1.

Introduction Rooftops technology has become a much-debated topic throughout the world in

the last several years, due to their presumed role in providing energy savings, reducing peak energy demand and mitigating the Urban Heat Island Effect [1]. UHI is defined as the air temperature rise in densely built environments respect to the countryside surroundings [2]. Several studies have been made in order to maximize roofing technologies and can be finding in [3-7]. Roof surfaces of the building accounts for the 20-25% of the total urban surfaces, hence they can successfully use to reduce the air and surface temperature of urban area [8]. Fig. 1 illustrates applicable strategies for mitigating urban heat island effects on energy use and urban air pollution.

Fig.1. Methodology for energy, air-quality, and GHG analysis.

Cool and green roofs are passive cooling techniques that stop incoming solar radiation from reaching the building structure below. Cool roofs are characterized by materials having high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance [2]. For several decades now research has been conducted into the use of cool roof (high solar reflective or high albedo) technologies both for building energy savings and UHI mitigation. Cool roofs reflect a large fraction of incoming sunlight and keep the roof surface at a lower temperature. As a result, lower roof surface temperature leads to reduce heat transfer into the building between 20-42 C compared to dark roofs, as well as into the urban environment. Several field studies have documented measured energy savings that result from increasing roof solar reflectance from the other countries can be found in literature [Ref]. Green roofs, also called eco-roofs, use the foliage of plants to protect the building environment. In recent years there has been an increased interest in use of vegetated green roofs (also referred to as eco-roofs) to provide a variety of ecosystem services [9-14]. Research suggests that green roofs can aid in storm water retention, reduce building energy loads, mitigate the urban heat island effect and increase the lifespan of a roof [15]. Many studies have been conducted over the past 10 years to consider the potential building energy benefits of green roofs and shown that they can offer benefits in winter heating reduction as well as summer cooling.

To promote widespread and large-scale implementation of mitigation measures to moderate urban heat-island phenomenon in developing countries, more awareness and understanding of cool roof benefits and how they are applied at the local level in such countries is needed. Knowledge about the significance of energy savings at both the local and regional level can benefit the development of new policies and programs throughout the developing world. However, this paper provides a critical review and recent studies of roof reflectivity effects, integrated photovoltaic panels on roofs and green roof systems. In this respect, the overviews another studies related with modeling impact in roofing system will be presented.

2.

Roof reflectivity effect Radiation is a significant component of heat transfer in buildings in both

heating and cooling. Reflectivity is properties of a surface that affect radiation heat transfer. These properties may vary depending on the wavelength of radiation falling on the surface. Reflectivity is expressed as either a percentage of the sun's rays reflected, or the decimal equivalent of that percentage. A cool roof generally has a reflectivity higher than 65 percent, or 0.65. Reflective surfaces help keep a building cool during the summer, decreasing the cooling load and saving energy. The greatest benefit of reflectivity will be seen in warm climates, where cooling is required throughout most of the year. Many studies have been done both modeling and

simulation studies in order to shown potential reduction to building cooling loads from higher exterior surface solar reflectance. Furthermore, simulation analyses of macroclimatic effects have shown that light colored surfaces may reduce the magnitude of the urban heat island [16].

Fig.2. Comparison of asphalt shingle color influence on roof heat gain [16] Fig.2. shows a graphic illustration of the potential influence of surface reflectance on roof solar heat gain. The two photographs show three homes recently rebuilt in a South Florida neighborhood, taken both with a conventional and infrared camera. The infrared color scale shows the surface temperatures of the captured image from 77 F (dark blue) 113 F (white) in 3.6 F increments. All three homes have asphalt shingle roofs; the one nearest has dark gray shingles, the middle home has white shingles and the furthest house has cobalt blue shingles. The thermograph reveals the expected behavior: the dark gray roof has a surface temperature in excess of 113 F (white on IR scan) whereas the lighter colored white shingle roof is

approximately 10 F cooler (red). The temperature of the blue shingle roof is in between (red-magenta). Recent monitoring experiments suggest that increasing roof solar reflectivity may significantly reduce cooling loads in occupied residential and commercial buildings. Field tests in Florida resulted in cooling energy savings ranging from 10 to 43%, with the application of high albedo coatings to various roofs [17]. Reductions in utility coincident peak demand (5 to 6 p.m.) was 16-38% in the same buildings. Energy savings were significant even with well-insulated roofs. In Mississippi, cooling energy savings of 22% for the summer were achieved through the application of a high-albedo coating, while there was no penalty in the winter [18]. In Sacramento, California, several buildings had cooling energy savings of 40-50% and 30- 40% peak demand reductions through high-albedo of retrofits [19]. Akbari et al. [20] stated raising roof reflectivity from an existing 10-20% to about 60% can reduce cooling-energy use in buildings in excess of 20%.

Fig.3. Cool metal panel, concrete tile, asphalt shingle, and clay tile roofing [20]

Fig.4. Potential annual cool roof net energy savings in U.S. cities [20] Other studies have identified solar reflectance as a primary property responsible for surface heat gain reductions. Several investigations have accumulated data on the solar reflectance of roofing materials presented in Table 1-9 [16].

Table 1 Reflectance and emittance properties of asphalt shingles

Shingle Color Solar Aspen Gray Weathered Wood Autumn Brown Surf Green Beachwood Sand 17.8 8.2 9.6 15.7 20.0 Reflectances (%) UV 8.9 5.4 3.9 9.1 7.5 VIS 19.5 8.4 8.6 16.2 20.5 NIR 17.2 8.3 11.1 16.1 20.8 Far Infrared Emittance 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91

Ocean Gray Onyx Black Desert Tan Island Brown Shasta White Generic Grey Generic White Generic Black ISP K-711 "White"

11.7 3.4 12.0 8.7 26.1 21.7 25.3 5.0 31.1

7.2 3.7 4.3 4.4 11.5 10.1 9.9 4.6 12.2

12.3 3.5 11.3 7.8 29.6 23.1 27.0 5.3 34.4

11.5 3.3 13.5 10.0 24.2 21.7 25.2 4.8 29.9

0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92

Table 2 Reflectance and emittance properties of reflective coatings

Specimen Solar Kool Seal Elastomeric over shingle Aged Elastomeric on plywood Flex-tec Elastomeric on shingle Insultec on metal swatch Generic Coating on metal swatch Lo-mit on shingle 71.4 72.7 65.0 77.8 77.4 54.1 Reflectances % UV 16.7 17.4 14.1 18.4 16.2 50.9 VIS 80.0 78.5 69.4 79.9 82.2 53.3 NIR 69.1 73.1 66.3 82.0 79.3 55.2 Far infrared emittance 0.91 0.86 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.42

Table 3 Reflectance and emittance properties of white metal roofing

Specimen Solar Reflectances % UV VIS NIR Far infrared emittance

MBCI Siliconized Polyester White Atlanta Metal Products Kynar Snow White Off-White Metal (Bradco) McElroy 24-gauge White Metal

58.9

17.3

63.8

58.6

0.85

66.6 55.5 66.8

18.2 15.3 17.5

73.2 59.8 72.8

65.4 55.7 66.2

0.85 0.89 0.89

Table 4 Reflectance and emittance properties of metal roofing

Specimen Solar Bone White Sandstone Classic Green Patina Green Hartford Green Pacific Blue Slate Blue Matte Black Burgundy Cardinal Red Coral Musket Gray 66.1 50.1 11.2 24.3 8.5 17.7 19.5 5.6 12.4 36.9 34.4 13.1 Reflectances % UV 18.1 15.4 6.5 10.5 6.7 10.3 12.2 5.6 5.2 4.8 9.8 9.1 VIS 74.2 53.3 8.4 22.7 7.4 14.2 20.6 5.2 8.0 22.1 29.6 14.3 NIR 63.5 50.7 14.3 27.4 9.8 21.8 19.2 6.1 17.4 54.4 41.6 12.4 Far infrared emittance 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.90

Table 5 Reflectance and emittance properties of concrete and cement roofing tiles
Specimen Solar Reflectances % UV VIS NIR Far infrared emittance

Red concrete tile Unpainted cement tile White concrete tile White cement shingle

17.6 24.8 72.8 76.6

7.0 9.7 22.0 18.1

13.1 18.1 77.7 85.9

23.1 32.8 73.4 74.0

0.91 0.90 0.90 0.88

Table 6 Reflectance and emittance properties of colors of tile roofing

Specimen Solar 300 - Colonial Slate White 302A - Colonial White Gray 302B - Colonial White Gray 303A - Colonial Amber Sand 303B - Colonial Amber Sand 308A - Colonial Mission Sunset 308B - Colonial Mission Sunset 330A - Buffy Flash 330B - Buffy Flash 348A - Tequila Sunset 348B - Tequila Sunset MRD - Medium Red MRW - Medium Dark Red TAU - Taupe Flat White Tile 72.8 33.6 67.3 56.3 61.9 38.6 23.4 43.1 28.1 34.0 21.7 24.0 23.0 18.9 77.3 Reflectances % UV 27.1 13.1 23.3 21.2 40.6 10.8 6.2 19.2 11.7 8.9 7.7 5.8 6.0 11.2 33.5 VIS 76.5 34.4 70.0 48.9 59.9 32.2 18.3 39.1 23.3 27.0 17.5 14.8 14.3 18.1 80.6 NIR 74.2 35.0 69.3 67.0 66.2 47.7 30.1 49.3 34.3 43.4 27.3 34.7 33.1 20.5 78.7 Far infrared emittance 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.95 0.94

Table 7 Reflectance and emittance properties of painted wood shingles

Shingle Color Solar Wood shingle - 30215 Brown Wood shingle - #6 tinted 1.6 mils 21.9 22.1 Reflectances % UV 6.5 5.2 VIS 17.6 18.2 NIR 27.6 27.5 Far infrared emittance 0.90 0.91

Table 8 Reflectance and emittance properties of single ply roofing membrane

Shingle Color Solar Black EPDM Grey EPDM White EPDM White T-EPDM Hypalon 6.2 23.1 68.7 80.6 75.5 Reflectances % UV 6.7 13.5 16.7 16.7 17.3 VIS 6.4 27.2 68.3 88.7 81.2 NIR 6.0 20.2 75.0 79.8 76.4 Far infrared emittance 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.92 0.91

Table 9 Reflectance and emittance properties of other roofing materials

Specimen Solar Unpainted aluminum Unpainted galvanized Smooth bitumen Granular surface bitumen 71.3 60.9 5.8 25.8 Reflectances % UV 75.0 29.3 4.2 9.3 VIS 74.0 49.4 5.2 28.4 NIR 68.7 73.5 6.6 25.0 Far infrared emittance 0.04 0.25 0.86 0.92

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