cross-slope is

Crops
Alfalfa and other
deep rooted closegrowing crops, and
orchards

Topography
Land slopes capable of
being graded to less
than 1% slope and
preferably 0.2%

Irrigation Method
Widely spaced
borders

Pastures

Land slopes capable of

being graded to 4%
slope or less, and
preferably less than 1%

Closely spaced
borders

55

Check back and

cross furrows

Land slopes capable of

being graded to 0.2%
slope or less
Land slopes capable of
being graded to slopes
between 0.5% and 12%

Fruit

Graded contour
furrows

Variable land slopes of

2-25%, but preferably
less

Row crops and fruit

Contour ditches

Irregular slopes up to
12%
Land slopes capable of
being graded so single
or multiple tree basins
will be leveled within 6
cm
Slightly irregular land
slopes of less than 1%

Hay, pasture, and

grain
Orchards

Irregular slopes up to
12%
Smooth and flat

Hay, pasture, and

grain
Shallow-rooted crops
such as potatoes or
grass
All crops

Corrugations

Rectangular checks
(levees)

Contour levee

Portable pipes
Sub-irrigation

Alfalfa, pasture, and

grain

Fruit, rice, grain and

forage crops

Sprinkler irrigation

Undulating with up to
35% slope or more

Contour bench
terraces

Sloping land, especially

for slopes under 3%,
but also up to 6%
Flat to uniform slopes
up to 1% surface should
be smooth

Any crop but

particularly suited to
cultivated crops
Any crop; row crops
or high value crops
usually used

Any topography
suitable for row crop
farming

Row crops or fruit

Sub-irrigation
(installed pipes)

Micro irrigation
(drip and trickle)

56

permissible when confined to differences in

elevation between borders of 6-9 cm. Since the
border strips may have less width, a greater total
cross slope is permissible than for border irrigated
alfalfa.
This method is especially designed to obtain
adequate distribution and penetration of water in
soils with low water intake rates.
This method is especially adapted to steep land and
small irrigation streams. An even grade in the
direction of irrigation is desirable but not essential.
Sharp grade changes and reverse grades should at
least be smoothed out. Due to the tendency of
corrugations to clog and overflow and cause serious
erosion, cross slopes should be avoided as much as
possible.
Especially adapted to row crops on steep land,
though hazardous due to possible erosion from heavy
rainfall. Actual grade in the direction of irrigation
0.5-1.5%. No grading is required beyond filling
gullies and removal of abrupt ridges.
Especially adapted to foothill conditions. Requires
little or no surface grading.
Especially adapted to soils that have either a
relatively high or low water intake rate. May require
considerable land grading.
Reduces the need to grade land. Frequently
employed to avoid altogether the necessity of
grading. Adapted best to soils that have either a high
or low intake rate.
Especially adapted to foothill conditions. Requires
little or no surface grading.
Requires a water table, very permeable subsoil
conditions and precise leveling. Very few areas are
adapted to this method.
High operation and maintenance costs. Good for
rough or very sandy lands in areas of high
production and good markets. Good method where
power costs are low, or where the water supply is at
a significantly higher elevation than the field area.
Good for high rainfall areas where only a small
supplemental water supply is needed.
Considerable loss of productive land due to berms.
Requires expensive drop structures for water erosion
control.
Requires installation of perforated plastic pipe in
root zone at narrow spacings. Some difficulties in
roots plugging the perforations. Also a problem as to
correct spacing. Field trials on different soils are
needed.
Perforated pipe on the soil surface drips water at
base of individual plants or trees. Has been
successfully used with saline irrigation water where
irrigation frequency is high and the soil water
salinity is nearly that of the applied water.

 .
.

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57


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59

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12 -5

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Sy x y ""
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Sx cos + Sy sin

1-5 x .3-5
y :
)(2-5

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y
'y
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60

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65

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= 595.9 0.55 T

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= 2.50 0.002361 T

)(2-6

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2.45 20 .
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1-6 2-6 .

5-6

66


. ETo
ETr . ETr
ETo 1.2 ETo
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1.05 .1.4


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1985 Harhreaves Hargreaves Samani
ETo .

. :

ETo = 0.0023 R (T +17.8) TR

A

)(3-6

ETo RA ) ( RA
) (14-6 T
67

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) ( .
TR ) (
. 3-6

T TR . 3-6
ETo .
3-6 .
8 20 ) 6.1(
. 3-6

.

-
. ) Allen :(1989
) 890 U 2 (ea ed
T + 273
) + (1 + 0.339U 2

0.408(Rn G ) +

= ETo

)(4-6

ETo
)/ (
)/ ( Rn )//2( U2
)/( 2 T
) (oC ea-ed
)( G )//2(.
.
) Allen :(1994
Rn = Rns Rb

)(5-6

Rns )//2( Rb
)//2( . Rn
:
Rns = 0.77 (0.25 + 0.5 S) RA

68

)(6-6

()

Rb = 2.45(10) 9 (0.9S + 0.1) 0.34 0.14 ed Tkx4 + Tkn4

)(7-6

Rs //2 ed
)( Tkx )(oK Tkn
)(oK S )(
)( RA 3-6
) Rs .(14-6
24s/ s .17-6 S
Rs .S=(2Rs/RA)-0.5
o
) (oC ) ( K
.273.15 :
4098 ea
( T + 237.3)2

)(8-6

oC/ T )(oC ea
)( .T ea
):(1993 Allen
17.27T
ea = 0.611 exp

T + 237.3

)(9-6

T ) .(oC
)( exp ) e ( .
24
ea Tmax ea Tmin . 7-6
Tmax .Tmin .2
ed
.Tmin
. ea ) Tmin (9-6 RHmax:
(R ) 17.27Tmin

ed = 0.611 h max exp

100 Tmin + 237.3

)(10-6

RHmax . 10-6
%100 ed ea .Tmin
:

69

cp P

)(11-6

oC/ cp
) 0.00101/(oC/ P )(
) )(0.622
)/(.
) RA (3-6
.
/ 2 . RA//2 )
(14-6 ) 1-6 (2-6
/ .3-6
RA 35//2 14.3 = 2.45/35
/.
P :
5.26

293 0.0065z
P = 101.3

293

)(12-6

P z )(.
12-6
. G 4-6
:
) G = 0.38(Tday T3

)(13-6

G //2 Tday
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.

- ) (LAI 2.9
12 .
3-6 -
. 3-6



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70

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- .

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(P75) %75 ETo
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6-6
71

 RA
. Allen 1993 Duffie
Beckman 1980 London Frohlich :1982
) RA = 37.6d r ( s sin sin + cos cos sin s

)(14-6

RA //2 dr
s )(Rad )(
)( . .
:
) 2 (284 + J

365

= 0.4093 sin

)(15-6

2 J
d r = 1 + 0.033 cos

365

)(16-6

) s = cos 1 ( tan tan

)(17-6

J 1 J) 365 1 1 (
. 365
15-6 16-6 .365 -6
15 16-6 ) 1 = 57.2958(.
17-6
55 55 .
2.0 .
] .[tan tan 2.0
.
RA
27 ) 0.4712) = ( 8
0.3893- dr 1.0327 s .1.3602 -6
14 RA 22.20//2
) (11-6 9.1/ .

72

 1-6 14-6 17-6

.
.
.
45
Equator

40

Equator

30
52N Latitude

25

20

15

winter solstice

vernal equinox

summer solstice

autumnal equinox

10

)Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation (MJ/m2/day

35

0
350

300

250

150

200

100

50

)Day of the Year (1 is Jan 1st

:1-6 RA //2
52 4 .

) 23.5 ( . 1-6
RA/
. / 1-6
20 2-6 .2.45 =
10 30 ) RA/(
20 .%1
1-6
.
18.2/ )44-42
( 17/ ) 48-36
( . RA 21
21 .

.

73

 :1-6 RA
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RA J
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M ) 1 (.

7-6

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. %75
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8-6
74


) (Kc
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ETo
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.
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.
0.2 1.2
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.
Kc
.
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2-6

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. 2-6 .2-6
3-6 .
Hargreaves 1990 Hargreaves Samani
.1991
" " ) (
75

 .
.
3-6

.

ETo .Kc 4-6 Doorenbos Kassam
1977
3-6 .

(Kc)2
Crop Coefficient, Kc

(Kc)3

(Kc)1
Late
Season

Rapid
Growth

Mid-Season

C
Crop Growth Stage

Initial
Growth

:2-6 .
:2-6 .

Kc
(Kc)1

) (
%10 .
(Kc)1 (Kc)2
) %10 %75
(
)
(
" "
76

 .
(Kc)2


) (
.
(Kc)2 (Kc)3
)

(
.
(Kc)3

)(
.
:3-6 Kc 3-6 ) 4-6
2-6 .(2-6
(Kc)3
(Kc)2
(Kc)1

0.95-1.35
1.00-1.40 0.40-0.50

0.90-1.00
0.95-1.05 0.90-1.00

0.25
0.95
0.25-0.30

0.75-1.15
1.00-1.20 0.40-0.65

0.10-0.20
1.00-1.10 0.25-0.30

0.85-0.95
0.95-1.05 0.30-0.40
)(
0.25-0.30
1.05-1.20 0.30-0.40
)(
0.25-0.30
1.05-1.20 0.24-0.40
)(
1
0.80-0.95
0.95-1.10 0.30-0.50
.
0.30-0.90
1.00-1.10 0.15-0.40

0.75
1.05
0.40-0.50

0.90-1.05
1.00-1.15 0.25-0.35

2
0.65
0.65-0.75
0.65

0.35-0.60
1.05-1.20 0.20-0.50
) (
0.70-0.80
1.05-1.20 0.20-0.50
)(
0.30-0.60
1.05-1.30 0.20-0.50

0.70-0.80
0.90-1.00 0.20-0.40

0.50-0.85
0.85-1.20
0.50

0.70-1.10
1.10-1.25 0.75-0.85


0.80-0.90
0.95-1.10 0.25-0.50

0.20-0.25
1.00-1.15 0.20-0.40

0.20-0.45
0.74-0.85 0.20-0.50

0.50-0.60
0.95-1.00 0.30-0.50

1.05
1.05
0.30

0.25-0.30
1.05-1.20 0.20-0.30

0.45
0.85-1.05 0.20-0.30

77

)(
)(
)(
)(

)(

0.20-0.40
0.20-0.40
0.60
0.40-0.60
0.40-0.60
0.40-0.50
0.30-0.40
0.10
0.40-0.55
0.20-0.40
1.10-1.15
0.30-0.40
0.20-0.40
0.15-0.40
0.30-0.40
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.40
0.20-0.40
0.40-0.50
0.30-0.40
0.30-0.40
0.25-0.50
0.25-0.50
0.20-0.40

1.00-1.15
1.05-1.20
0.80
0.95-1.10
0.95-1.05
1.05-1.20
0.95-1.10
1.10
1.10-1.20
1.05-1.20
1.10-1.30
1.05-1.20
1.10-1.30
1.05-1.20
1.00-1.15
0.95-1.05
0.90-1.00
1.05-1.20
1.00-1.30
1.05-1.20
1.00-1.20
1.05-1.25
1.00-1.10
1.05-1.25

0.25-0.30
0.20-0.25
0.80
0.75-0.85
0.95-1.05
0.95-1.10
0.80-0.90
0.35
0.40-0.75
0.25-0.30
1.10
0.20-0.25
0.20-0.35
0.30-0.50
0.45-0.55
0.90-1.00
0.70-0.80
0.70-1.00
0.50-0.60
0.35-0.45
0.75-0.85
0.60-0.85
0.20-0.70
0.20-0.30

:4-6 )
Doorenbos .(1979 Kassam

0.7-0.8
0.75-0.85
0.9-1.0
1.0-1.1
0.7-0.85
0.4-0.5

0.85-0.95
1.0-1.15
1.0-1.15
1.0-1.2
0.8-0.9
0.5-0.65

0.85-0.9
0.85-0.95
0.9-0.95
0.95-1.05 0.65-0.75
0.3-0.4

0.7-0.8
0.25-0.3
0.65-0.75
1.05-1.2
0.7-0.8
0.3-0.4

0.7-0.8
0.8-0.95
0.9-1.0
0.95-1.1
0.7-0.8
0.4-0.5

0.8-0.9
0.65-0.7
0.8-0.9
1.05-1.25
0.7-0.8
0.4-0.5

78

)(

)(

0.35-0.55
0.4-0.5

0.6-0.8
0.7-0.8

0.7-0.9
0.95-1.1

0.6-0.8
0.75-0.85

0.55-0.7
0.55-0.6

0.55-0.75
0.75-0.8

0.3-0.5
0.3-0.5

0.7-0.9
0.7-0.85

1.05-1.2
1.05-1.2

1.0-1.15
0.8-0.95

0.95-1.1
0.55-0.6

0.8-0.95
0.75-0.9

0.4-0.6
0.4-0.6
0.4-0.5

0.7-0.8
0.6-0.75
0.7-0.85

0.95-1.1
0.95-1.05
1.05-1.2

0.85-0.9
0.95-1.05
1.0-1.15

0.75-0.85
0.95-1.05
0.95-1.1

0.8-0.9
0.65-0.8
0.8-0.95

0.3-0.4

0.6-0.75

0.95-1.1

0.85-1.0

0.8-0.9

0.7-0.8

0.4-0.5
1.1-1.15
0.3-0.4
0.3-0.4
0.3-0.4
0.4-0.5
0.4-0.5
0.3-0.4
0.3-0.4
0.4-0.5
0.4-0.5
0.3-0.4
0.3-0.4

0.7-0.8
1.1-1.5
0.7-0.8
0.7-0.75
0.7-0.8
0.75-0.85
0.7-1.0
0.7-0.8
0.7-0.8
0.7-0.8
0.7-0.8
0.7-0.8

1.05-1.2
1.1-1.3
1.05-1.2
1.0-1.15
1.0-1.15
1.05-1.2
1.0-1.3
1.05-1.2
1.0-1.2
1.05-1.25
0.95-1.05
1.05-1.2

0.85-0.95
0.95-1.05
0.65-0.7
0.75-0.8
0.7-0.8
0.9-1.0
0.75-0.8
0.7-0.8
0.9-1.0
0.8-0.95
0.8-0.9
0.65-0.75

0.7-0.75
0.95-1.05
0.2-0.25
0.5-0.55
0.4-0.5
0.6-0.7
0.5-0.6
0.35-0.45
0.75-0.85
0.6-0.65
0.65-0.75
0.2-0.25
1.05-1.2

0.75-0.9
1.05-1.2
0.65-0.7
0.75-0.85
0.75-0.9
0.8-0.9
0.85-1.05
0.75-0.85
0.85-0.95
0.75-0.9
0.75-0.85
0.8-0.9
0.85-1.05
0.65-0.9
0.4-0.6

3-6 4-6
.

.

.
5-6
.2-6
. 5-6
79



.
. 6-6
) Doorenbos (1977 Kassam 5-6
.
:5-6 )
.(2-6
-

:
0-5
30-45
20-25
10-15
20-25
40-55
20-25
10-15
:
15-20
90-110
25-35
15-25

10-20
60-75
25-35
10-20

10-15
50-65
25-40
15-25
)(
0-5
30-40
25-30
10-25
:
15-20
35-45
25-30
15-25
:
10-15
45-55
20-30
10-25

10-20
35-50
40-60
25-45

10
115
25
4-10

10-15
50-60
20-30
15-20

10-15
55-75
30-40
10

40-50
50-80
25-35
25-35

50-70
70-200
150-350
10-30

15
55
55
20

15-35
25-40
50-70
40-60

15-20
40-60
20-25
10

15-20
35-50
20-25
10-15

10-15
30-55
30-50
10-15
-
:6-6
) Doorenbos .(1977 Pruitt


Perennial, replanted every 4-7 years; example Coastal California with planting in

April 40/40/250/30 and (360); subsequent crops with crop growth cutback to ground

level in late spring each year at end of harvest or 20/40/220/30 and (310).
Also wheat and oats; varies widely with variety; wheat Central India November
planting 15/25/50/30 and (120); early spring sowing, semi-arid, 35-45 latitudes
and November planting Rep. Of Korea 20/25/60/30 and (135); wheat sown in July

80

in East African highlands at 2500 m altitude and Rep. Of Korea 15/30/65/40 and
(150).
February and March planting California desert and Mediterranean 20/30/30/10 and
(90); August-September planting California desert, Egypt, Coastal Lebanon
15/25/25/10 and (75).
Continental climates late spring planting 20/30/40/20 and Pulses (110);June planting
Central California and West Pakistan 15/25/35/20 and (95); longer season varieties
15/25/50/20/ and (110).
Spring planting Mediterranean 15/25/20/10 and (70); early spring planting
Mediterranean climates and pre-cool season in desert climates 25/30/25/10 and (90).
Warm season of semi-arid to arid climates 20/30/30/20 and (100); for cool season
up to 20/30/80/20 and (150); early spring planting Mediterranean 25/36/40/20 and
(120); up to 30/40/60/20 and (150) for late winter planting.
Semi-arid and arid climates, spring planting 25/40/65/50 and (180).
Pre-cool season planting semi-arid 25/40/95/20 and (180); cool season 35/55/105/20
and (210); humid Mediterranean mid-season 25/40/45/15 and (125).
March planting Egypt, April-May planting Pakistan, September planting South
Arabia 30/50/60/55 and (195); spring planting, machine harvested Texas
30/50/55/45/ and (180).
Wide range in length of season due to varietal differences; spring planting
Mediterranean and continental climates 20/30/20/10 and (80); late winter planting
Mediterranean 25/35/25/10 and (95); autumn planting Coastal Mediterranean
30/35/90/40 and (195).
June planting Egypt, August-October California desert 20/30/40/15 and (105);
spring planting semi-arid and cool season arid climates, low desert 25/35/50/20 and
(130).
Warm winter desert climates 30/40/40/20 and (130); late spring-early summer
planting Mediterranean 30/45/40/25 and (140).
Spring planting cold winter climates 25/35/50/49 and (150); October-November
planting warm winter climates; Pakistan and low deserts 25/35/65/40 and (165).
Spring planting Mediterranean 20/30/60/40 and (150); October-November planting
warm winter climates; Pakistan and low deserts 25/35/65/40 and (165).
Spring planting in cold winter climates 20/30/60/40 and (150); pre-cool season
planting warm winter climates 25/35/70/40 and (170).
Spring planting Mediterranean climates 20/30/15/10 and (75) and late winter
planting 30/40/25/10 and (105); early cool season low desert climates from
25/35/30/10 and (100); late cool season planting, low deserts 35/50/45/10 and (140).
Philippines, early March planting (late dry season) 20/20/30/10 and (80); late cool
season planting desert climates 20/30/30/10 and (90); early cool season planting
desert climates 20/30/50/10 and (110).
Spring planting East African highlands 30/50/60/40 and (180); late cool season
planting, warm desert climates 25/40/45/30 and (140); June planting sub-humid
Nigeria, early October India 20/35/40/30 and (125); early April planting Southern
Spain 30/40/50/30 and (150).
Late spring planting Mediterranean climates 25/35/40/20 and (120); mid-winter
planting in low desert climates 30/45/65/20 and (160).
June planting Pakistan 15/25/40/25 and (105); central plains U.S.A. spring planting
20/30/55/35 and (140).
Same as Barley.
Dry season planting West Africa 25/35/45/25 and (130); late spring planting Coastal
plains of Lebanon and Israel 35/45/35/25 and (140).
Cool maritime climates early summer planting 15/25/35/15 and (90); Mediterranean
early spring and warm winter desert climates planting 20/25/35/15 and (95); late
winter Mediterranean planting 25/30/30/15 and (100).
Fresh - Mediterranean early spring and continental early summer planting
30/35/40/20 and (125); cool coastal continental climates mid-spring planting
25/35/40/20 and (120); pre-warm winter planting desert climates 30/40/110/30 and
(210).
Full planting warm winter desert climates 25/30/30/20 and (105); late winter
planting arid and semi-arid climates and late spring-early summer planting

81

( )
( )
( )

( )
( )

( )

continental climate 25/30/45/30 and (130); early-mid spring planting central Europe
30/35/50/30 and (145); slow emergence may increase length of initial period by 15
days during cold spring.
Mediterranean early spring and continental summer planting 5/10/15/5 and (35);
coastal Mediterranean late winter and warm winter desert climates planting
10/10/15/5 and (40).
Central California early-mid spring planting 20/35/45/25 and (125) and late winter
planting 25/35/55/30 and (145); warm winter desert climates 35/55/60/40 and (190).
Warm season desert climates 20/30/40/30 and (120); mid-June planting Pakistan,
May in mid-West USA and Mediterranean 20/35/40/30 and (125); early spring
planting warm arid climates 20/35/45/30 and (130).
May planting Central USA 20/35/60/25 and (140); May-June planting California
desert 20/30/60/25 and (135); Philippines late December planting, early dry season:
15/15/40/15 and (85); vegetables 15/15/30/0 and (60); early-mid June planting in
Japan 20/25/75/30 and (150).
Spring planting Mediterranean 20/20/15/5 and (60); September-October and late
winter planting Mediterranean 20/20/25/5 and (70); warm winter desert climates
20/30/40/10 and (100).
Late winter planting Mediterranean and warm winter desert climates 20/30/30/15
and (95); August planting California desert 20/35/30/25 and (110); early June
planting maritime Europe 25/35/35/25/and (120).
Spring planting Mediterranean 25/35/25/15 and (100+); early summer
Mediterranean and maritime Europe 20/30/25/15 and (90+); winter planting warm
desert 25/35/25/15 and (100).
Coastal Lebanon, Mid-November planting 45/75/30/30 and (230); early summer
planting 25/35/50/50 and (160); early spring planting Uruguay 30/45/60/45 and
(180); late winter planting warm winter desert 35/60/70/40 and (205).
Spring planting Mediterranean 25/35/45/25 and (130); early summer planting
California desert 20/35/45/25 and (125).
Warm winter desert climates 30/40/40/25 and (135); and late autumn 35/45/70/30
and (180); spring planting Mediterranean climates 30/40/45/30 and (145).

( )
( )

( )

( )

30/250/40/40 :
( 360)
.

82

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6
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4 1.8 1
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)(
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50-30
70-50
60-40
65-50
70-50
50-25
60-30
70-50
60-50
85

)(
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0.90-0.60
1.5-0.75
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1.2-0.90
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1.20-0.90
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70-50
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4-7 5-7 Doorenbos .(1979) Kassam 4-7

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1
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2
0.30 0.35 0.38 0.43 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80
3
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4

3-7

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.
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) ( .

. .
.

.
.
112

 0.5/ 0.15/ .

4 6 .
.
15 20
. "
".

6-9
)(
. 2-9 .
:
Q = C eL eh1u.5

)(5-9

Q )/3 /( Ce
Le "" ) ( hu )
( ) (.
3
Le hu Q / Le hu Q
/ . KL + L = Le : KL
B/L ) 3-9 ( ) 5-9 (.
Ce B/L Kindsvater) P/hu (1959 Carter
4-9 6-9 .
B/L 1 .
hu 5-9
"" he
.

) 1.5

.(5-9

.

113

4 to 6 tim es h u
hu
P

Sid e View

B
L
hu
P

Front View of
Rec ta ngula r Weir

Front View of
Tria ng ular Weir

:2-9 .

:3-9 KL ) : /
(.

114

 :4-9 Ce ) :
/ (.

(.

:5-9 KL ) :/3

115

 :6-9 Ce ) :/3 (.
) ( .
):(1981 Shen
8
2.5
2g C e tan he
15
2

=Q

)(6-9

Kh + hu = he Ce Kh 7-9
.2-9 he Q /
he Q /3.

116

 :7-9 Ce Kh ).(1981 Shen

.1984
. )
( 14 ) 1 4( .
) (1981
:
) Q = 3.367L(hu + 1.5hv

1.5

)(7-9

Q / L hu
hv
) .(2g/V2 hu hv L 7-0
) 1.86 = 0.5(0.3048)(3.376 Q /3.

"" .

.

117

 7-9

.

) ( .
) ( .


(1) : ) (2
(
)
.
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.
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118


.hu
. .

hu hd
. hd hu S
S ) .(hu/hd = S
.St

.

.

.


.
.

.

1-7-9
) (1936

.
) .(8-9
0.01 3000 / .
.
)(

.

. 8-9
.

119

hu
hd

2/3 C
B

C
Top View
F
Outlet
Section

Throat
Section

Inlet
Section
G
Flow

hd
Y

hu

X
Side View

:8-9 .3-9
) Skogerboe (1967
:
nf

)(8-9

Q f = C f hu

C1(hu hd )nf
[ C 2 log S)]ns

= Qs

)(9-9

nf ns Cf C1 C2
.
) .(4-9

120

 :3-9 ) .(8-9
Free-Flow
Capacity
)(m3/s
Max

Min

Throat
Width

)Dimensions (m
Y

)(m

0.006

0.000

0.013

0.008

0.019

0.029

0.152

0.203

0.076

0.356

0.363

0.093

0.167

0.025

0.011

0.001

0.025

0.016

0.022

0.043

0.203

0.254

0.114

0.406

0.414

0.135

0.214

0.051

0.017

0.001

0.038

0.025

0.025

0.057

0.381

0.305

0.152

0.457

0.467

0.178

0.259

0.076

0.082

0.001

0.076

0.051

0.076

0.114

0.457

0.610

0.305

0.610

0.621

0.394

0.394

0.152

0.144

0.003

0.076

0.051

0.076

0.114

0.610

0.457

0.305

0.864

0.879

0.381

0.575

0.229

0.453

0.011

0.076

0.051

0.076

0.229

0.914

0.914

0.610

1.343

1.372

0.610

0.845

0.305

0.680

0.014

0.076

0.051

0.076

0.229

0.914

0.914

0.610

1.419

1.448

0.762

1.026

0.457

0.934

0.020

0.076

0.051

0.076

0.229

0.914

0.914

0.610

1.495

1.524

0.914

1.206

0.610

1.161

0.023

0.076

0.051

0.076

0.229

0.914

0.914

0.610

1.600

1.632

1.067

1.391

0.762

1.416

0.028

0.076

0.051

0.076

0.229

0.914

0.914

0.610

1.645

1.676

1.219

1.572

0.914

1.926

0.037

0.076

0.051

0.076

0.229

0.914

0.914

0.610

1.794

1.829

1.524

1.937

1.219

2.435

0.062

0.076

0.051

0.076

0.229

0.914

0.914

0.610

1.943

1.981

1.829

2.302

1.524

2.945

0.074

0.076

0.051

0.076

0.229

0.914

0.914

0.610

2.092

2.134

2.134

2.667

1.829

3.426

0.116

0.076

0.051

0.076

0.229

0.914

0.914

0.610

2.242

2.286

2.438

3.032

2.134

3.964

0.130

0.076

0.051

0.076

0.229

0.914

0.914

0.610

2.391

2.438

2.743

3.397

2.438

5.663

0.170

0.229

0.305

0.152

0.343

1.219

1.829

0.914

4.267

4.350

3.658

4.756

3.048

9.911

0.227

0.229

0.305

0.152

0.343

1.524

2.438

0.914

4.877

4.972

4.470

5.607

3.658

0.227 16.990

0.229

0.305

0.229

0.457

1.829

3.048

1.219

7.620

7.772

5.588

7.620

4.572

0.283 28.317

0.229

0.305

0.305

0.686

2.134

3.658

1.829

7.620

7.772

7.315

9.144

6.096

0.425 33.980

0.229

0.305

0.305

0.686

2.134

3.962

1.829

7.620

7.772

8.941

10.668

7.620

0.425 42.475

0.229

0.305

0.305

0.686

2.134

4.267

1.829

7.925

8.084

10.566

12.313

9.144

0.566 56.634

0.229

0.305

0.305

0.686

2.134

4.877

1.829

8.230

8.395

13.818

15.481

12.192

0.708 84.951

0.229

0.305

0.305

0.686

2.134

6.096

1.829

8.230

8.395

17.272

18.529

15.240

:4-9 .
St
0.56

ns
1.000

nf
1.55

C1
0.0534

Cf
0.0604

Throat
)Width (m
0.025

0.61

1.000

1.55

0.1093

0.1207

0.051

0.64

1.000

1.55

0.1634

0.1771

0.076

0.55

1.080

1.58

0.3072

0.3812

0.152

0.63

1.060

1.53

0.4377

0.5354

0.229

0.62

1.080

1.52

0.5359

0.6893

0.305

0.64

1.115

1.54

0.7800

1.0588

0.457

0.66

1.140

1.55

1.0607

1.4286

0.610

0.67

1.150

1.56

1.3047

1.8071

0.762

0.68

1.160

1.56

1.5541

2.1685

0.914

0.70

1.185

1.57

2.0299

2.9259

1.219

0.72

1.205

1.58

2.5075

3.7011

1.524

0.74

1.230

1.59

2.9682

4.4944

1.829

0.76

1.250

1.60

3.4395

5.3061

2.134

121

0.78

1.260

1.60

3.8659

6.0642

2.438

0.80

1.275

1.59

4.6423

7.5150

3.048

0.80

1.275

1.59

5.4944

8.8952

3.658

0.80

1.275

1.59

6.7734

10.9664

4.572

0.80

1.275

1.59

8.9064

14.4196

6.096

0.80

1.275

1.59

11.0394

17.8728

7.620

0.80

1.275

1.59

13.1724

21.3260

9.144

0.80

1.275

1.59

17.4364

28.2305

12.192

0.80

1.275

1.59

21.7024

35.1369

15.240

3-9 4-9 ) Cf C1
nf .(ns C2 0.0044
3-9 .
) Skogerboe .(1967
8-9
.3-9 4-9 ) 10 (9-9
/3 ) 8-9 .(9-9 St
4-9 8-9 9-9 .
St 9-9 .8-9
4-9
. St
. 8-9 9-9
.


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. Abt Staker
) (1990 Wright (1991) Taheri (1994) Blaisdell

.

2-7-9

) ( .
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(1) :
) (2 .

122


.

.
.

) .("3 "4 L W 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9
. L/W 9/3 9/2 9/1 .9/4
90 135(.
) 9


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:
C f = K f W 1.025

)(10-9

Cf
Kf ) (l/w W
. nf
.L L/hu .0.03

C2 9-9
. C1 :
C1 = K s W 1.025

)(11-9

Ks ) .(hu/hd

.

123

6
B = W + L/4.5

Flow

Outlet
Section

Ld = 5L/9
Lout = 2L/3
Piezometer
Tap for hd

Inlet
Section

B = W + L/4.5

Lu = 2L/9
Lin = L/3

Top View

Piezometer
Tap for hu

Side View
:9-9 .

8-9

) 10-9 .(11-9
RBCs " " .

.

.


124

 .

.

:10-9 .

:11-9 .


.
.

.
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( %60 : %65
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125

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126

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.

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.
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.

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1
2 2 = 0
Ac Au

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127

hc hu +

)(12-9

 hc )( hu
)( Ac )(2
Au )(2 Tc
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hc Ac hu .Au .hc
Ac .hc
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Tc

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9-9
.
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128


0.65 .0.9
.
:
Q f = C dC v A 2ghu

)(14-9

Cd Cv
A g hu
.
hu
0.611 .
hu
. .

:
) Qs = Cd Cv A 2 g(hu hd

)(15-9

hd hu
. Cv 1
. Cv
1 .
.
.
hu ) (hd hu 2/1
.Cd
Cd
.
.

.

1-9-9
Go W
14-9
.1

129

Q f = Cd GoW 2 g hu o
2

)(16-9

Go W GoW A
.
hu
. hu
.hu Cd
.hu

.Go )(

.Go


Go .
.

.
.
.

2-9-9

.
. :
) Qs = Cs hsW 2 g(hu hd

)(17-9

G
Cs = o
hs

)(18-9

hs )
(12-9
. 1 1 )
.(hs

130

hu G
o

hs
hd

:12-9 .

hu hs ) (2/Go hu ).(hd hu
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.(2/Go

131

 10-9
.

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11-9

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) (
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.

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)( )(
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.

132


.
.
.

1-11-9

.
.

. 1982
Rantz 0.15

0.15/ .
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2-11-9
1-2-11-9

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3-2-11-9
150
.
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.
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1-3-11-9

134


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148

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