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CIENCIA DE LOS MATERIALESTALLER DE LABORATORIOTEMPERATURA DE EBULLICIONINTEGRANTES:DIANA ROBLES09492020CARLOS GMEZ09492004CESAR RODRGUEZ09492065DOCENTEING. ALEJANDRA C. OTRIZTECNOLOGA INDUSTRIALII SEMESTREUNIVERSIDAD DE SANTANDER

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PRCTICA DE LABORATORIOCIENCIAS DE LO MATERIALESTEMPERATURA DE EBULLICINObjetivos Determinar la temperatura de ebullicin de algunos lquidos puros. Corregir las temperaturas de ebullicin de acuerdo con las variaciones en lapresin atmosfrica. Marco tericoEvaporacin y presin de vapor La energa cintica de las molculas de un lquido est cambiando continuamentea medida que chocan con otras molculas. En cualquier instante, algunas de lasmolculas de la superficie adquieren la suficiente energa para superar las fuerzasatractivas y escapan a la fase gaseosa ocurriendo la evaporacin . La velocidad deevaporacin aumenta a medida que se eleva la temperatura del lquido.Si el lquido se encuentra en un recipiente cerrado, las molculas del vapor quedarn confinadas en las vecindades del lquido, y durante el transcurso de sumovimiento desordenado algunas de ellas pueden regresar de nuevo a la faselquida. Al principio, la velocidad de condensacin de las molculas es lenta puestoque hay pocas molculas en el vapor. Sin embargo, al aumentar la velocidad deevaporacin, tambin aumenta la velocidad de condensacin hasta que el sistemaalcanza un estado en el que ambas velocidades son iguales (vase la figura 1 ). Figura 1. Evaporacin de un lquido en un recipiente cerradoEn este estado de equilibrio dinmico, la concentracin de las molculas en elvapor es constante y por lo

tanto tambin es constante la presin. La presinejercida por el vapor cuando se encuentra en equilibrio con el lquido, a unadeterminada temperatura, se denomina presin de vapor y su valor aumenta alaumentar la temperatura.

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Temperatura de ebullicin La temperatura de ebullicin es aquella a la cual la presin de vapor del lquido esigual a la presin externa. En este punto, el vapor no solamente proviene de lasuperficie sino que tambin se forma en el interior del lquido produciendo burbujasy turbulencia que es caracterstica de la ebullicin. La temperatura de ebullicinpermanece constante hasta que todo el lquido se haya evaporado.El punto de ebullicin que se mide cuando la presin externa es de 1 atm sedenomina temperatura normal de ebullicin y se sobreentiende que los valores queaparecen en las tablas son puntos normales de ebullicin. Correccin de la temperatura de ebullicin En el caso de los lquidos, la temperatura de ebullicin se ve afectada por loscambios en la presin atmosfrica debidos a las variaciones en la altura. A medidaque un sitio se encuentra ms elevado sobre el nivel del mar, la temperatura deebullicin se hace menor . A una altura de 1500 m o 0.84 atm (Medelln, por ejemplo), el agua ebulle a 95 C mientras que al nivel del mar el agua hierve a 100C.Con el propsito de realizar comparaciones con los valores reportados por laliteratura, se hace necesario corregir la temperatura normal de ebullicin en unfactor proporcional a la diferencia de presiones. Los factores de correccin semuestran en la tabla 6.1 y dependen de la

polaridad del lquido. Ejemplo: La temperatura normal de ebullicin del agua es de 100 C. Cul serel punto de ebullicin del agua en Medelln ( p = 640 torr) y Bogot ( p = 560 torr)?Para Medelln: p = 760 torr 640 torr = 120 torr = 120 mm HgF c = 120 mm Hg x 0.370 C/10 mm Hg = 4.4 CT e = 100 C 4.4 C = 95.6 CTabla1. Factores de correccin del punto de ebullicin por cambios en la presin Variacin en T por p = 10 mm Hg Teb normal (C)Lquidos no polaresLquidos polares500.380 0.320600.3920.330700.4040.340800.4160.350900.4280.3601000.4400.370

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1100.452 0.3801200.464 0.3901300.476 0.400Para Bogot: p = 760 torr 560 torr = 200 torr = 200 mm HgF c = 200 mm Hg x 0.370 C/10 mm Hg = 7.4 CT e = 100 C 7.4 C = 92.6 CEjemplo 2 La temperatura de ebullicin del n-butanol (polar) en Medelln es de 112C, cul ser el punto de ebullicin normal del n-butanol?p = 760 torr 640 torr = 120 torr = 120 mm HgF c = 120 mm Hg x 0.382 C/10 mm Hg = 4.6 CT e = 112 C + 4.6 C = 117 C Ntese que para 112 C, el valor del factor de correccin en la tabla 6.1 se estimaaproximadamente por interpolacin . Consultar en qu consiste este mtodo. Materiales y equipo Lquidos: cloroformo, etanol, 1-butanol, hexano ( consultar el punto de ebullicin y la frmula qumica de estos lquidos ) Aceite mineral Vaso de precipitados, tubo de ensayo Soporte universal Termmetro Mechero Capilares ( traerlos ) Procedimiento A un tubo de ensayo pequeo se aaden 2 mL del lquido problema, se introduceun capilar sellado por uno de sus extremos de modo que el extremo abierto toqueel fondo del tubo y luego se adiciona el termmetro. El sistema se coloca en unbao de aceite, tal como se ilustra en la figura 6.2.

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Figura 2. Montaje para la temperatura de ebullicinSe calienta gradualmente (2-3 C/min) hasta que del capilar se desprenda unrosario continuo de burbujas. En seguida se suspende el calentamiento y en elinstante en que el lquido entre por el capilar se lee la temperatura de ebullicin. Ladeterminacin se repite para los dems lquidos. Clculos y resultados Anotar en la tabla 2 los datos obtenidos en el experimento. Corregir la temperaturanormal de ebullicin de cada lquido a la presin del laboratorio, y calcular elporcentaje de error en la temperatura de ebullicin experimental por comparacincon los valores corregidos. Tabla 2 Temperaturas de ebullicinLquidoPolaridadT eb normal,CT eb , C(corregida)T eb , C(laboratorio)Error*(%)terbutanolpolar 8378,764 857,91secbutanol polar 94 89,63297 8,221-butanol polar 117,73 113,0771184,35% 100)()()( = corr T corr T labT error ebebeb

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