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Chapter test: Probing the Heart of Matter

40 marks total Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. The marks for individual questions and the parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2). There are 14 questions in this question paper. There are 8 pages in this question paper. Any blank pages are indicated. You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling. Questions 1 and 2 are about a B0 meson. It has a rest mass of about 5.6 GeV/c2.
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Its mass in kilograms is about A 1 1018kg B 1 1026 kg C 1 1029kg D 1 1032kg

Its mass in atomic mass units is about A 6 106 u B 6 103 u C 6u D 6 108u

B0 mesons were produced in an experiment known as BaBar, which was set up in Stanford, USA, involving many countries including the UK. In 1999 it began to study the behaviour of matter and anti-matter particles. A linear accelerator (LINAC) is used to produce bunches of high-energy electrons and positrons. These then collide to produce pairs of B0 and B0 mesons which are unstable and decay into other particles. e + e+ B0 + B0

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This is a schematic diagram of a LINAC. Which of the following statements are true? 1 2 3 4 B There is an alternating voltage between the tubes. There is no electric field inside the tubes. Particles are accelerated constantly. The travel time is the same in each tube. 1,2,3

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Vacuum chamber Drift tubes

e or e source A

E RF oscillator

A all of them C 1,3,4 D 1,2,4

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If the momentum of a proton doubles, its kinetic energy A doubles B halves C quadruples D stays the same

The diagram shows two negatively-charged spheres on insulated threads suspended from the same point, hanging in equilibrium. Sphere Bs thread is seen to be further from the vertical than As. Which of the following statements could be the explanation? 1 2 3 B The repulsive force acting on B is larger than on A The charge on B is greater than on A B is less massive than A 1
A

vertical B

A all of them C 1,2 D 3

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Two point charges of magnitude Q and 2Q repel each other with a force of magnitude F. If an extra charge of Q is added to each one and their separation is halved, what is the new force between them? A 2F B 6F C 12F D 24F

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A charged particle is moving perpendicular to a magnetic field in an arc of radius r. If the magnetic field strength doubles and the speed of the particle halves, what is the new radius? A r 4 r B 2 C r D 4r

A particle of charge q and mass m is accelerated from rest through a potential difference V. If h is the Planck constant, the de Broglie wavelength associated with the particle is: h A mV B h 2qmV

h C 2qmV 2h D qmV E
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h2 2qmV

A body is moving in a circle with an angular velocity of 3.2 rads1. What angle, in degrees, does it move through every second? A 0.05 B 91.5 C 18 D 183

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In an annihilation reaction, an electron and a positron, each of total energy 1.0 MeV, collide to produce electromagnetic radiation. The wavelength of this radiation is A 1.2 109 m B 1.2 1012 m C 6.2 1013 m D 2.0 10-31 m

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In a certain electron microscope used to study the structure of materials, electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of 150 kV. The electron beam passes first through a slit and then through a very thin specimen of the material. Some electrons emerge with no loss of energy whereas others undergo a single collision and transfer energy to an atom in the specimen. The electrons are then sorted according to their energy by passing them through a magnetic field at right angles to the beam so that the electrons travel in circular arcs towards a detector AB.
Slit Specimen

Electron beam

Region of magnetic field

Detector

(a) Calculate the initial momentum of each accelerated electron.

(3)

(b) Explain, with the aid of a calculation, whether the electron beam will undergo appreciable diffraction as it passes through a slit of width 0.2 mm.

(2)

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(c) The magnetic flux density is 1.2 102 T. Calculate the radius of the path followed by an electron that travels in this magnetic field having lost no energy as it passes through the specimen. (1)

(d) Some electrons lose energy as they pass through the specimen. Where will these electrons arrive on the detector, further towards end A or end B? Justify your answer. (3)

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K+, K, and K0 are kaons, particles which belong to the family of particles called mesons. They are made up of combinations of up or down and strange quarks (or antiquarks), but always contain one strange. Using the table below, showing the charge on the quarks, determine the quarks that make up these three particles.

Quark u d s

Charge +2 e 3 1 e 3 1 e 3

K+ . K.. K0 . (4)

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In a famous experiment carried out by Geiger and Marsden, a small number of alpha particles were deflected through large angles by a thin sheet of gold foil. Rutherford interpreted the results in terms of collisions with small, dense, positively charged nuclei within the gold atoms. (a) Following Rutherfords discovery, we can picture an atom as having a small nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. In a simple model of a hydrogen atom, a single electron orbits a proton at a fixed distance of 5.3 1011 m. Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force between the electron and proton. (2)

Without further calculation, write down the magnitude of the centripetal force keeping the electron in orbit. (1)

Calculate the orbital speed of the electron.

(2)

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(b) Suppose an alpha particle, with kinetic energy 4.6 MeV is deflected through an angle of 105o in an encounter with a gold nucleus. Assuming that the alpha particle transfers only a negligible amount of kinetic energy, apply the principle of momentum conservation to this situation by drawing a labelled momentum vector diagram. (2)

Now find the recoil velocity of the gold nucleus. Data: mass of alpha particle, m = 4 mass of proton mass of gold nucleus, mg = 118 mass of proton

(5)

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The diagram below is a sketch of a photograph which shows an event in a bubble chamber in which two particles are produced. The tracks of the two particles are visible in the chamber, which has a magnetic field passing through it. Physicists can determine a great deal about an event and the particles that are involved by studying such photos.

State, with reasons, what you can about the event and the particles involved from studying the diagram. (5)

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